A History of the Middle Ages

abbots Alexius Arabs army attack authority barons became bishops Byzantine Empire caliph Capetians Carolingian castle chap CHAPTER Charles Charles the Bald Charles the Fat Charles the Simple Christian Church cities civilization clergy Cluny compelled conquered conquest Conrad Constantinople courts crusade customs Danes death duchy duke elected eleventh century emperor England English established excommunication feudal fief France Frederick French Germany Greek Gregory Guelf held Henry Henry II Hohenstaufen Hugh Capet imperial important inhabitants invasions Italy king King of Germany kingdom knights latter Lombard lord Lothair Louis medieval middle ages Mohammedans monasteries monks nations nobles Normandy Normans Northmen oath obtained Otto papacy papal Paris peace Philip Pope possessions reign Roman Empire Rome royal rule rulers secured serfs Slavs Spain subjects succeeded territory thirteenth century tion towns treaty of Verdun twelfth and thirteenth twelfth century vassals wealth West western Europe