[The numbers at the left refer to the periods; those at the right, to volume and page.]
INTRODUCTORY AND MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS.
I. The ground for an inevitable development of doctrine. Benefit
of acquaintance with the history of doctrine. Place belonging to the
branch. Rules for the choice of subject matter. — Cautions against
misinterpretation. - Five periods, and the leading characteristic of
1-8
Incentive to doctrinal development supplied by heathen criticism
and by heresies. — Orthodox zeal against heresy; its warrant and its
danger. Question whether Montanism is to be included among the
heresies. - Jewish heresy, especially Ebionism. - Evidence that Ebion-
ism did not command large suffrage in the early Church. — Gnosticism;
causes and date of its origin; sources of its materials; points in which
most of its systems agreed; points of difference. - Manichæism.
Two types of Monarchianism
II. Circumstances naturally fostering polemic zeal in the second pe-
riod.-Compensations for the bigotry and violence exhibited. 159-161
Rise and spread of monasticism. Its influence in the sphere of
doctrine
171-173
Nature of the relation between Church and State which was con-
summated under the early Christian Emperors. Doctrinal bearing of
III. The relation of the Greek Church to doctrinal development
after the beginning of the third period. -- Her most eminent dogmatic
writer. Causes and date of the separation between the Greek and
the Latin Church. Relative extent of heresy in the middle ages.
Principal cases of heresy or dissent. .
IV. Importance of the Reformation in the history of Christianity.
-The starting-point of the Reformation, as demanded by the pre-
ceding developments and as evolved from the personal experience of
Luther. — Inferences drawn as to the mediatorial office of the priest,
the authority of Scripture, and the right of private interpre-
tation.
ii. 3-9
Relation of the Reformation to the doctrinal standpoint of the early
Church ..
ii. 9, 10
Logical outcome of Reformation principles. - Excess of individual-
ism in the Protestantism of the past centuries, and the superficial
polemic to which it has given occasion. — Reasonable hope of a grow-
ing unity within the bounds of Protestantism
ii. 10-12
V. Task of fundamental criticism undertaken in the present era.
Probable result
ii. 221, 222
PHILOSOPHY AS RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT
OF DOCTRINE.
I. Reason why early Christianity could entertain but moderate
interest in the pre-Socratic philosophies. Features in Epicureanism
and Stoicism hindering their appropriation by Christian writers. —
Ground of preferring Plato to Aristotle. - Characteristics of Platonism
commending it to Christian use. - Testimony of the early fathers
to the superiority of Platonism. - Different opinions as to the worth of
heathen philosophy in general. — Actual contributions of heathen phi-
losophy to early Christian theology
11-23
II. General attitude of theologians toward heathen philosophy in
the second period. - Relative estimate of Plato and Aristotle. — The
founder and the chief representatives of Neo-Platonism. - Its place in
the development of Greek philosophy. — Its cardinal ideas as set forth
by Plotinus. Its divergence from the older Platonism. - Degree of
favor which it received from the earlier and from the later writers of
the period. The works of the pseudo Dionysius. - Date of their
origin. Their reception by the Church. - Peculiarities in their teach-
ing. Their kinship with Neo-Platonism
III. Different estimates of philosophy in the scholastic era. Pecu-
liar philosophical demand of the age, and its relation to an increased
appreciation for Aristotle. Points of contrast between Platonism and
Aristotelianism. - Relative affinity of the two philosophies for mysti-
cism. - Testimony of writers indicating the place assigned to Aristotle.
- Introduction of Aristotle's writings into the West, and decrees
respecting their use. — Revived interest in Platonism near the close
of the period. Mohammedan and Jewish philosophers. - Influence
of the writings of the pseudo Dionysius. The point at issue between
the nominalists and realists; decisions by earlier thinkers; position
taken by different scholastics; theological import of the subject.
Scholastic distinction between matter and form
IV. The transition to modern philosophy. - Double origin of
modern philosophy in Bacon and Descartes, and the divergent ten-
dencies resulting. — Range which Bacon gave to philosophy, and the
relation which he predicated between it and revealed religion. — Ex-
tent to which Hobbes pushed his sensationalism. - Formal attitude
of Hobbes toward revealed religion. - Real bearing of his philosophy
upon the same. The Cambridge school, and the offset which they
presented to the theories of Hobbes. — Affinity of Locke's philosophy
with sensationalism, not to say materialism. - Basis incidentally pro-
Contrast between Locke and Bacon in their
views of the relations between reason and faith
Place which Descartes assigned to theological data in gaining a
certain basis of knowledge. - Prominence of the divine causality in
Descartes's system, and his emphasis upon the contrast between mind
and matter. His attitude toward revealed religion. - Conclusion
which Geulinex drew from Cartesian premises. - Conclusions drawn
Spinoza's pantheism. His definition of substance.
- His definition of minds and bodies. His comments on the idea of
freedom and of final cause. His conception of Christ, of the Chris-
tian Scriptures, and of miracles. .
Degree of influence exerted by modern philosophy upon early Prot-
estant theology. - Estimate of the worth of philosophy by different
theologians
ii. 25-29
V. Relative fruitfulness of the last two centuries in philosophic
thinking. Dissatisfaction of Leibnitz with preceding philosophies. -
His method of offsetting the sensationalism of Locke. - Antidote to
Spinozism which he supplied in his doctrine of monads. His doctrine
of the pre-established harmony, and its bearing upon freedom and
optimism. His general attitude toward revealed religion. — Modifi-
cation of the philosophy of Leibnitz by Wolff . . . ii. 223-227
Berkeley's combination of idealism with empiricism.
which he deduced his idealistic theory and the conception of nature
which it involved
ii. 227, 228
Four points embraced in the scepticism of Hume. - Question
whether Hume's attitude toward religion was purely destructive.
The Scottish school, and the offset which it presented to the scepti-
cism of Hume. Its doctrinal affinities
ii. 230, 231
Representatives of extreme sensationalism in England and France.
-French opponents of sensationalism. - Eclecticism of Cousin.
Stimulus which Kant received from Hume's scepticism. - Task
which Kant proposed to himself in his Critique of Pure Reason. —
Limitations which he placed both upon empiricism and dogmatism. —
Province which he assigned to the speculative and to the practical
reason respectively. - Points of likeness and of contrast between his
views of religion and the Scriptural system
ii. 231-236
Fichte's attempt to amend the philosophy of Kant. His starting-
point. His way of explaining our impression of an external world. —
Respect in which his later philosophy differs from his earlier. — Dis-
tinction between his philosophy and that of Kant as to doctrinal
affinities. - Extent to which he conserves the great truths of Chris-
tianity
ii. 236-239
Different stages in the philosophical development of Schelling. -
The point of his departure from Fichte. His theory of the Absolute,
and of the means of attaining to the knowledge thereof. — His later
views as distinguished from his earlier. — Poetic affinities of his phi-
losophy. Points in antagonism with Catholic thought. His attitude
toward the vulgar rationalism
ii. 239-242
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Hegel's conception of the proper object of philosophy, and of the
way to reach and to explicate that object. - The three branches into
which he divides philosophy. - Starting-point and successive stages
which he predicates for the evolution of thought. - Formal attitude of
his philosophy toward Christian theology. Its real bearing as judged
by its principles and its professed disciples
ii. 242-248
Distinctive features in the philosophies of Jacobi and Schleier-
macher. Respects in which Schleiermacher supplemented Jacobi.
ii. 248, 249
Schopenhauer and Hartmann as representatives of philosophical
pessimism
ii. 249, 250
Herbart's relation to preceding philosophies. His conception of
the true method of philosophy. — Lotze's criticism both of dogmatic
idealism and of materialism. Element of idealism which he recog-
nizes. Prominence of the theistic phase in his philosophy.
The fundamental thesis of Comte's Positivism.—The six branches
which in his view cover the whole field of knowledge.
for a new religion
Recent English advocates of sensationalism.
agree. Evolutionism of Herbert Spencer.
Spencer bearing upon religious truths.
ii. 252, 253
Points in which they
Statements of Mill and
The general outcome of the philosophy of the period in its relations
to Christian theology. - Specific affiliations of different theologians
and theological parties with the various philosophies. More common
estimate as to the worth of philosophy.
ii. 257-260
AUTHORS, COMMUNIONS, AND CREEDS.
I. Classification of the authors of the first three centuries.
tion as to the genuineness of writings attributed to Clement of Rome,
to Ignatius, and to Justin Martyr. — Consideration of the identity of
Barnabas and of Hermas. - Propriety of quoting Tertullian, Novatian,
and Hippolytus as exponents of Catholic teaching. - Strictures upon
the dogmatic authority of Arnobius and Lactantius. Distinguishing
characteristics of the principal groups of authors
32-36
II. Greek authors of the Arian era.
Greek authors of the christo-
logical era. - Latin authors of the period. - Theologians whose ortho-
doxy was called in question. Most prominent of those distinctly
Most representative authors of the Greek and
the Latin Church respectively
III. Meaning of the term Scholasticism. Four subdivisions of
the period, with the characteristics and leading writers of each.
Schools and universities. Estimate of scholasticism. - Estimate of
IV. The conditions of Protestant unity. Cause of the first divis-
ion. — Distinguishing characteristics of the Lutheran and the Reformed
Church respectively. — Propriety of reckoning the Church of England
as a branch of the Reformed Church. — Features distinguishing the
Church of England from the Reformed Church at large, and giving
occasion to controversy and dissenting parties
ii. 29-32
Scattered representatives of Unitarianism. — Organized Unitarian-
ism under Faustus Socinus. - Leading representative of Unitarianism
in England in this era
ii. 32-34
Occasion of the rise of the Arminians, or Remonstrants, in Hol-
land. Outward fortunes of the Arminians. — Distinction between
Arminius and those who succeeded him, as to doctrinal position.
Origin of the Mennonites, and peculiarities in their belief and
practice.
ii. 35
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