Peter and Paul were alive to see this!)-if he should observe a prince creep so devoutly to kiss his toe, and those redcap cardinals, poor parish priests of old, now princes companions-what would he say? Calum ipsum petitur stultitia. Had he met some of our devout pilgrims going bare-foot to Jerusalem, our lady of Lauretto, Rome, St. Iago, S. Thomas shrine, to creep to those counterfeit and maggot-eaten reliques-had he been present at a masse, and seen such kissing of paxes, crucifixes, cringes, duckings, their several attires and ceremonies, pictures of saints, indulgencies, pardons, vigils, fasting, feasts, crossing, knocking, kneeling at Ave Maries, bells, with many such jucunda rudi spectacula plebi, praying in gibberish, and mumbling of beads-had he heard an old woman say her prayers in Latine, their sprinkling of holy water, and going a procession,

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- monachorum incedunt agmina mille;

Quid memorem vexilla, cruces, idolaque culta, &c.)

their breviaries, bulls, hallowed beads, exorcisms, pictures, curious crosses, fables, and bables-had he read the Golden Legend, the Turks Alcoran, or Jews Talmud, the Rabbins Comments, what would he have thought? How dost thou think he might have been affected? Had he more particularly examined a Jesuites life amongst the rest, he should have seen an hypocrite profess poverty, and yet possess more goods and lands than many princes, to have infinite treasures and revenues-teach others to fast, and play the gluttons themselves; like watermen, that rowe one way and look anothervow virginity, talk of holiness, and yet indeed a notorious bawd, and famous fornicator, lascivum pecus, a very goat-monks by profession," such as give over the world, and the vanities of it, and yet a Machiavellian rout interested in all matters of state-holy men, peace-makers, and yet composed of envy, lust, ambition, hatred and malice, fire-brands, adulta patriæ pestis, traitours, assassinates-hac itur ad astra; and this is to supererogate, and merit heaven for themselves and others! Had he seen, on the adverse side, some of our nice and curious schismaticks, in another extream, abhor all ceremonies, and rather lose their lives and livings, than do or admit any thing papists have formerly used, though in things indifferent (they alone are the true church, sal terræ, cum sint omnium insulsissimi)—formalists, out of fear and base flattery, like so many weather-cocks, turn round-a rout of temporisers, ready to embrace and maintain all that is or shall be proposed, in hope of preferment-another Epicurean company, lying at lurch as so many vultures, watching for a prey of church goods, and ready to rise by the down-fall of any as P Lucian said in like case, what dost thou think Democritus would have done, had he been a spectatour of these things-or, had he but observed the common people follow like so many sheep one of their fellows drawn by the horns over a gap, some for zeal, some for fear, quo se cumque rapit tempestas, to credit all, examine nothing, and yet ready to dye before they will abjure any of those ceremonies, to which they have been accustomed-others out of hypocrisie frequent sermons, knock their breasts, turn up their eyes, pretend zeal, desire

Si cui intueri vacet quæ patiuntur superstitiosi, invenies tam indecora honestis, tam indigna liberis, tam dissimilia sanis, ut nemo fuerit, dubitaturus furere eos, si cum paucioribus furerent. Senec. Quid dicam de eorum indulgentiis, oblationibus, votis, solutionibus, jejuniis, coenobiis, vigiliis, somniis, horis, organis, cantilenis, campanis, simulacris, missis, purgatoris, mitris, breviariis, bullis, lustralibus aquis, rasuris, unctionibus, candelis, calicibus, crucibus, mappis, cereis, thuribulis, incantationibus, exorcismis, sputis, legendis, &c. Baleus, de actis Rom. Pont. Th. Nauger. 1 Dum simulant spernere, acquisiverunt sibi 30 annorum spatio bis centena millia librarum annua. Arnold. Et quum interdiu de virtute loquuti sunt, sero in latibulis clunes agitant labore nocturno. Agrippa. 2 Tim. 3. 13.-But they shall prevail no longer: their madness shall be evident to all men. • Benignitatis sinus solebat esse, nunc litium officina, curia Romana. Budæus. P Quid tibi videtur facturus Democritus, si horum spectator contigisset?

reformation, and yet professed usurers, gripers, monsters of men, harpies, devils, in their lives, to express nothing less?

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What would he have said, to see, hear, and read so many bloody battels, so many thousands slain at once, such streams of blood able to turn mills, unius ob noxam furiasque, or to make sport for princes, without any just cause, for vain titles (saith Austin) precedency, some wench, or such like toy, or out of desire of domineering, vain-glory, malice, revenge, folly, madness, (goodly causes all, ob quas universus orbis bellis et cædibus misceatur) whilest statesmen themselves in the mean time are secure at home, pampered with all delights and pleasures, take their ease, and follow their lust, not considering what intolerable misery poor souldiers endure, their often wounds, hunger, thirst, &c.? The lamentable cares, torments, calamities and oppressions, that accompany such proceedings, they feel not, take no notice of it. So wars are begun, by the persuasion of debauched, hairbrained, poor, dissolute, hungry captains, parasitical fawners, unquiet hot-spurs, restless innovators, green heads, to satisfie one mans private spleen, lust, ambition, avarice, &c. tales rapiunt scelerata in prælia caussa. Flos hominum, proper men, well proportioned, carefully brought up, able both in body and mind, sound, led like so many beasts to the slaughter in the flower of their years, pride, and full strength, without all remorse and pitty, sacrificed to Pluto, killed up as so many sheep, for devils food, 40000 at once. At once, said I?-that were tolerable: but these wars last alwayes; and for many ages, nothing so familiar as this hacking and hewing, massacres, murders, desolations (-ignoto cœlum clangore remugit) they care not what mischief they procure, so that they may enrich themselves for the present they will so long blow the coals of contention, till all the world be consumed with fire. The siege of Troy lasted ten years, eight months: there died 870000 Grecians, 670000 Trojans at the taking of the city, and after, were slain 276000 men, women, and children, of all sorts. Cæsar killed a million, Mahomet the Second Turk 300000 persons: Sicinius Dentatus fought in an hundred battels; eight times in single combat he overcame, had forty wounds before, was rewarded with 140 crowns, triumphed nine times for his good service. M. Sergius had 32 wounds; Scæva the centurion, I know not how many; every nation hath their Hectors, Scipios, Cæsars, and Alexanders. Our Edward the Fourth was in 26 battles afoot: and, as they do all, he glories in it; 'tis related to his honour. At the siege of Hierusalem, 1100000 died with sword and famine. At the battel of Cannas, 70000 men were slain, as Polybius records, and as many at Battle Abbye with us; and 'tis no news to fight from sun to sun, as they did, as Constantine and Licinius, &c. At the siege of Ostend, (the devils academy) a poor town in respect, a small fort, but a great grave, 120000 men lost their lives, besides whole towns, dorpes, and hospitals, full of maimed souldiers. There were engines, fire-works, and whatsoever the devil could invent to do mischief, with 2500000 iron bullets shot of 40 pounds weight, three or four millions of gold consumed. Who (saith mine author) can be sufficiently amazed at their flinty hearts, obstinacy, fury, blindness, who, without any likelyhood of good success, hazard poor souldiers, and lead them without pitty to the slaughter, which may justly be called the rage of furious beasts, that run without reason upon their own deaths? quis malus genius, quæ Furia, quæ pestis, &c. what plague, what

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Bellum rem plane belluinam Cretens. Jovius, vit. ejus. Erasmus de bello. Ut placidum

Ob inanes ditionum titulos, ob præreptum locum, ob interceptam mulierculam, vel quod e stultitiâ natum, vel e malitiâ, quod cupido dominandi, libido nocendi, &c. vocat Morus, Utop. lib. 2. Munster. Cosmog. 1. 5. c. 3. E Dict. Comineus. Lib. 3. Hist. of the Siege of Östend, fol. 23. illud animal benevolentiæ natum tam feriná vecordiâ in mutuam rueret perniciem.

Fury, brought so devillish, so bruitish a thing as war first into mens minds? Who made so soft and peaceable a creature, born to love, mercy, meekness, so to rave, rage like beasts, and run on to their own destruction? how may Nature expostulate with mankind, Ego te divinum animal finxi, &c. I made thee an harmless, quiet, a divine creature! how may God expostulate, and all good men! yet, horum facta (as one condoles) tantum admirantur, et heroum numero habent: these are the brave spirits, the gallants of the world, these admired alone, triumph alone, have statues, crowns, pyramids, obelisks to their eternal fame, that immortal genius attends on them: hac itur ad astra. When Rhodes was besieged, "fossæ urbis cadaveribus repleta sunt, the ditches were full of dead carcases; and (as when the said Solyman great Turk beleagred Vienna) they lay level with the top of the walls. This they make a sport of, and will do it to their friends and confederates, against oaths, vows, promises, by treachery or otherwise-a dolus an virtus, quis in hoste requirat? leagues and laws of arms, ( silent leges inter arma: for their advantage, omnia jura, divina, humana, proculcata plerumque sunt) Gods and mens laws, are trampled under foot; the sword alone determines all; to satisfie their lust and spleen, they care not what they attempt, say, or do:- Rara fides, probitasque, viris qui castra sequuntur. Nothing so common as to have father fight against the son, brother against brother, kinsman against kinsman, kingdom against kingdom, province against province, Christians against Christians, a quibus nec unquam cogitatione fuerunt læsi, of whom they never had offence in thought, word, or deed. Infinite treasures consumed, towns burned, flourishing cities sacked and ruinated-quodque animus meminisse horret, goodly countries depopulated and left desolate, old inhabitants expelled, trade and traffick decayed, maids defloured,

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Virgines nondum thalamis jugatæ,
Et comis nondum positis ephebi ;

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chast matrons cry out with Andromache, Concubitum mox cogar pati ejus, qui interemit Hectorem, they shall be compelled peradventure to lye with them that erst killed their husbands-to see rich, poor, sick, sound, lords, servants, eodem omnes incommodo mactati, consumed all or maimed, &c. et quidquid gaudens scelere animus audet, et perversa mens, saith Cyprian, and whatsoever torment, misery, mischief, hell it self, the devil, ffury and rage can invent to their own ruine and destruction: so abominable a thing is war, as Gerbelius concludes-adeo fœda et abominanda res est bellum, ex quo hominum cædes, vastationes, &c.-the scourge of God, cause, effect, fruit and punishment of sin, and not tonsura humani generis, as Tertullian calls it, but ruina. Had Democritus been present at the late civil wars in France, those abominable wars, (-bellaque matribus detestata) where, in less than ten years, ten hundred thousand men were consumed, saith Collignius, 20 thousand churches overthrown, nay the whole kingdom subverted (as Richard Dinoth adds) so many myriades of the commons were butchered up, with sword, famine, war, tanto odio utrinque, ut barbari ad abhorrendam lanienam obstupescerent, with such feral hatred, the world was amazed at it—or at our late Pharsalian fields in the time of Henry the Sixth,

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Rich. Dinoth, præfat. Belli civilis Gal. z Jovius. Dolus, asperitas, injustitia, propria bellorum negotia. Tertul, b Tully. Lucan. & Pater in filium, affinis in affinem, amicus in amicum, &e. Regio cum regione, regnum regno colliditur, populus populo, in mutuam perniciem, belluarum instar sanguinolente ruentium. Libanii declam. Ira enim et furor Bellonæ consultores, &c. dementes sacerdotes sunt. 8 Bellum quasi bellua, et ad omnia scelera furor immissus. h Gallorum decies centum millia ceciderunt, ecclesiarum 20 millia fundamentis excisa. i Belli civilis Gal. 1. 1. hoc ferali bello et cædibus omnia repleverunt, et regnum amplissimum a fundamentis pene everterunt; plebis tot myriades gladio, bello, fame miserabiliter perierunt.

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betwixt the houses of Lancaster and York, an hundred thousand men slain, k one writes, another, ten thousand families were rooted out, that no man can but marvel, (saith Comineus,) at that barbarous immanity, feral madness, committed betwixt men of the same nation, language, and religion. I Quis furor, O cives? Why do the gentiles so furiously rage? saith the prophet David, Psal. 2. 1. But we may ask, why do the Christians so furiously rage? m Arma volunt, quare, poscunt, rapiuntque juventus? Unfit for gentiles, much less for us, so to tyrannize, as the Spaniards in the West Indies, that killed up in 42 years (if we may believe " Bartholomæus a Casa their own bishop) 12 millions of men, with stupend and exquisite torments; neither should I lye (said he) if I said 50 millions. I omit those French massacres, Sicilian evensongs, o the duke of Alva's tyrannies, our gun-powder machinations, and that fourth Fury (as Pone calls it), the Spanish inquisition, which quite obscures those ten persecutions- sævit toto Mars impius orbe. Is not this mundus furiosus, a mad world, as he terms it, insanum bellum? are not these mad men, as Scaliger concludes, qui in prælio, acerba morte, insaniæ suæ memoriam pro perpetuo teste relinquunt posteritati —which leave so frequent battels, as perpetual memorials of their madness to all succeeding ages? Would this, think you, have enforced our Democritus to laughter, or rather made him turn his tune, alter his tone, and weep with t Heraclitus, or rather howl, "roar, and tear his hair, in commiseration— stand amazed; or as the poets faign, that Niobe was for grief quite stupified, and turned to a stone? I have not yet said the worst. That which is more absurd and mad-in their tumults, seditions, civil and unjust wars, "quod stulte suscipitur, impie geritur, misere finitur-such wars, I mean; for all are not to be condemned, as those phantastical Anabaptists vainly conceive. Our Christian tacticks are, all out, as necessary as the Roman acies, or Grecian phalanx. To be a souldier is a most noble and honourable profession, (as the world is) not to be spared. They are our best walls and bulwarks; and I do therefore acknowledge that of Tully to be most true, All our civil affairs, all our studies, all our pleading, industry, and commendation, lies under the protection of warlike vertues; and, whensoever there is any suspicion of tumult, all our arts cease: ware are most behoveful; et bellatores agricolis civitati sunt utiliores, as Tyrius defends : and valour is much to be commended in a wise man: but they mistake most part; auferre, trucidare, rapere, falsis nominibus virtutem vocant, &c. ('Twas Galgacus observation in Tacitus) they term theft, murder, and rapine, vertue, by a wrong name: rapes, slaughters, massacres, &c. jocus et ludus, are pretty pastimes, as Ludovicus Vives notes. They commonly call the most hair-brain blood-suckers, strongest thieves, the most desperate villains, trecherous rogues, inhumane murderers, rash, cruel and dissolute caitiffs, couragious and generous spirits, heroical and worthy captains, a brave men at arms, valiant and renowned souldiers,-possessed with a brute persuasion of false honour, as Pontus Huter in his Burgundian history complains: by means of which, it comes to pass that daily so many

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J Pont. Huterus. Comineus. Ut nullus non execretur et admiretur crudelitatem et barbaram insaniam, quæ inter homines eodem sub cœlo natos, ejusdem linguæ, sanguinis, religionis, exercebaLucan. m Virg. "Bishop of Cusco, an eye witness. Read Meteran, of his stupend cruelties. P Heinsius, Austriac. Virg. Georg. Jansenius Gallobelgicus, 1596. Mundus furiosus, inscriptio libri. Exercitat. 250. serm. 4. Fleat Heraclitus, an rideat Democritus? Cura leves loquuntur, ingentes stupent. Arma amens capio, nec sat rationis in armis.

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* Eras* Pro Murænâ. Omnes Urbanæ res, omnia studia, omnis forensis laus et industria latet in tutelâ et præsidio bellicæ virtutis; et, simul atque increpuit suspicio tumultus, artes illico nostræ conticescunt. y Ser, 13. Crudelissimos sævissimosque latrones, fortissimos propugnatores, fidelissimos duces, habent brutâ persuasione donati. Eobanus Hessus. Quibus omnis in armis Vita placet, non ulla juvat, nisi morte; nec ullam Esse putant vitam, quæ non assueverit armis.

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voluntaries offer themselves, leaving their sweet wives, children, friends,-for sixpence (if they can get it) a day, prostitute their lives and limbs, desire to enter upon breaches, lye sentinel, perdue, give the first onset, stand in the fore-front of the battel, marching bravely on, with a cheerful noise of drums and trumpets, such vigour and alacrity, so many banners streaming in the ayr, glittering armours, motions of plumes, woods of pikes, and swords, variety of colours, cost and magnificence, as if they went in triumph, now victors, to the Capitol, and with such pomp, as when Darius army marched to meet Alexander at Issus. Void of all fear, they run into eminent dangers, canons mouths, &c. ut vulneribus suis ferrum hostium hebetent, saith Barletius, to get a name of valour, honour and applause, which lasts not neither; for it is but a mere flash, this fame, and, like a rose, intra diem unum extinguitur, 'tis gone in an instant. Of 15000 proletaries slain in a battel, scarce fifteen are recorded in history, or one alone, the general perhaps ; and, after a while, his and their names are likewise blotted out; the whole battel it self is forgotten. Those Grecian orators, summá vi ingenii et eloquentiæ, set out the renowned overthrows at Thermopyla, Salamine, Marathon, Mycale, Mantinea, Charonea, Platea: the Romans record their battel at Cannas, and Pharsalian fields; but they do but record; and we scarce hear of them. And yet this supposed honour, popular applause, desire of immortality by this means, pride and vain-glory, spurs them on many times rashly and unadvisedly to make away themselves and multitudes of others. Alexander was sorry, because there were no more worlds for him to conquer: he is admired by some for it: animosa vox videtur, et regia: 'twas spoken like a prince: but (as wise Seneca censures him) 'twas vox iniquissima et stultissima: 'twas spoken like a bedlam fool; and that sentence which the same d Seneca appropriates to his father Philip and him, I apply to them all-Non minores fuere pestes mortalium quam inundatio, quam conflagratio, quibus, &c. they did as much mischief to mortal men, as fire and water, those merciless elements when they rage. e Which is yet more to be lamented, they persuade them this hellish course of life is holy: they promise heaven to such as venture their lives bello sacro, and that, by these bloody wars, (as Persians, Greeks, and Romans of old, as modern Turks do now their commons, to encourage them to fight, ut cadant infeliciter,) if they die in the field, they go directly to heaven, and shall be canonized for saints. (O diabolical invention!) put in the chronicles, in perpetuam rei memoriam, to their eternal memory; when, as in truth, as f some hold it, it were much better (since wars are the scourge of God for sin, by which he punisheth mortal mens pievishness and folly) such brutish stories were suppressed, because ad morum institutionem nihil habent, they conduce not at all to manners, or good life. But they will have it thus nevertheless; and so they put a note of divinity upon the most cruel and pernicious plague of human kind, adorn such men with grand titles, degrees, statues, images-- honour, applaud and highly reward them for their good service-no greater glory than to dye in the field! So Africanus is extolled by Ennius: and Mars, and Hercules, and I know not how many besides, of old were deified, went this way to heaven, that were indeed bloody

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Lib. 10. vit. Scanderbeg. Nulli beatiores habiti, quam qui in præliis cecidissent. Brisonius, de rep. Persarum. 1. 3. fol. 3. 44. Idem Lactantius de Romanis et Graæcis. Idem Ammianus, lib. 23. de Parthis. Judicatur is solus beatus apud eos, qui in prælio fuderit animam. De Benef. lib. 2. c. 1. Nat. quæst. lib. 3. Boterus Amphitridrion. Busbequius, Ture. hist. Per cædes et sanguinem patere hominibus ascensum in cœlum putant. Lactant. de falsâ relig. 1. 1. cap. 8. fQuoniam bella ascerbissima Dei flagella sunt, quibus hominum pertinaciam punit, ea perpetuâ oblivione sepelienda potius quam memoriæ mandanda plerique judicant. Rich. Dinoth. præf. hist. Gall. 5 Cruentam humani generis pestem et perniciem divinitatis notâ insigniunt. Et (quod dolendum) applausum habent et occursum viri tales. i Herculi eadem porta ad cœlum patuit, qui magnam generis humani partem perdidit.