Turnus) not to be of equal strength"; in Greek the participle ovτas, for which there is no equivalent in Latin, would be supplied: cernunt ovras non viribus aequis.

219. Adjuvat, "increases their anxiety."

223. variare, "to waver."

232. Fatalisque manus, "the fated band"; they are so called ironically, because they had been forbidden by the fates to make war upon the Rutuli until they should obtain a foreign leader, and were incensed, infensa, against Turnus, because he had received and protected Mezentius. Heyne and Wagner consider this to be spurious; but it cannot be supposed that Juturna, in enumerating all the enemies which they would have to contend against, and making them out, for the sake of argument, as numerous as possible, would omit expressly to make mention of so large a body as the Etrurians. 233. alterni si congrediamur, "if each alternate one of us should engage." 234. quorum se devovet aris, "to whose altars he devotes himself"; implying that it was for the gods of Italy that Turnus was contending against those of Troy, which Aeneas was trying to introduce; see v. 192.

235. vivus, "immortal."

245. praesentius, "more manifest."

246. monstro, "by its prodigy."

248. Litoreas aves, birds which frequent the banks of rivers and lakes; here swans.

250. improbus; see Georg. I. 119, note.

252. Convertunt fugam, "desist from their flight"; literally, turn back their flight.

254. Facta nube, "having formed themselves into a close body."

256. penitus in nubila, " far off into the clouds."

258. Expediunt manus, "get ready their hands"; i. e. seize their arms. 259. saepe has here the force of magnopere,

260. Accipio, scil. omen.

66

very much."

263. populat; the active form of this verb was used by the older authors; the writers of the Augustan age more commonly make it a deponent, populor. · penitus profundo, "far off on the deep" ocean.

265. raptum, "carried off by force "; an allusion to the prodigy, cycnum excellentem rapit, v. 250.

267. cornus," the cornel-wood spear."

268. Certa," straight to its mark.". · Simul hoc, simul, "as this took place, at the same instant."

269. cunei," the spectators," literally, the seats; see Aen. V. 664, note. 273. ad medium, scil. corpus. —teritur, “is rubbed against."

274. laterum juncturas mordet," clasps the extremities of the belt."

280. inundant, " pour over " the plain.

284. ingruit, "suddenly descends."

286. divos; statues of the gods, which it seems were placed by the altars when a treaty was made.

287. currus; the chariots, for the horses which were harnessed to them; see Georg. I. 514.

289. regis insigne, the badge of a king, “the diadem." Aulestes was one of the allies of Aeneas.

291. proterret, "charges upon."

294. trabali, "huge as a beam."

296. Hoc habet; a phrase borrowed from the gladiatorial exhibitions, at which it was customary, when one of the combatants received a wound, for the spectators to shout Hoc habet; it answers to our vulgar expression, “He has caught it."

301. Nidorem," a smell of burning."

305. Pastorem; this is added in order to indicate the kind of arms which he had. Podalirius was a Trojan, Alsus a Rutulian.

312. Nudato capite; Aeneas had laid aside his helmet, in order to partici pate in the sacred rites, and avoided to resume it in order to prove his determination to abide by the treaty.

319. alis allapsa est, <6
came flying."
320. quo turbine, "by what force."
322. pressa, for suppressa.

326. superbus, "full of courage." It is indirect praise of Aeneas, that his absence revives the courage of Turnus.

330. raptas, "snatched up"; but it does not appear whether they were dragged from the bodies of the slain, or taken from his own chariot; Wagner remarks, that the poet would probably have improved this passage in his final revision.

332. intonat; some editions read increpat, " clashes," which is not, however, so appropriate, as applied to Mars.

333. immittit equos is equivalent to immissis habenis agit; see Aen. V. 662,

note.

335. circum (currum).- Formidinis ora, for Formido.

342. congressus does not govern the accusative case; neci dedit must therefore be repeated before hunc.

347. Antiqui, "illustrious." Homer gives a very different character to Dolon; but some commentators suppose that this is spoken with irony.

352. nec adspirat; observe the force of the present, which Heyne erroneously says is used for the perfect; nec adspiravit would mean noluit adspirare, while nec adspirat signifies desiit adspirare.

354. Ante secutus, "having first thrown a javelin at him."-per longum inane, "through a long space of air," i. e. from a distance.

362. Huic comitem, "as a companion to him" in death.

365. Edoni, "Thracian"; the Edoni were a people of Thrace.

367. fugam dant, for faciunt, "fly."

369. Conversae, "put to flight."

372. spumantia frenis, "foaming on the bits."

374. retectum, "exposed," not covered by his shield. Heyne thinks that he was wounded, not by Turnus, but by another foe from behind; but retectum appears to be added for the very purpose of showing that, in endeavouring to turn the horses to the right, he exposed his right side, usually covered by the shield, to a blow from Turnus himself.

375. bilicem; see Aen. III. 467, note.

376. degustat," grazes," literally, "tastes of." Homer uses yeveobat in the same sense; Il. v. 258.

379. rota et concitus axis; i. e. of the chariot of Turnus.

386. nitentem; nitor is here used in two different senses; "supporting himself," with which it takes the ablative, longa cuspide, and "advancing," used actively, which governs alternos gressus.

391. Phoebo dilectus; Apollo presided over the art of healing. Iapis is introduced in imitation of Machaon, whom Homer describes as healing the wound of Menelaus, Il. 8. 213.

394. dabat, for dare volebat; since Apollo, in accordance with the choice of Iapis, only conferred upon him the healing art.

397. mutas artes, "silent arts"; i. e. which would not, like the other arts over which Apollo presided, acquire fame for their possessor.

400. Ille; Iapis.

402, 403. Multa trepidat, for multa trepidanter facit, "he applies many remedies with trepidation."

407, 408. Stare pulvere, "to be thick with dust."

412. Dictamnum, "dittany," an herb which grows in Crete, and takes its name from Mount Dicte in that island; according to Linnaeus it is a species of Origanum.

414. non incognita, "not unknown"; i. e. they are accustomed to resort to it.

417. labris splendentibus, " within the shining lips" of the brazen vessel. amnem, water."

419. panaceam; the herb Heal-all, or Wound-wort, was called by this name; but Virgil probably means some fabulous juices.

421. Ignorans, "not knowing" what Venus had done. 422. Quippe, "in truth"; like the Greek dý

in the bottom of the wound, i. e. "ceased to flow."

stetit imo vulnere, stood still

424. rediere in pristina vires, "his strength was restored to its former state." 429. Major, "greater" than Iapis.

432. habilis lateri, "fitted to his side."

435. laborem, "endurance."

437. Defensum dabit, for defendet. — inter praemia, equivalent to ad praemia. 444. caeco,"black," making the sky dark.

445. excita," shaken."

448. Juturna, it will be remembered, had assumed the form of Camers. 450. Ille Aeneas.- rapit, " carries along with him."-atrum agmen, & dark body" of dust.

451. abrupto sidere, "a storm having burst forth." As every storm was thought to take place under the influence of some constellation, sidus is here used for tempestas.

456. Rhoeterus, Trojan.

458. gravem; it is not clear in what sense this word is here used; probably, "of great bulk."

464. Ipse; Aeneas.

465. tela ferentes, for inferentes; "hurling weapons" at him.

468. virago; Servius says that this word is applied to women who act the part of men; but Heyne thinks that it is only an ancient form of virgo, used occasionally in epic poetry.

469. media inter lora, "while in the midst of (the act of) driving"; thus Horace uses media inter pocula.

475. nidis loquacibus, "its noisy nests"; i. e. its young in the nest.

478. obit omnia, " traverses the whole plain."

480. conferre manum, 66 to engage

with him in close combat."

481. tortos legit orbes, "traces winding circles"; i. e. drives about the field in a winding track.- obvius, in order "to meet " Turnus.

486. Heu, quid agat (Aeneas)?

488. Huic," against him."

491. se collegit in arma; compare Aen. X. 491, note.

494. insidiis subactus; overcome, and compelled by the treachery to depart from his intention.

495. Diversos referri, “are again and again being driven away in a different direction."

499. irarum omnes effundit habenas, "gave loose reins to his wrath"; i. e. no longer restrained it.

502. Inque vicem, for invicemque.

504. futuras, "who (in future times) were to be."

505, 506. ea prima ruentes pugna loco statuit Teucros, "this fight was the first

to fix the Trojans as they rushed (through the field) in one spot." Aeneas at first only sought to engage with Turnus.

506. haud multa morantem, "not detaining him (Aeneas) long" by his death. 507. crudum, "bloody "; from cruor, cruidus.

513. Ille; Aeneas.

515. Nomen Echionium, a periphrasis for Echionius, or Echionides; the son of Echion.-genus, "the offspring." This is Wagner's explanation; Jahn considers nomen and genus to be Greek accusatives: "as to his name a son of Echion, as to his birth," &c.

516. Hic; Turnus.

518. Arcada; he must have been one of the followers of Evander. 519, 520. potentum munera, "the occupations of the rich."

522. virgulta sonantia lauro, groves crackling with the bay, for "groves of crackling bay"; the wood of this tree makes a loud, crackling noise while burning.

525. Quisque suum populatus iter, "each laying waste its own path."

527. rumpuntur, "are ready to burst."

529. hic; Aeneas.

530. actum, "proceeding."

532, 533. The order of the words is: hunc rotae provolvere subter lora et juga. 535. Ille; Turnus.

540. sui, Cupencus was probably a priest.

546. mortis metae, "the goals of death"; the termination of your mortal

career.

554. mentem, "the idea."

563. densi, "in a close body."

565. hac stat, "is on this (our) side"; because the Latins had broken the treaty.

568. frenum; a rare instance of this word being used in the singular number.-fatentur (se) parere.

575. Dant, for faciunt, "form."

577. primos, "the first" whom they encountered at the gates.

582. haec jam altera foedera rumpi, "that this is the second treaty which is broken."

585. trahunt regem; in order that he might in person surrender the city. 589. trepidae rerum, "alarmed at their situation."

596. Incessi, "are invaded"; some manuscripts have incendi.

600. crimen, that she is guilty.

603. nodum informis leti, the knot of ignominious death; i. e. "the ignominious deadly knot"; death by hanging was considered ignominious by the Romans, but in the heroic ages was often resorted to, especially by women, as a means of escaping from misfortunes.

609. Demittunt mentes, "they are cast down."

612, 613. These two verses occur Aen. IX. 471, 472, and in many manuscripts are not found in this place; Wagner defends them at great length. 616. successu equorum, "the success of his horses"; his horses were becoming weary, so that he was no longer able to attack his enemies with such fury.

617. caecis; of which the cause was unknown.

621. diversa ab urbe, " from the city lying in a different direction."

629. mittamus funera Teucris, for funera Teucrorum, scil. Orco; "let us send the corpses of the Trojans " to Hades.

630. numero, scil. funerum, of the slain.

632. agnovi (te).

634. fallis, "you conceal yourself," try to escape recognition; equivalent to the Greek λανθάνεις.

638. Vidi; it is remarkable that the poet did not mention that Turnus witnessed the death of Murranus.

646. Usque adeone mori miserum est? Suetonius relates that Nero, when about to kill himself, repeated these words.

647. boni, "propitious."—superis aversa voluntas, “the good-will of the gods above is averted from me."

648. Sancta anima, " with a spirit free from stain."- istius culpae, "of that crime," i. e. of flight.

654, 655. minatur (se) dejecturum.

657. mussat, "is silently deliberating," literally, is murmuring what he does not venture to say aloud.

659. fidissima tui, for in te.

664. deserto in gramine, "in a distant part of the battle-field."

668. furiis agitatus, "inflamed by fury"; because he now despaired of obtaining Lavinia in marriage.

672, 673. vertex flammis volutus, for vertex flammarum, "tall flames."

675. pontes, "bridges," by which communication was held between the movable tower and the ramparts of the city.

676. fata superant; he sees in the destruction of the tower which he had constructed an omen of his own downfall.

678. Stat, "I am resolved."

678, 679. quidquid acerbi est (scil. in morte), morte (i. e. per mortem) pati. 680. furere furorem, " to give way to my fury.". - ante, "before" I die. 684. veluti saxum; this fine simile is borrowed from Homer, Il. v. 137, and has been copied likewise by Tasso, Jer. Del., XVIII. 82, in a passage which is thus translated by Fairfax:—

"As an old rock, which age, or stormy wind,

Tears from some craggy hill or mountain steep,
Doth break, doth bruise, and into dust doth grind
Woods, houses, hamlets, herds, and folds of sheep"; &c.

687. improbus, "huge."

694. verius," more just."

695. foedus luere, "to expiate (the breaking of) the treaty."

699. Praecipitat moras omnes, accelerates all delays; i. e. "hurries through all that delayed him."

702, 703. gaudet attollens; the Greek use of the participle; "rejoices to rise." 703. ipse Apenninus; ipse is used by Virgil, because this mountain is nearer and better known to his readers than the others which are mentioned. Milton has applied this simile to Satan, who

"dilated stood, Like Teneriffe or Atlas unremoved."

707. Arma, "their shields."

709. cernere, for decernere; used in this sense by the poets, and also by Sallust.

712. Invadunt Martem, "begin the combat."-clypeis atque aere sonoro, with shields and resounding brass, i. e. "with resounding brazen shields." 714. fors et virtus; this means, that they not only fought with "bravery," but watched for a "chance" of gaining an advantage.

725. examine; "the tongue" of the scales.-lances; the plates into which the objects to be weighed are placed. This idea of the fates of individuals being weighed in the balance by one of the gods is a favorite one with the ancient poets, and is also adopted by Milton, Par. Lost, IV. 996-1004, where the Almighty is introduced weighing the fates of Gabriel and Satan. 728. hic is the pronoun indicating beforehand Turnus in the next line. impune putans," thinking (that he could do this) with impunity."