English Essays

St. Thomas: Thomas Aquinas (1225 ?-1274), an Italian, the greatest of the schoolmen.

284.-4. ex animo sincerely (lit. "from the mind ").

MATTHEW ARNOLD.

HEBRAISM AND HELLENISM.

The chapter of Culture and Anarchy here printed was first published as an essay in The Cornhill Magazine, June, 1868.

286.-5. Bishop Wilson: an English bishop (1663-1755); Arnold had already, in Chap. II., quoted this saying from his Maxims. 287.-25-26. "that we might be partakers," etc.; 2 Pet. i. 4.36. Frederick Robertson: an Anglican clergyman, who had a brilliant career at Brighton, cut short by death in 1853; the sermon referred to (The Grecian, preached Dec. 6, 1849) is the more striking as an illustration of Arnold's point because Robertson was comparatively modern and liberal.

288.-3. Heinrich Heine: a German poet of Hebrew descent (1797-1856); Professor Gates thinks that Arnold probably took the terms "Hebraism" and "Hellenism" from Heine, and translates as follows from Heine's Über Ludwig Börne:–“ All men are either Jews or Hellenes, men ascetic in their instincts, hostile to culture, spiritual fanatics, or men of vigorous good cheer, full of the pride of life, Naturalists" (Selections from the Prose Writings of Matthew Arnold, Holt & Co., 1897).-17-19. He that keepeth the law, . . . His commandments: Prov. xxix. 18; Ps. cxii. 1.-26-27. "C'est le bonheur des hommes "=" It is the good fortune of men."-27-30. Cf. Rom. xii. 9; Ps. i. 2; 1 Cor. xv. 31; Rev. iii. 12, vii. 9.

289.-5. capital-important, forming one of the chief divisions or heads (Lat. caput, "head").-17. patient continuance in well-doing: Rom. ii. 7.-24-25. "establishes the law": Rom. iii. 31. 34. Zechariah: ix. 13.

290.-6-8. Prov. xvi. 22; John viii. 12, 32.-8-9. Aristotle will undervalue knowing: Nicomachean Ethics, II. iv.-13. St. James: i. 22.-14. Epictetus: a famous Stoic philosopher of the first century A. D.-18. Plato: in the Gorgias.-19. the Imitation: Imitation of Christ, usually attributed to Thomas á Kempis (1380 ?1471).-22-23. "walking in the way of the commandments ": Ps. cxix. 32, 35.-23. "the way of peace": Isa. lix. 8.—26-28. 2 Cor. v. 14; Gal. v. 24.-29. Aristotle: in the Nicomachean Ethics, X. viii.-33. Plato: in the Phædo.

291.-13. sweetness and light: the phrase is borrowed from Swift (see 66, 32), as Arnold duly acknowledges in Chap. 1.; but he puts the expression to new use, meaning by it beauty and intelligence.-18. the true Socrates of the Memorabilia: Socrates as portrayed in the Memorabilia of Socrates by Xenophon, his disciple, in distinction from the Socrates of Plato's Dialogues, in which Socrates is used in part as the mouthpiece of Plato. 292.-5. Dr. Pusey: one of the leaders, with Newman, in the Tractarian movement at Oxford University; but he remained in the English Church,-22-23. Rom. viii. 26, vii, 24.-36, Zechariah; viii. 23.

293.-12. George Herbert: the poet and clergyman (1593-1633), one of the saintliest men in the English Church. Professor Gates thinks Arnold is quoting loosely, from memory, a line of the following stanza in Herbert's poem, The Size:"Thy Saviour sentenced joy,

And in the flesh condemned it as unfit,

At least in lump; for such doth oft destroy;
Whereas a bit

Doth 'tice us on to hopes of more,

And, for the present, health restore."

The stanza and the poem as a whole are less ascetic than Arnold's misquotation would lead one to suppose.-16. "Let no man deceive you," etc.: Eph. v. 6.-21. baptized into a death: Rom. vi. 3.

294.-3. "entrusted with the oracles of God": Rom. iii. 2.6. foolishness: 1 Cor. i. 20.

296.-19.

Balaam's ass: Num. xxii. 28.

THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY.

ON A PIECE OF CHALK.

This discourse was delivered in 1868 as a lecture to the working-men of Norwich, England, during the meeting, in that city, of the British Association. It was published in Macmillan's Magazine, September, 1868. The text here given is that of the magazine; the slight changes which Huxley made in preparing the article for publication in book-form are recorded in the notes.

300.-1. were to be sunk: revised text, were sunk."-15. Albion "White" Land.-22. Weald of Kent and Sussex: an oval-shaped area in the counties named, marked by an escarpment, or precipitous cutting away, of the chalk ("weald apparently an irregular form of "wild "; O. E. weald, a forest). 301.-2. which has precisely: revised text, "much of which has," and omit " 'precisely."-7. runs: revised text, "it runs." 304.-14. spoor-trail.

"the nature."

306.-34. nature: revised text, 308.-25. those: revised text, "the."-27. those: revised text, "the."-28. Radiolariæ: revised text, "Radiolaria," and SO throughout.

310.-9. a most: revised text, omit " a."

to a

311.-3. Revised text: transpose “at the present day position between are and "certain."."-32. is it: revised text, "it is."-38. animalculæ: revised text, animalcules."

312.-27-28. Sir Charles Lyell: by his Principles of Geology (1830-1833) he laid the foundations of modern geology.-32. “The upper valve," etc.: the quotation is from Lyell's Elements of Geology (1838).

314.-19. old: revised text, "whole "; a misprint?

316.-7-8." the whirligig of time," etc.: Twelfth Night, V. i. 384-385: "and thus the whirligig of time brings in his revenges." 318.-33. And it is, etc.: revised text, omit "And."

319.-17-18, Foraminiferæ; revised text, "Foraminifera,”—27,

Battle of Hastings: in 1066 A. D.-29. Ichthyosauriæ: revised text, Ichthyosauria."

320.-33. crocodile: revised text, "crocodiles."

321.-3-5. Revised text: omit parenthesis; change Thus to "But."

322.-2. " without haste but without rest:" a translation of the German "ohne Hast, aber ohne Rast."

WALTER PATER.

DIONYSUS.

The essay, A Study of Dionysus, the first half of which is here printed, appeared first in The Fortnightly Review for December, 1876. The text here followed is that of the Review; the new readings of the essay as it appeared later in book-form are recorded in the notes.

323.-5. Revised text: omit "independently."-21. general: revised text, "whole."

324.-6. Galahad's cup: the holy grail, supposed to be the cup used by Jesus at the Last Supper, in which Joseph of Arimathea, according to legend, caught the last drops of the blood of Jesus; in the search for the lost grail by the Knights of the Round Table, Galahad was successful (see Malory's Morte Darthur, Books XIII. and XVII., and Tennyson's The Holy Grail in Idyls of the King).-10. compacted together, closing in: revised text, presented to the senses, and comprehending."-14. Revised text: omit "those "; insert that after "modes of."21. Sensitive Plant: the first three stanzas will show what Pater refers to:

"A Sensitive Plant in a garden grew,

And the young winds fed it with silver dew,
And it opened its fan-like leaves to the light,
And closed them beneath the kisses of Night.

"And the Spring arose on the garden fair,
Like the Spirit of Love felt everywhere;

And each flower and herb on Earth's dark breast
Rose from the dreams of its wintry rest.

"But none ever trembled and panted with bliss

In the garden, the field, or the wilderness,

Like a doe in the noontide with love's sweet want,

As the companionless Sensitive Plant.”

-23. culture: revised text, “lights.”—33. suspicion: revised text, fancy."

325.-2-3. the Homeric hymn to Aphrodite: the so-called Homeric Hymns were written by unknown authors, and are of later date than Homer, ranging from the seventh century to the fourth century B. C., or even later.-12. Revised text: insert "they" before "dance" and before "sing."-15. nympholepti

seized by nymphs" (vúμon. "nymph," and_Aŋrós, "seized "),
i. e., inspired by the spirit of nature.-19. Homer compares to
them: Odyssey, VII. 106:-" And he had fifty handmaids in the
house, and some grind the yellow grain on the millstone, and
others weave webs, and turn the yarn as they sit, restless as
the leaves of the tall poplar tree" (Butcher and Lang's transla-
tion).-21. Alcinous: king of the Phæacians, father of that ad-
mirable Greek maiden Nausicaa, who came to the relief of
shipwrecked Ulysses (Odyssey, VI.).-Naxos: the largest island
of the Cyclades, famous for its wine.

326.-1. gush by gush: revised text, "by little."-upon: re-
vised text, on."-22-23. dainty-wheeled and dainty-winged
spirit of Triptolemus: "Going swiftly, half on the airy, mercu-
rial wheels of his farm instrument, harrow or plough, half on
wings of serpents-the worm, symbolical of the soil, but winged,
as sending up the dust committed to it, after subtle firing, in
colors and odors of fruit and flowers (Pater, Demeter and
Persephone in Greek Studies).-25. in: revised text, "
on."
327.-4. embodiments: revised text, "abstractions.”—15.
nimble: revised text, "agile."-18. Revised text: insert being
after "solace."-28. he: revised text, "Pan."-29. their names:
cf. "satyr" and "satire," and "Pan" and 66
'panic "; but by
the accepted etymology now "satire " comes from satura,
mixed dish," a medley."

328.-2-3. happiest moments: revised text, "happy moment."
--Praxiteles: he came comparatively late in Greek sculpture,
living in the fourth century B. C.; see Hawthorne's Marble Faun
for an interpretation of the statue which Pater refers to.-16.
Revised text: add "to Pan" after "hymn."-28. Marsyas: Pater
specifies this satyr because he challenged Apollo to a contest
in flute-playing, and was flayed alive by the god for his presump-
tion.-30. Theocritus: the greatest of the classic pastoral poets;
he lived in the third century B. C.

329.--13. Amycle: a town in southern Greece.-19. Revised
text: omit " and " after "
Florence."-36. Revised text: insert
"Eleutherios" after "Deliverer."
330.-3. Revised text: after
"there insert the following sen-
tence:"There, under his later reign, hard by the golden image
of Apollo himself, near the sacred tripod on which the Pythia
sat to prophesy, was to be seen a strange object-a sort of coffin,
or cinerary urn, with the inscription, Here lieth the body of
Dionysus, the son of Semele.'"-10. Revised text: insert" then
after "back."-13. Gozzoli's: Gozzoli died in 1498, at Pisa, where
are his chief paintings, twenty-three frescoes on the walls of the
cloister of the Campo Santo, or burial ground (lit. "holy field ").
-22-23. Revised text: transpose now almost departed to a
of unseen powers."—37.
Titian and Tintoret: both of these Venetian painters, of the six-
teenth century, painted the marriage of Bacchus and Ariadne;
see 332, 1-10.

position between “ apprehension and "

331.-5. calpis a pitcher.-6. amphora a two-handled jar.-
12. Revised text: insert · δεισιδαίμονες after "sympathies ";
cf. Acts xvii. 22, where Paul in his speech to the Athenians
applies to them the same Greek word, which in the King James

Version is translated "superstitious," and in the margin of the Revised Version religious."-19. Aristophanes: the greatest writer of comedy among the Greeks; he lived in the fifth century B. C. 332.-9. though: revised text, "and."-18. Sophocles: usually considered the most perfect of the Greek tragic poets; he died in 406 B. C.-20. Cadmus: the legendary founder of Thebes.

333.-7. Callimachus: a Greek lyric poet of the third century B. C.-34. Revised text: omit "and" after "capricious."

334.-1. silex-flint.-2. lie: revised text, are lying."-15. Aaron's rod that budded: Num. xvii. 8; Heb. ix. 4-16. Tannhäuser is saved: revised text, Tannhäuser's repentance is accepted." Tannhäuser, the hero of a medieval German legend, appeals to the Pope for the forgiveness of his grievous sins; the Pope, who holds a staff, replies that Tannhäuser may expect forgiveness when the staff grows green; later it does grow green, a sign that God's mercy is greater than the Pope had thought.28. invented discovered (lit. come upon ").-31. mænadsfrenzied female worshippers of Bacchus (Gk. μaivás, “raving"; maniac is from the same root).-38. spring: revised text, summer." Elis and Argos: a region and a city in Greece. 335.-4. the solace of it: revised text, "its solace."-6. the prophet Melampus: some serpents, whose lives Melampus had saved, licked his ears with their tongues and enabled him to understand the language of birds and worms; this gift was the basis of his prophetic powers and insight into the secrets of nature.-11 Giorgione: a Venetian painter (1477-1511), who influenced the style of Titian.-12. Fête Champêtre “ Rural Festival." Louvre: the great art museum of Paris.-13. Revised text: insert and " after "subtle."-16-17. Revised text: omit "of it."-19. "Acqua frésca! ""Fresh water!"-26. Bacchæ: revised text, “Bacchanals."-28. epithets: revised text, and."32. Revised text: insert for them after became."-38. for instance: revised text, as it were."

336.-1. Revised text: insert "the '

" before 66

human body

and before "human soul"; change flesh to "a body."

ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON.

AES TRIPLEX.

The essay was first published in The Cornhill Magazine, April, 1878.

337.-16. pyramids: they were built as the tombs of the Egyptian kings. dule trees mourning-trees, under which families or clans gathered to bewail deaths or other calamities (also spelt "dool-tree"; Lat. dolor, "grief ").

339.-5. blue-peter: a blue flag with a white square in the centre, flown when the vessel is about to sail.-29. Balaklava: a seaport in the Crimea, near which, in the war between Russia and England in 1854, occurred the famous charge of the English Light Brigade, in which 472 men out of a total of 670 were killed. 32 Curtius: a Roman, who in the early days of Rome,

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