description of Hobbes in his letter to Boyle, was a rooted sentiment among Boyle's associates. It remained to be seen whether the hatred of Hobbes among the theologians might not overbear the liking for him among the freethinking politicians and wits, and whether, in some swell of popular elamour, the clergy might not be able to bring the old heretic to the bar for judgment. Hobbes, who was, after all, a timid man, was never quite free from this dread of a writ de heretico comburendo, but was resolved to avoid martyrdom at the last by any required amount of retractation, attendance at chapel, or whatever else.

Hobbes thus left standing by himself, it will be enough if we enumerate more miscellaneously the rest of those whom Davenant, at the very beginning of his renewed Laureateship, could regard as his literary subjects. We shall take them in groups in the order of their ages.

Coevals of Hobbes, or over seventy years of age at the Restoration, were Robert Sanderson and George Wither. Sanderson was to live to 1663, as the respected Restoration Bishop of Lincoln, and was to add some new publications to the previous series of his sermons and other writings. Wither is still more astonishing. It seemed as if the literary career of this most fluent of poets and satirists, begun as far back as 1612, and continued, in volumes and sheets, through the reigns of James and Charles I., and through the Commonwealth and Protectorate, would never have an end. Impoverished by the Restoration, and imprisoned for some time on a charge of political libel, he was no sooner released than his pen was again busy in his poverty. The Prisoner's Plea, Vor Vulgi, Verses intended to the King's Majesty, Proclamation in the name of the King of Kings, Tuba Pacifica, Three Private Meditations, such are the titles of the last imbecile musings in prose and verse that were to come from the popular old Puritan and Parliamentarian before May, 1667, when they buried him in the Savoy church1.

1 Wood's Ath. III. 62-331 and 761-775.

Alive in 1660, and ranging then from seventy years of age to sixty, in this order of descent, were Herrick, Dr. Henry King, Dr. John Hacket, Dr. John Goodwin, Dr. John Bramhall, Izaak Walton, James Shirley, James Howell, William Prynne, Dr. Brian Walton, John Ogilby, Peter Heylin, Edmund Calamy, and Dr. Thomas Goodwin.

Of most of these we know enough already to understand how they were likely to comport themselves amid the conditions of the Restoration. King, Bishop of Chichester before the Civil Wars, returned to that See; Bramhall, formerly Bishop of Derry, became Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of all Ireland, and lived to 1663; the learned Brian Walton became Bishop of Chester, but died in November 1661; Hacket, so conspicuous an episcopal divine before the Civil Wars, was to be Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. Heylin, one of the bitterest and most active enemies of the Puritans, and who had been living by miscellaneous literature, much of it historical and much of it scurrilous, since he had been voted a delinquent and deprived of all his spiritualities in 1643, had recovered those spiritualities, but was not thought fit for higher preferments. He died in May, 1662, only sub-dean of Westminster, after having published his last two or three books and pamphlets. And what of Herrick, the delicious Herrick, who had been ejected in 1648 from his Devonshire vicarage of Dean Prior, and had been living since then in his native London as a vague layman, with no thoughts of ever being a parson again, and asserting that fact by collecting and publishing, as "Robert Herrick, Esq.," those Anacreontics and other songs and poems which have made his name an evergreen ? All that we know is that he did resume the clerical function, and return to spend his old age among his rude parishioners in Dean Prior, where there are fond traditions of him yet, and where his ghost is said to walk very contentedly now, though he had written of it during his former incumbency :

"More discontents I never had,

Since I was born, than here,

Where I have been, and still am, sad,—

In this dull Devonshire."

The three other clergymen on our list, Calamy and the two Goodwins, went the opposite way, of course, from the Heylins and Herricks, and had to take the consequences. Of the five non-clerical sexagenarians mentioned, only Howell had compromised his original Royalism by turning Oliverian for a time. It was easy for him, however, to revert to his original principles; and so, though he was not restored to his Clerkship of the Council, he became historiographer to the King, and was the first who held that sub-presidency of letters, if we may so call it, under the poet-laureate. Prynne remained Prynne, a Royalist of the stiffest Presbyterian persuasion, taught submission at last, but pregnant still with pamphlets. The pious and peaceful Izaak Walton, long retired from his haberdasher's business, and having the eminent Bishop Morley for his son-in-law, was living in his own house in Clerkenwell, or sometimes with his son-in-law the bishop, a happy Royalist, angler, and Anglican. One thinks with peculiar interest of Shirley as one of the survivors of the Restoration. Called usually the latest of the Elizabethan dramatists, though in reality his first plays date from the beginning of the reign of Charles I., this Roman Catholic veteran could now consider his schoolmastering in Whitefriars, and his other recent shifts, as happily at an end, and could hope to see some of his plays reproduced on the stage and to write more. It was much the same with Shirley's friend, John Ogilby, hitherto less known to us.-Born in or near Edinburgh in 1660, but brought to London in his childhood, ?r u 77600 Ogilby had begun life in very hard circumstances. He had been a stage-dancer and dancing-master; which second profession he had been able to continue after having lamed himself by an accident in the first. He had been dancing-master in several noble families, and finally in that of Strafford; who took him to Ireland in some higher domestic capacity, and under whose auspices he had set up a prosperous theatre in Dublin. Driven back to England by the Irish Rebellion, he had set himself with the utmost determination, both in London and Cambridge, to the task of repairing in middle age the defects of his early education. He had made himself

such a master of Latin as to be able to bring out in 1649-50 his extraordinary Translation of Virgil. The book had been popular, and had been republished in more splendid form in 1654. Having by this time attacked Greek, and published Fables of Esop paraphrased in Verse and adorned with Sculptures, Ogilby did not shrink from a yet bolder feat. Homer his Iliads Translated, adorned with Sculptures, and illustrated with Annotations, was the title of a folio of his, ready in 1660, and dedicated to King Charles. At the Restoration, accordingly, people were speaking of Mr. Ogilby as a kind of self-taught prodigy. He was to keep up his character of enterprising author-tradesman to the last. While not ceasing from poetry and the translation of poetry, he was to take more and more to geography, topography, and all kinds of matter-of-fact prose that would pay, and was to devise fresh ingenuities in the methods of printing, bookbinding, and book-illustration, and also in the art of vending and distributing books'.

The English authors under sixty years of age and over fifty at the Restoration may, inasmuch as Davenant himself was midway between the two ages, be called the authors of Davenant's own wave. Milton also belonged to this wave, though among the juniors in it, being but in his fifty-second year. Others worth mentioning, in the order of seniority, are Dr. John Earle, Dr. John Lightfoot, Sir Kenelm Digby, Thomas Fuller, Jasper Mayne, Edward Pocock, Edmund Waller, Thomas Browne of Norwich, William Dugdale, Bulstrode Whitlocke, John Rushworth, Sir Edward Hyde (Clarendon), Sir Richard Fanshawe, Sir Aston Cockayne, Owen Feltham, and Dr. Benjamin Whichcote.

The excellent Fuller can hardly be reckoned among the Restoration writers at all. He had written duly, with the rest, his Panegyrick to his Majesty on his Happy Return, had been readmitted to his prebend of Salisbury, made chaplain extraordinary to the King, and D.D. of Cambridge by

1 Authorities for the facts in this paragraph are numerous and scattered; but much is from Wood in the places

to which reference may be found by the names in the Index. He brings in Ogilby under Shirley (Ath. III. 737-744).

royal command, and had a bishopric in certain prospect, when he was cut off by fever, August 1661. All his useful and delightful books had been already given to the world, save that his Worthies of England remained to be published in complete form the year after his death. Dr. John Earle, whose Microcosmography had been before the world since 1628, and who had published a few pieces of verse since, besides his Latin translation of the Eikon Basilike, done in exile, had returned with the King, to be Dean of Westminster, and ere long bishop of two sees in succession. The Cambridge Orientalist, Lightfoot, and the Oxford Orientalist, Pocock, were to live on as Orientalists still,-Lightfoot abating his Presbyterianism and his Westminster Assembly recollections so much as to be retained in the Restoration Church as conforming incumbent of Great Munden, in Hertfordshire; Pocock restored to his canonry of Christ Church and made D.D., but, for the rest of his long life, to be "overlooked or forgotten." Jasper Mayne, of some reputation as the author of a comedy and a tragi-comedy, the translator of Lucian, and a miscellaneous poet, had been known also since 1646 as D.D. and author of some published sermons. Having been deprived, in the Commonwealth time, of two vicarages he had held conjointly, he had been living meanwhile as chaplain to the Earl of Devonshire, and so under the same roof with Hobbes, and not much in harmony with that philosopher. The Restoration delivered him by bringing him back his two vicarages, with the archdeaconry of Chichester in addition,-" all which he kept to his dying day, and was ever accounted a witty and a facetious companion." Whichcote, the only other clerical member of our group, and about the youngest person in it, may be noticed. more fitly in a later connexion.

Of Whitlocke, Rushworth, and Hyde, among the laymen of the group, it is enough to remember that Hyde was now the first man in England, that Whitlocke's political days were over and he was living obscurely in Wiltshire, and that Rushworth, with capacities for business yet which were to procure him secretarial posts under the new powers, and even