were happily saved. The Hazard sloop of war also fell into the hands of the rebels, in the harbour of Montrose, who immediately carried her guns ashore, and applied them to their own purposes, particularly for making a battery to command the harbour. The Hazard they fitted up for themselves, named her the Prince Charles' snow, and gave the command of her to a shipmaster who had been instrumental in taking her, and whose ship she had previously burnt. But what gave them more encouragement than all other circumstances put together, was the arrival of lord John Drummond, brother to the duke of Perth, with a body of troops in the service of France, consisting of his own regiment, the royal Scots, the piquets of six Irish regiments, with Fitzjames' regiment of horse; of these, however, he had not more than two troops, scarcely amounting to fifty men each, for though the whole regiment was embarked, the vigilance of the English cruisers was such, that the remainder were either taken or driven back to Dunkirk.*

Immediately on his landing, lord John Drummond emitted the following declaration:-" We, lord John Drummond, commander-in-chief of his most Christian majesty's forces in Scotland, do hereby declare, that we are come to this kingdom with written orders to make war against the king of England, elector of Hanover, and his adherents, and that the positive orders we have from his most Christian majesty are to attack all his enemies in this kingdom, whom he has declared to be those who will not immediately join or assist, as far as will lie in their power, the prince of Wales, regent in Scotland, &c. and his ally, and whom he is resolved, with the concurrence of the king of Spain, to support in the taking possession of Scotland, England, and Ireland, if necessary, at the expense of all the men and money he is master of, to which three kingdoms the family of Stuart have so just and indisputable a title. And his most Christian majesty's positive orders are, that his enemies should be used in this kingdom in proportion to the harm they Given at Montrose, do or intend to his royal highness' cause.

Scots Magazine for 1745. Marchant's History of the Rebellion, pp. 220,

the second of December, 1745. J. Drummond." This, with the exaggerated accounts which he gave of the forces he had brought along with him, elevated the Jacobites to the highest degree, and the greatest excesses were committed, and the most grievous oppressions openly exercised. Men were everywhere pressed into their service, and gentlemen were assessed in fifty, a hundred, and some in two hundred pounds sterling, in a manner the most capricious and arbitrary. Illuminations were ordered at Dundee for the arrival of this aid from France, and the windows not illuminated were broken without distinction; some of them they fired sharp shot into in the most brutal and barbarous manner.*

To put a stop to such proceedings, lord Loudon, who had now collected a force of nearly two thousand men, after having, as we have narrated, secured, as he supposed, lord Lovat at Inverness, despatched Macleod of Macleod, with four hundred and fifty of his own men, whom he had brought from the isle of Skye, and two hundred Munroes, commanded by Munroe of Culcairn. Macleod marched forward to Elgin, where he learned that the rebels had taken possession of the boats on the Spey, at Fochabers, and intended to dispute the passage with him. When he advanced to the banks of that river, however, on Sabbath the fifteenth, he found that they had withdrawn, leaving him a free passage. On the sixteenth and seventeenth, he advanced by Cullen to Banff. On the seventeenth, captain Munroe, with his two hundred men, advanced by Keith to Strathbogie, and having been joined on his march, by Grant of Grant, with five hundred of his clan, the rebels fled before him towards Aberdeen. Unfortunately, the return of some of the Highlanders recalled Grant and his people to defend their own homes; and, on the nineteenth, it was determined upon by Macleod and Munroe, to march the next morning, the former from Banff to Old Meldrum, and the latter from Strathbogie to Inverury, which is twelve miles from Aberdeen. On the twentythird, lord Lewis Gordon having received a re-enforcement from lord John Drummond's regiment, marched with that, his own regiment, and three hundred Farquharsons, commanded

* Marchant's History of the Rebellion, p. 260. Scots Magazine for 1745.

by Farquharson of Monaltry, and surprised and defeated Macleod and Munroe, with the loss of several men killed, and forty-one taken prisoners, among whom were Messrs. Gordon of Ardoch, junior, Forbes of Echt, and John Chalmers, one of the regents in the college of Aberdeen, who were treated by the rebels with great severity.* Macleod and Culcairn escaped the best way they could, and lord Lewis Gordon shortly after proceeded to Perth.

Perth, as we have already stated, was appointed to be the head-quarters of the rebels on Charles' departure for England, and for some time the number of troops occupying it was very small. The arrival of lord John Drummond from France, and the unmolested march of Charles into England, however, determined many who had been wavering or doubtful to adjoin themselves to his cause, which they very foolishly concluded to have now the entire ascendency. Lovat having made his escape from lord Loudon at Inverness, and fairly thrown off the mask, exerted himself, with all his peculiar cunning, to draw others along with him. The earl of Cromartie, too, with that part of the Mackenzies which he could command, rushed forward at the same time to swell the torrent of disloyalty and disorder: the recruiting in the Highlands, or rather the impressment, had also gone on well, and though the number could not be exactly stated, as there were continually comers and goers, they probably were seldom for some time below four thousand men.†

From the French ships, and from the Hazard sloop of war, they had also now obtained some artillery, and they had brought in by force some hundreds of people from the country, whom,

• Scots Magazine for 1745. The following is part of a letter on the subject from lord Lewis Gordon, addressed "to the honourable the laird of Macleod, at Duncan Forbes' house, near Inverness. Sir, I received your letter by express last night, dated from Gordon castle, the 24th. All the care in our power has and shall be taken of your wounded men, and all the prisoners that were taken under their arms shall meet with all the civility in our power. But for regent Chambers, Forbes of Eight, and Maitland of Petrichie, who have acted the infamous part of spies and informers, and the two last especially, who have given a great deal of bad advice to a certain great man who shall be nameless, it is neither consistent with my honour nor inclination to treat them as prisoners of war." Culloden Papers, p. 466. Home's History of the Rebellion, p. 115.

under the direction of some French engineers, they employed to repair Olivier's Mount, to throw up intrenchments, and to bring in the water of Almond to fill them. While they were thus employed, an order was sent from Charles, who had now reached Carlisle, for the whole army to march into England. This order lord Strathallan, who was commander-in-chief, with his council of officers, did not think it proper to obey, and on that account this heterogeneous assemblage of Highlandmen and Lowlandmen, Irishmen and Frenchmen, was on the point of being dissolved. Maclauchlan of Maclauchlan, who brought the order, and all the Highland officers, were exceedingly provoked at this act of disobedience, and they resolved at once to follow their prince, as they styled him, and their countrymen. This resolution, however, they found not so easy to execute; they had no money, and some of them who had last arrived had no arms. Strathallan was supported by all the Low countrymen, and by the Irish and the French. He was, besides, in possession of all the cash, and the arms, ammunition, and stores of every description were wholly under his disposal. The Highlanders, persisting in their resolution, formed several schemes for getting at the money, but without effect; and at the moment when both parties were ready to come to extremities, the controversy was ended by a second message from Charles, who was now at Dumfries, for lord Strathallan to hold himself and his forces in readiness to join the army, which was marching upon Glasgow, whence he might expect to receive further orders.*

Alarmed at this great assemblage at Perth, who, having brought up their great guns from Montrose, talked of nothing less than crossing the Forth, and laying siege to the castles of Stirling and Edinburgh at the same time, the authorities in Scotland sent Price's and Ligonier's foot to Stirling, whither part of the Glasgow and Paisley militia were also marched, the former under the earl of Home, and the latter under the earl of Glencairn. These were joined by the Stirling militia, and disposed so as to secure the bridge of Stirling, and the fords at the head of the Forth. Instead of attempting the

• Home's History of the Rebellion, pp. 115, 116.

Forth, however, the rebels scattered themselves over the country in various directions, which they continued to plunder in the most shameful manner.*

Meanwhile Charles having got safely to the north of the Esk, his army proceeded the same night in two divisions, the one, under Charles himself, to Annan, and the other, under lord George Murray, to Ecclefechan. This last division proceeded next day, the twenty-first, for Moffat, and the former into the town of Dumfries. Charles was accompanied by the French ambassador, the duke of Perth, lord Elcho, lord Pitsligo, Lochiel, Clanronald, Glengary, and Keppoch; the lords Tullibardine, Ogilvy, and Nairn, accompanied lord George Murray by the way of Moffat. On Dumfries Charles imposed a military contribution of two thousand pounds sterling, one thousand pairs of shoes, nine casks of gunpowder, besides seizing all the arms in the town, public and private, horse furniture, boots, &c. Every horse found either in the town or the surrounding country was also by his orders carried off, while his motely followers robbed a great number of houses, and committed many gross outrages upon the inhabitants, and after all told them, they ought to think themselves gently used in that their town was not laid in ashes. They levied the excise, and told the people, that if they paid either excise or land tax for the future to any other than them, they might rest assured of having it to pay again, and of paying it double. Of the money they received one thousand one hundred pounds, and they carried off the provost, Mr. Crosbie, and Mr. Walter Riddel, as hostages till the remainder should be sent after them. Their baggage they left to the inhabitants to be sent after them, with certification, that if they heard that so much as a finger was moved against any of their stragglers, the hostages of the town should instantly be put to death. The damage done to the town, independent of what was done to the neighbourhood, at the lowest computation was rated above four thousand pounds sterling.†

Charles marched on the twenty-second from Dumfries to

* Scots Magazine for 1746, &c. &c.

↑ Marchant's History of the Rebellion, pp. 263, 264. Lockhart Papers, vol. ii. p. 465.