CASES

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS

OF

NEW YORK.

PEOPLE v. WELLS.

[184 N. Y. 275, 77 N. E. 19.]

TAXATION-Capital Employed in the State-Proceeds of Sales of Property Imported by a Foreign Corporation.-Cash and bills receivable belonging to a foreign corporation and resulting from sales of property imported by it represent capital employed within the state within the meaning of the tax laws of New York. (p. 841.) TAXATION—Burden of Proof. The presumption is that the determination of the assessor is correct, and to relieve himself from an assessment it is incumbent on the person assessed to show clearly that the assessment was erroneous. (p. 842.)

TAXATION—Situs of Property.-For the Purpose of Taxation of Promissory Notes and Similar Instruments for the payment of money, where the debt is inseparable from the paper which declares and constitutes the debt, the situs, for the purposes of taxation, is the place where they are actually and physically held. (p. 843.)

TAXATION of Property Resulting from the Sales in Original Packages Imported by a Foreign Corporation.-Cash and bills receivable resulting from sales of property imported by a foreign corporation and sold in the original packages are subject to taxation within the state where such cash and bills receivable may be found, provided they are not in the course of transmission to the home office. (p. 843.)

Edmund Wetmore, for the appellant.

John J. Delaney, corporation counsel, George S. Coleman and Curtis A. Peters, for the respondents.

276 CULLEN, C. J. The relator is a foreign corporation engaged at Dublin, Ireland, in the manufacture of spirituous and malt liquors. It has established and maintains an office in the city of New York for the sale of its products, which

are imported into this country and sold in the original packages. The relator made application under the statute for 277 permission to carry on business in this state, and was granted such permission. In January, 1903, it was assessed for personal property in this state at the sum of ninety-four thousand six hundred and seventeen dollars and ninety-threecents for three separate items-the value of its office furniture, seven hundred and ninety-seven dollars and sixty-eight cents; cash on hand and in bank, six thousand one hundred and twenty-two dollars and sixty-three cents, and the remainder for bills receivable held in the city of New York.

The relator contends that so far as the last two items are concerned they do not represent capital employed in this statewithin the meaning of our tax law, and further, that as they are the proceeds of sales in original packages, they are not subject to taxation by the state. The first contention we will not discuss, as we deem the question settled by the recent decision of this court in People v. Wells, 183 N. Y. 264, 76 N. E. 24. As the point presented by the relator's second claim was not involved, or at least not raised in the case cited, we will briefly consider it.

It is well settled that while imported goods are in the hands of the importer in the original packages, they are not subject to taxation by the state, nor can any tax be imposed upon their sale by way of a license tax or percentage on the price for which they may be sold. But though no tax can be imposed either on the goods themselves or their sale, we find no authority for the proposition that the proceeds of the sales have a similar immunity from taxation. Doubtless, if the tax were imposed on the proceeds as such, and because they were derived from the sales of imported goods, it would be invalid, but if those proceeds have become part of the common mass of the property within a state, they are subject to taxation, of course without discrimination, the same as other property. In Hibernia Savings & Loan Society v. City and County of San Francisco, 200 U. S. 310, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 265, 50 L. ed. 495, the supreme court of the United States held that two checks on the United States treasury received by the appellant as interest upon certain registered government bonds held by it were taxable, though the bonds themselves were exempt from taxation. Justice Brewer there said: "Iad the plaintiff drawn the money immediately upon these checks it 278 would have become at once a part of the general prop

erty of the bank, and the fact that the money had been derived from the United States and paid to the bank as interest on its obligations would not have prevented its becoming part of the general property of the bank, and subject to state taxation."

The real question in this case, therefore, is whether the property on which the relator has been taxed, though belonging to a nonresident, had acquired such a situs within this state as to be subject to taxation-a question that does not depend on the source from which the property was derived. We assume that if a nonresident sold within this state property which, under the federal constitution, was immune from taxation, such as imported goods in the original packages or government bonds, and forthwith transmitted the proceeds of the sale without the state, the proceeds would not be subject to local taxation simply because in the course of transmission they happened to be physically within the state on assessment or listing day; at least the legislature has never attempted to subject such money or property to taxation. The question seems to us to be substantially the same as that which has been several times presented as to the right of the state to tax property in course of transportation through its limits to other states, for we see no difference in principle in this respect between foreign and interstate commerce. "The law on this subject, so far as it concerns interference with interstate commerce, is settled by several cases in this court, which hold that property actually in transit is exempt from local taxation, although if it be stored for an indefinite time during such transit, at least for other than natural causes, or lack of facilities for immediate transportation, it may be lawfully assessed by the local authorities": Kelley v. Rhoads, 188 U. S. 1, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 259, 47 L. ed. 359; see Diamond Match Co. v. Ontonagon, 188 U. S. 82, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 266, 47 L. ed. 394; Brown v. Houston, 114 U. S. 622, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1091, 29 L. ed. 257; Pittsburg etc. Coal Co. v. Bates, 156 U. S. 577, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 415, 39 L. ed. 538.

The evidence appearing in this record as to the exact manner in which the relator carried on its business in the city of 279 New York is meager, but the presumption is that the determination of the assessors was correct, and to relieve itself from the assessment it was incumbent upon the relator to clearly show that the assessment was erroneous: People v.

Davenport, 91 N. Y. 574. It is true that at one point in the return to the assessors. the relator's agent states that the proceeds of the sales of the goods are at once remitted to the main office in Dublin after reserving the necessary amount for paying the expenses of the business conducted in the city. of New York. But this is qualified by the subsequent statement that the amounts of the bills receivable and bank accounts are invested in the city of New York. It was not denied that the notes were physically in the state of New York, and it was admitted upon the argument that both the notes and open accounts were held in New York until maturity, there collected and after collection the proceeds remitted to Dublin. It is plain that the moneys deposited in bank, so far as they are retained for the payment of duties and expenses of the New York office, are in no sense in the course of transmission abroad. The duties referred to in the statement must be duties to be paid on other goods which the relator might subsequently import or sell, not the goods which had been sold, for, as we understand it, duties must be paid in advance of taking the goods out of the custom-house. We cannot see that the condition of this bank deposit in any way differs from other bank deposits of nonresidents, and it seems to be settled by authority that the bank deposits in this state of a nonresident are subject to taxation by the state: New Orleans v. Stempel, 175 U. S. 309, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 110, 44 L. ed. 174; Blackstone v. Miller, 188 U. S. 189, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 277, 47 L. ed. 439.

It is also settled that the situs for the purpose of taxation of promissory notes and similar instruments for the payment of money where the "debt is inseparable from the paper which declares and constitutes it" is the place where they are actually and physically held: State Tax on Foreign-held Bonds, 15 Wall. 300, 21 L. ed. 179; New Orleans v. Stempel, 175 U. S. 309, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 110, 44 L. ed. 174; Blackstone 280 v. Miller, 188 U. S. 189, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 277, 47 L. ed. 439; People v. Trustees Village of Ogdensburgh, 48 N. Y. 390.

Therefore, unless these notes were in course of transmission to the home office of the relator in Dublin, they were properly assessed. But they were not in transitu; they were held here until maturity for the convenience of the relator and the proceeds in part then remitted. The case does not seem to differ in principle from one where a nonresident,

equally for his convenience, deposits his securities with an agent within the state for custody and collection, and in such case it has been held that such notes and securities are subject to taxation in the state where they are on deposit: New Orleans v. Stempel, supra. It is also to be observed that in the case before us the retention of the notes in this state was not casual or exceptional, but in accordance with the relator's regular and permanent course of business.

We think it is not necessary to consider whether the open accounts present a different question from that involved in the notes. As already stated, it was incumbent upon the relator to distinctly point out any error committed by the assessors, and if part of the bills receivable were not subject to taxation, it should have shown what the amount of that part was.

The order appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.

Haight, Vann, Werner, Willard Bartlett and Hiscock, JJ.,

concur.

O'Brien, J., dissents.

Order affirmed.

On a Writ of Error to the Supreme Court of the United States, it affirmed the judgment, and accompanied such affirmance by its opinion as follows:

"It is the contention of the plaintiff in error that the assessment upon ninety-four thousand six hundred and seventeen dollars and ninety-three cents, made upon office furniture, cash on hand, and in bank, and the amount receivable upon bills and accounts payable, is void, except as to the item of office furniture, because of the protection afforded by the constitution of the United States against taxes by states upon imports.

"As to the open accounts which might be included in the bills receivable, the court of appeals declined to pass upon the validity of the taxes on them, as, according to the practice in that state, it was incumbent upon the relator to point out what part on the bills receivable were of that class, but did hold that the cash, and the notes which, it was admitted, were held in New York until maturity, although the proceeds of sale of goods imported and sold in the original packages were properly within the taxing power of the state of New York under the section of the statute referred to, and that such exercise of power did not violate the constitution of the United States.

"The section of the constitution relied upon by the plaintiff in error in the argument in this court is article 1, section 10, which pro