thus describes the site on St. Johns River of what he terms "the last decisive battle":

In the morning I found I had taken up my lodging on the border of an ancient burying ground, containing sepulchres or tumuli of the Yamasees, who were here slain by the Creeks in the last decisive battle, the Creeks having driven them into the point, between the doubling of the river, where few of them escaped the fury of the conquerors. These graves occupied the whole grove, consisting of two or three acres of ground. There were nearly thirty of these cemeteries of the dead, nearly of an equal size and form, being oblong, twenty feet in length, ten or twelve feet in width, and three or four feet high, now overgrown with orange trees, live oaks, laurel magnolias, red bays, and other trees and shrubs, composing dark and solemn shades.1

3

2

He saw Yamasee slaves living among the Seminole; but from other data it is evident that free bands, in whole or in part Yamasee, still existed. One of these will be mentioned later. Several writers on the Seminole state that the Oklawaha band was said to be descended from this tribe, and it appears probable since that band occupied the region in which most maps of the period immediately preceding place the Yamasee. According to the same writers their complexion was somewhat darker than that of the other Seminole. The noted leader Jumper is said by some to have been of Yamasee descent, but Cohen sets him down as a refugee from the Creeks. In the long war with the Americans which followed, whatever remained of the tribe became fused with one of the larger bodies, very likely with the Mikasuki, whose language is supposed to have been nearest to their own. We do not know whether those Yamasee who went to Pensacola and Mobile with the Apalachee remained with them or returned to east Florida, but the former supposition is the more likely.

5

4

Another part of the Yamasee evidently settled among the Creeks, though for our knowledge of this fact we are almost entirely dependent upon maps. The late Mr. H. S. Halbert was the first to call my attention to the evidence pointing to such a conclusion. On the Covens and Mortier map compiled shortly after the Yamasee war the name appears in the form "Asassi" among the Upper Creeks. An anonymous French writer, of the middle of the eighteenth century or earlier, adds to his enumeration of the Creek villages this statement:

There are besides, ten leagues from this last village [a Sawokli town], two villages of the ïamasé nation where there may be a hundred men, but this nation is attached to the Spaniards of St. Augustine."

On the Mitchell map of 1755 we find "Massi," probably intended for the same tribe, placed on the southeast bank of the Tallapoosa River between Tukabahchee and Holiwahali.' The name appears also

1 Bartram, Travels, p. 137.

2 Ibid., pp. 183-184, 390.

See Cohen, Notices of Florida, p. 33.

4 Williams, Terr. of Florida, p. 272, 1837.

Cohen, Notices of Florida, p. 237.

MS., Ayer Lib.

7 See plate 6.

on several later maps, such as those of Evans, 1771, and D'Anville, 1790, but it was probably copied into them from Mitchell. Without giving any authority Gatschet quotes a statement to the effect "that the Yemasi band of Creeks refused to fight in the BritishAmerican war of 1813."

There is reason to think that this band subsequently moved down among the Lower Creeks and thence into Florida. Into his report of 1822 Morse copies a list of "Seminole" bands from the manuscript journal of a certain Captain Young, and among these we find the "Emusas," consisting of only 20 men and located 8 miles above the Florida boundary. Their name is probably preserved in that of Omusee Creek, in Henry and Houston Counties, Alabama. What is evidently the same band appears again in a list of Seminole towns made in 1823, where it has the more correct form "Yumersee." They had then moved into Florida and were located at the "head of the Sumulga Hatchee River, 20 miles north of St. Mark's." The chief man was "Alac Hajo," whose name is Creek, properly Ahalak hadjo, "Potato hadjo." It may be surmised that these people were subsequently absorbed into the Mikasuki band of Seminole.

Connected intimately with the Yamasee were a small tribe found on the site of what is now Savannah by Governor Oglethorpe in 1733, when he founded the colony of Georgia. They are called Yamacraw by the historians of the period, and their town was on a bluff, which still bears their name, in what is now the western suburb of the city. This name is a puzzle, since no r occurs in the Muskhogean tongues. It suggests Yamiscaron, the form in which the tribal name of the Yamasee first appears in history through Francisco of Chicora, but as I have shown elsewhere there is every reason to believe that the ending -ron is Siouan. Its first definite appearance is in the later (1680) name of the Florida mission Nombre de Dios de Amacarisse, also given as Macarisqui or Macarizqui. We may safely assume that the leaders of the later Georgia Yamacraw came from this place, but the name itself remains as much of a mystery as before. They seem to be mentioned in the Public Records of South Carolina a few years before the Yamasee war as the "Amecario," or "Amercaraio," "above Westoe [i. e., Savannah] River." From the conference which Oglethorpe held with these people and the Creeks and the speeches delivered at that conference we obtain some further information regarding the history of the town. It was settled in 1730 by a body of Indians from among the Lower Creeks, numbering 17 or 18 families and 30 or 40 men, under the

1 Gatschet, Creek Mig. Leg., I, p. 65.

2 Morse, Rept. on Indian Affairs, p. 354; see p. 409.

Amer. State Papers, Ind. Affairs, II, p. 439; see p. 411.

See p. 37 et seq.

Pub. Rec. S. C., п, pp. 8-9, MS.

leadership of a chief named Tomochichi. These are said to have been banished from their own country for some crimes and misdemeanors. Tomochichi himself had "tarried for a season with the Palla-Chucolas" before settling there, and it must be remembered that before the Yamasee war the Apalachicola tribe had been located upon Savannah River some 50 miles higher up. It is therefore likely that he belonged to some refugee Yamasee among the Apalachicola, and his occasion for settling in this place may have been as much because it was the land of his ancestors as because he had been "outlawed." Indeed he says as much in his speech to Oglethorpe. In 1732 the Yamacraw asked permission of the government of South Carolina to remain in their new settlement and it was accorded them. When Oglethorpe arrived they are said to have been the only tribe for 50 miles around. They received the settlers in a friendly manner and acted as intermediaries between them and the Creeks. From the negotiations then undertaken it would seem that both the Yamacraw and the Yamasee were reckoned as former members of the Creek confederacy. At least the confederacy arrogated to itself at that time the right to dispose of their lands, all of which, except the site of Yamacraw, a strip of land between Pipemakers Bluff and PallyChuckola Creek, and the three islands, Ossabaw, Sapello, and St. Catherines, were ceded to Oglethorpe. Tomochichi, his wife, nephew, and a few of his warriors went to England in 1734, where they received much attention. A painting.of Tomochichi and his nephew, Tonahowi, was made by Verelst, and from this engravings were afterwards made by Faber and Kleinschmidt. Tomochichi died. October 5, 1739, and the Yamacraw population declined rather than increased. After a time they moved to another situation later known as New Yamacraw, but ultimately those that were left probably retired among their kindred in the Creek Nation, and we may conjecture that they united with the Creek band of Yamasee mentioned above.

The Yamasee made a considerable impression on Creek imagination and are still remembered by a few of the older Creek Indians. According to one of my informants, a Hitchiti, they lived north of the Creeks, which was in any sense true of them only when they were located in South Carolina. It was from this tribe, according to the same informant, that many of the Creek charms known as sabia came.

THE APALACHEE

The third Muskhogean group to be considered is known to history under the name Apalachee, a word which in Hitchiti, a related dialect, seems to signify "on the other side." The Apalachee proper

See Jones, Hist. Sketch of Tomo-chi-chi;; Tailfer, A true and hist. narr, of the colony of Georgia. * Jones, Ibid., p. 121.

Tailfer, op. cit., p. 74.

occupied, when first discovered, a portion of what is now western Florida, between Ocilla River on the east and the Ocklocknee and its branches on the west. They probably extended into what is now the State of Georgia for a short distance, but their center was in the region indicated, northward of Apalachee Bay. Tallahassee, the present State capital of Florida, is nearly in the center of their ancient domain.

A fair idea of the number and names of their towns may be obtained from the lists of missions made in the years 16551 and 1680.2 The first of these contains the following Apalachee missions, together with their distances in leagues from St. Augustine:

Fortunately the second list gives native names also. In this the missions are classified by provinces, but no distances appear. The following are enumerated in the "Provincia de Apalache," the order having been altered to agree as far as possible with that in the first mission list:

San Lorenço de Ybithachucu.

Nuestra Señora de La Purissima Concepción de Ajubali.

San Francisco de Oconi.

San Joseph de Ocuia.

San Joan de Ospalaga.

San Pedro y San Pablo de Patali.

San Antonio de Bacuqua.

San Cosme y San Damian de Yecambi.

San Carlos de los Chacatos, conversion nueva.

San Luis de Talimali.

Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de la Tama, conversion nueva.

San Pedro de los Chines, conversion nueva.

San Martin de Tomoli.

Santa Cruz y San Pedro de Alcantara de Ychutafun.

There is little doubt that the missions of this second list corresponding with those of the former are pure Apalachee-i. e., the first six, the eighth, the tenth, and the thirteenth. The omission of the name Apalachee after San Cosme and San Damián in the first is probably due to lack of space in the original text. After the preceding name it is abbreviated. San Antonio de Bacuqua was also in all probability Apalachee, a town missionized later than the others. San Carlos de los Chacatos was of course the mission among the neighboring Chatot Indians, and

1 Serrano y Sanz, Doc. Hist., pp. 132-133; also Lowery, MSS., Lib. Cong. Reproduced on p. 323. 2 Lowery, MSS. Reproduced on p. 323.

Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de la Tama that among the Tama or Tamali. The Chines appear to have been another foreign tribe, though, like the rest, of Muskhogean origin. There are few references to them. The last mission on the list, Santa Cruz y San Pedro de Alcantara de Ychutafun, seems from other evidence to have been located in a true Apalachee town established in later times on the banks of the Apalachicola River and thus to the westward of the original Apalachee country. Since tafa was a name for "town" peculiar to the Apalachee dialect, of which tafun would be the objective form, and ichu, itcu, or itco a common Muskhogean word for "deer," it is probable that the native name signifies Deer town." The settlement may have been made at this place because deer were plentiful there.

In addition to the above we have notice in two or three places of a mission called Santa Maria. The Van Loon map of 1705 has a legend stating that this mission had been destroyed by the Alabama in the year in which the map was published. About the same time (1702) we hear of a town called Santa Fe.' In 1677 there existed a mission called San Damian de Cupayca. The town is mentioned in a letter of 1639.2 San Marcos belongs to a later period.

We have, besides, the native names of some towns not identified with the mission stations. They are Iniahica, Calahuchi, Uzela, Ochete, Aute, Yapalaga, Bacica, Talpatqui, Capola, and Ilcombe. The first four appear only in the De Soto narratives. Iniahica is spelled Iviahica by Ranjel, Iniahico by Biedma, and is given as Anhayca Apalache by Elvas.3 It can not be identified in later documents and the name may be in Timucua. Calahuchi is mentioned by Ranjel and Uzela by Elvas. Ochete is located by Elvas 8 leagues south of Iniahica. Aute was a town visited by Narvaez, eight or nine days journey south, or probably rather southwest, of the main Apalachee towns. Garcilasso gives this appellation to the town of Ochete, but the distance of the latter from the main Apalachee towns does not at all agree with that given for the Aute of Narvaez. Yapalaga is entered on most of the more detailed maps of the eighteenth century. Bacica, as well as Bacuqua, already given in the mission lists, seems to have been somewhat removed from the other Apalachee towns, yet probably belonged to them. Its name is perpetuated in Wacissa River and town. Talpatqui appears in the Apalachee letter of 1688. Possibly it was identical with Talimali and therefore with San Luis. Capola and Ilcombe appear as Apalachee towns on the Popple map of 1733 (pl. 4). As the first of

1 See p. 120.

2 Serrano y Sanz, Doc. Hist., pp. 200, 208. Bourne, Narr. of De Soto, I, p. 47; ш, pp. 7, 79.

4 Ibid., п, p. 79.

Ibid., 1, p. 47.

Bandelier, Journey of Cabeza de Vaca, p. 29. 'Buckingham Smith, Two Docs.