according to Jovianus Pontanus, de reb. cœlest. lib. 19, cap. 13, and celestial influences, or from the humours diversely mixed, Ficinus, lib. 1, cap. 4, de sanit. tuendâ; as they are hot, cold, natural, unnatural, intended or remitted, so will Etius have melancholica deliria multiformia, diversity of melancholy signs. Laurentius ascribes them to their several temperatures, delights, natures, inclinations, continuance of time, as they are simple or mixed with other diseases, as the causes are divers, so must the signs be, almost infinite, Altomarus, cap. 7, art. med. And as wine produceth divers effects, or that herb Tortocolla in 1 Laurentius," which makes some laugh, some weep, some sleep, some dance, some sing, some howl, some drink," &c., so doth this our melancholy humour work several signs in several parties. 3 But to confine them, these general symptoms may be reduced to those of the body or the mind. Those usual signs appearing in the bodies of such as are melancholy, be these cold and dry, or they are hot and dry, as the humour is more or less adust. From 2 these first qualities arise many other second, as that of colour, black, swarthy, pale, ruddy, &c., some are impensè rubri, as Montaltus, cap. 16, observes out of Galen, lib. 3, de locis affectis, very red and high-coloured. Hippocrates in his book de insania et melan. reckons up these signs, that they are 5" lean, withered, hollow-eyed, look old, wrinkled, harsh, much troubled with wind, and a griping in their bellies, or bellyache, belch often, dry bellies and hard, dejected looks, flaggy beards, singing of the ears, vertigo, light-headed, little or no sleep, and that interrupt, terrible and fearful dreams," ‚” 6 Anna soror, quæ me suspensam insomnia terrent? The same symptoms are repeated by Melanelius in his book of melancholy collected out of Galen, Ruffus, Ætius, by Rhasis, Gordonius, and all the juniors, 7" continual, sharp, 1 Lib. 1, de risu, fol. 17. Ad ejus esum alii sudant, alii vomunt, flent, bibunt, saltant, alii rident, tremunt, dormiunt, &c. 2 T. Bright, cap. 20. 3 Nigres cit hic humor aliquando supercalefactus, aliquando superfrigefactus. Melanel. 5 Oculi Gal. 4 Interprete F. Calvo. 8 Rhasis makes "head and stinking belchings, as if their meat in their stomachs were putrefied, or that they had eaten fish, dry bellies, absurd and interrupt dreams, and many fantastical visions about their eyes, vertiginous, apt to tremble, and prone to venery." 'Some add palpitation of the heart, cold sweat, as usual symptoms, and a leaping in many parts of the body, saltum in multis corporis partibus, a kind of itching, saith Laurentius, on the superficies of the skin, like a flea-biting sometimes. 2 Montaltus, cap. 21, puts fixed eyes and much twinkling of their eyes for a sign, and so doth Avicenna, oculos habentes palpitantes, tremuli, vehementer rubicundi, &c., lib. 3, Fen. 1, Tract. 4, cap. 18. They stut most part, which he took out of Hippocrates's aphorisms. ache and a binding heaviness for a principal token, much leaping of wind about the skin, as well as stutting, or tripping in speech, &c., hollow eyes, gross veins, and broad lips." To some, too, if they be far gone, mimical gestures are too familiar, laughing, grinning, fleering, murmuring, talking to themselves, with strange mouths and faces, inarticulate voices, exclamations, &c. And although they be commonly lean, hirsute, uncheerful in countenance, withered, and not so pleasant to behold, by reason of those continual fears, griefs, and vexations, dull, heavy, lazy, restless, unapt to go about any business; yet their memories are most part good, they have happy wits, and excellent apprehensions. Their hot and dry brains make them they cannot sleep, Ingentes habent et erebras vigilias (Areteus), mighty and often watchings, sometimes waking for a month, a year together. * Hercules de Saxoniâ faithfully averreth, that he hath heard his mother swear, she slept not for seven months together; Trincavellius, Tom. 2, cons. 16, speaks of one that waked fifty days, ructationes quæ cibum virulentum culentumque nidorem, etsi nil tale ingestum sit, referant ob cruditatem. Ventres hisce aridi, somnus plerumque parcus et interruptus, somnia absurdissima, turbulenta, corporis tremor, capitis gravedo, strepitus circa aures et visiones ante oculos, ad venerem prodigi 1 Al tomarus, Bruel, Piso, Montaltus. 2 Frequentes habent oculorum nictationes, aliqui tamen fixis oculis plerumque sunt. 3 Cent. lib. 1, Tract. 9. Signa hujus morbi sunt plurimus saltus, sonitus aurium, capitis gravedo, lingua titubat, oculi excavantur, &c. 4 In Pantheon, cap. de Melancholia. and Skenckius hath examples of two years, and all without offence. In natural actions their appetite is greater than their concoction, multa appetunt, pauca digerunt, as Rhasis hath it, they covet to eat, but cannot digest. And although they 1" do eat much, yet they are lean, ill-liking," saith Areteus, "withered and hard, much troubled with costiveness," crudities, oppilations, spitting, belching, &c. Their pulse is rare and slow, except it be of the 2 Carotides, which is very strong; but that varies according to their intended passions or perturbations, as Struthius hath proved at large, Spigmatica artis, l. 4, c. 13. To say truth, in such chronic diseases the pulse is not much to be respected, there being so much superstition in it, as Crato notes, and so many differences in Galen, that he dares say they may not be observed, or understood of any man. 8 Their urine is most part pale, and low coloured, urina pauca, acris, biliosa, (Areteus), not much in quantity; but this, in my judgment, is all out as uncertain as the other, varying so often according to several persons, habits, and other occasions not to be respected in chronic diseases. * "Their melancholy excrements in some very much, in others little, as the spleen plays his part," and thence proceeds wind, palpatation of the heart, short breath, plenty of humidity in the stomach, heaviness of heart and heartache, and intolerable stupidity and dulness of spirits. Their excrements or stool hard, black to some and little. If the heart, brain, liver, spleen, be misaffected, as usually they are, many inconveniences proceed from them, many diseases accompany, as incubus, apoplexy, epilepsy, vertigo, those frequent wakings and terrible dreams, intempestive laughing, weeping, sighing, sobbing, bashfulness, blushing, trembling, sweating, swooning, &c. 7 All their senses are 5 1 Alvus arida nihil dejiciens, cibi capaces, nihilominus tamen extenuati sunt. 2 Nic. Piso. Inflatio carotidum, &c. 3 Andræas Dudith Rahamo, ep. lib. 3. Crat. epist. multa in pulsibus superstitio, ausim etiam dicere, tot differentias quæ describuntur à Galeno, neque intelligi à quoquam nec observari posse. troubled, they think they see, hear, smell, and touch that which they do not, as shall be proved in the following discourse. SUBSECT. II.-Symptoms or Signs in the Mind. 8 2 Fear.] ARCULANUS in 9 Rhasis ad Almansor. cap. 16, will have these symptoms to be infinite, as indeed they are, varying according to the parties, "for scarce is there one of a thousand that dotes alike," 1 Laurentius, c. 16. Some few of greater note I will point at; and amongst the rest, fear and sorrow, which as they are frequent causes, so if they persevere long, according to Hippocrates and Galen's aphorisms, they are most assured signs, inseparable companions, and characters of melancholy; of present melancholy and habituated, saith Montaltus, cap. 11, and common to them all, as the said Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, and all Neoterics hold. But as hounds many times run away with a false cry, never perceiving themselves to be at a fault, so do they. For Diocles of old (whom Galen confutes), and amongst the juniors, Hercules de Saxoniâ, with Lod. Mercatus, cap. 17, l. 1, de melan. take just exceptions at this aphorism of Hippocrates, 'tis not always true, or so generally to be understood, "fear and sorrow are no common symptoms to all melancholy; upon more serious consideration, I find some (saith he) that are not so at all. Some indeed are sad, and not fearful; some fearful and not sad; some neither fearful nor sad; some both." Four kinds he excepts, fanatical persons, such as were Cassandra, Nanto, Nicostrata, Mopsus, Proteus, the Sibyls, whom Aristotle confesseth to have been deeply melancholy. Baptista Porta seconds him, Physiog. lib. 1, cap. 8, they were atrá bile perciti; demoniacal persons, and such as speak strange languages, are of this rank; some poets, such as laugh always, consil. 230. Galen, de locis affectis, lib. 3, tap. 6. 1 Aphorism. et lib. de Melan. 2 Lib. 2, cap. 6, de locis affect. timor et moestitia, si diutiùs perseverent, &c. Tract. posthumo de Melan. edit. Vene 4 tiis, 1620, per Bolzettam Bibliop. Mihi diligentius hanc rem consideranti, patet quosdam esse, qui non laborant moerore et timore. 4 Prob. lib. 3. 3 1 and think themselves kings, cardinals, &c., sanguine they are, pleasantly disposed most part, and so continue. 1 Baptista Porta confines fear and sorrow to them that are cold; but lovers, sibyls, enthusiasts, he wholly excludes. So that I think I may truly conclude, they are not always sad and fearful, but usually so; and that 2 without a cause, timent de non timendis (Gordonius), quæque momenti non sunt, "although not all alike (saith Altomarus), yet all likely fear, 4 some with an extraordinary and a mighty fear," Areteus. "Many fear death, and yet in a contrary humour, make away themselves," Galen, lib. 3, de loc. affect. cap. 7. Some are afraid that heaven will fall on their heads; some they are damned, or shall be. "They are troubled with scruples of consciences, distrusting God's mercies, think they shall go certainly to hell, the devil will have them, and make great lamentation," Jason Pratensis. Fear of devils, death, that they shall be so sick of some such or such disease, ready to tremble at every object, they shall die themselves forthwith, or that some of their dear friends or near allies are certainly dead; imminent danger, loss, disgrace, still torment others &c.; that they are all glass, and therefore will suffer no man to come near them; that they are all cork, as light as feathers; others as heavy as lead; some are afraid their heads will fall off their shoulders, that they have frogs in their bellies, &c. 'Montanus, consil. 23, speaks of one "that durst not walk alone from home, for fear he should swoon or die." A second 8" fears every man he meets will rob him, quarrel with him, or kill him." A third dares not venture to walk alone, for fear he should meet the devil, a thief, be sick; fears all old woman as witches, and every black dog or cat he sees he suspecteth to be a devil, every person comes 1 Physiog. lib. 1, c. 8. Quibus multa frigida bilis atra, stolidi et timidi, at qui calidi, ingeniosi, amasii, divinosi, spiritu instigati, &c. 2 Omnes exercent metus et tristitia, et sine causa 3 Omnes timent licet non omnibus idem timendi modus. Etius Tetrab. lib. 2, sect. c. 9. Ingenti pavore trepidant. 5 Multi mortem timent, et tamen sibi ipsis mortem consciscunt, alii coeli ruinam timent. 6 Affligit eos plena scrupulis conscientia, divinæ misericordiæ diffidentes, Orco se destinant foeda lamentatione deplorantes. 7 Non ausus egredi domo ne deficeret. 8 Multi dæmones timent, latrones, insidias, Avicenna |