the denomination of Jacobins. Just before his death, Dominic sent Gilbert de Fresney, with twelve of the brethren, into England, where they founded their first monastery at Oxford, in the year 1221, and soon after another at London. In the year 1276, the mayor and aldermen of the city of London gave them two whole streets by the river Thames, where they erected a very commodious convent, whence that spot is still called Black Friars, a name by which the Dominicans were then distinguished. St. Dominic, at first, only took the habit of the regular canons; that is, a black cassock and rochet; but this he quitted in 1219, for that which they now wear, which, it is pretended, was shown by the Blessed Virgin herself to the beatified Renaud d'Orleans. The dogmata of the Dominicans are usually opposite to those of the Franciscans.

There are also nuns or sisters of this order, called in some places Preaching Sisters. These are even more ancient than the friars; St. Dominic having founded a society of religious maids at Prouilles, some years before the institution of his order of men; viz. in 1206. There is also a third order of Dominicans, both for men and women.

DOMIʼNION. s. (dominium, Latin.) 1. Sovereign authority; unlimited power (Milton). 2. Power; right of possession or use, without being accountable (Locke). 3. Territory; region; district (Davies). 4. Predominance; ascendant (Dryden). 5. An order of angels (Colossians).

DOMINO. (dominus, Lat. a chief, or master.) A hood worn by a canon of a cathedral, in token of his superiority.

DOMINO. (from dominus, as above.) A long, loose cloak, worn at a masquerade, by way of general disguise, by the guests or spectators of this amusement, formerly constituting its superiors: the personifiers of the different characters having been in earlier times hired for this purpose.

DOMINO. (from the above.) A long, loose cloak, worn by the superior ranks in Spain, and not unfrequently for the purpose of conceal

ment.

DOMINO. (from the above.) The game of disguise or concealment; the black backs of the ivory pieces made use of, being turned towards the antagonist party. A game played by two or four persons, with twenty-eight pieces of oblong ivory plates, plain at the back, but on the face divided by a black line in the middle, and indented with spots from one to a doublesix. These pieces consist of a double-blank, ace-blank, double-ace, deuce-blank, deuce-ace, double-deuce, trois-blank, trois-ace, trois-deuce, double-trois, four-blank, four-ace, four-deuce, four-trois, double-four, five-blank, five-ace, five-deuce, five-trois, five-four, double-five, six-blank, six-ace, six-deuce, six-trois, sixfour, six-five, and double-six. Sometimes a double set is played with, of which doubletwelve is the highest.

At the commencement of the game, the Cards (as they are called) are shuffled with their

faces on the table. Each person draws one, and if four play, those who choose the two highest are partners against those who take the two lowest drawing the latter also serves to determine who is to lay down the first piece, which is reckoned a great advantage. Afterwards each player takes seven pieces at random. The eldest hand having laid down one, the next must pair him at either end of the piece he may choose, according to the number of pips, or being a blank in the compartment of the piece, but whenever any one cannot match the part not paired either of the card last put down, or of that unpaired at the other end of the row, then he says go; and the next is at liberty to play. Thus they play alternately either until one party has wholly discarded, and thereby wins the game, or till the game is blocked; that is, when neither party can play by matching the pieces where unpaired at either end, then they win who have the smallest number of pips on the pieces remaining in their possession. It is to the advantage of every player to dispossess himself as early as possible of the heavy pieces, such as double-sixes, fives, fours, &c.

Sometimes when two persons play, they Jake each only seven pieces, and agree to play or draw; i. e. when one cannot come in, or pair with the pieces on the board at the end unmatched, he then is to draw from the fourteen pieces in stock till he find one to pair with one of the end-pieces.

DOMITIANUS (Titus Flavius), son of Vespasian and Flavius Domitilla, made himself emperor of Rome, at the death of his brother Titus, whom, according to some accounts, he destroyed by poison. The beginning of his reign promised tranquillity to the people, but their expectations were soon frustrated. Domitian became cruel, and gave way to incestuous and unnatural indulgences. He commanded himself to be called God and Lord in all the papers which were presented to him. He passed the greatest part of the day in catching flies and killing them with a bodkin. In the latter part of his reign Domitian became suspicious, and his anxieties were increased by the predictions of astrologers, but still more poignantly by the stings of remorse, He was so distrustful even when alone, that round the terrace, where he usually walked, he built a wall with shining stones, that from them he might perceive as in a looking-glass, whether any body followed him. All these precautions were unavailing; he perished by the hand of an assassin the 18th of September, A.D. 96, in the 45th year of his age, and the 15th of his reign. He was the last of the twelve Cæsars. After his death he was publicly deprived by the senate of all the honours which had been profusely heaped upon him, and even his body was left in the open air without the honours of a funeral. This disgrace might perhaps have proceeded from his having once assembled that august body to know in what vessel a turbot might be more conveniently dressed.

DOMUS, in classical antiquity, is commonly

used for all sorts of houses, either magnificent or ordinary; but it is often taken by writers to intimate a mansion or fine house of some great lord, or a palace of some prince, as it appears by these verses of Virgil, speaking of the palace of Dido. "At domus interior regali splendida luxu." These great houses were built with much magnificence, and were of a vast extent; for they had many courts, apartments, wings, cabinets, bagnios, stoves, and a great many fine halls, either to sit at table, or to transact matters of consequence.

Before these great houses there was a large place or porch, where clients and persons giving attendance to great men waited till it was daylight, to be admitted to make their court. It is supposed that this porch was covered, for the conveniency of persons, who were sometimes waiting very long before they were ad

mitted.

There was a second part to these houses, called cavum ædium, or cavadium: it was a spacious court, inclosed with rows of houses.

The third part was called atrium interius, i. e. in general the whole inside of the house. Virgil has took this word in Vitruvius's sense, when he said, "Apparet domus intus, et atria longa patescunt;" for it is plain that Virgil means by the word atria, that all may be seen in the inside of a house when the doors are opened. There was a porter waiting at the atrium, called servus atriensis. Within this place there were many figures; for the Romans, who passionately loved glory and praises, raised every where trophies and statues, to leave eternal monuments of their great actions to posterity, not only in the provinces, which they subdued to the empire, but also in public places, and their own palaces at Rome.

There were painted or engraven battles, axes, bundles of rods, and the other badges of the offices that their ancestors or themselves had possessed, and statues of wax or metal, representing their fathers in basso relievo, were set up in niches of precious wood or rare marble. The days of their solemn feasts, or their triumphal pomp, these niches were opened, and the figures crowned with festoons and garlands, and carried about the town. When some persons of the family died, these statues accompanied the funeral parade; wherefore Pliny says, that the whole family was there present from the first to the last.

Besides there were great galleries in these houses, adorned with pillars, and other works of architecture, and great halls, closets for conversation and painting, libraries, and gardens neatly kept.

These halls were built after the Corinthian or Ægyptian order. The first halls had but a row of pillars set upon a pedestal, or on the pavement, and supported nothing but their architrave, and cornish of joiners work or stud, over which was the ceiling in form of a vault; but the last halls had architraves upon pillars, and on the architraves of the ceilings made of pieces joined together, which make an opened

terras, turning round about. These houses had many apartments, some for men, and others for women; some for dining-rooms called triclinia, others for bed-chambers named dormitoria; and some others to lodge strangers, to whom they were obliged to be hospitable.

Ancient Rome was so large, that there were eight and forty thousand houses standing by themselves, being so many insula; and these houses were very convenient, because they had a light on every side, and doors on the streets, and not exposed to the accidents of fire. But this must be understood of Rome, that was rebuilt by Nero, after he had reduced it himself (as it is thought) into ashes.

The Greeks built after another manner than the Roinans, for they had no porch, but from the first door they entered into a narrow pas sage; on one side of it there were stables, and on the other there was the porter's lodge; at the end of this passage there was another door, to enter into a gallery supported with pillars, and this gallery had piazzas on three sides.

Within the Greeks' houses there were great halls, for the mistresses of the family, and their servant maids to spin in; in the entry both on the right and left hand there were chambers, one was called thalamus, and the other antithalamus. Round about the piazzas there were dining-rooms, chambers, and wardrobes. To this part of the house was joined another part, which was bigger and had very large gal ieries, with four piazzas of the same height, The finest entries and most magnificent doors were at this part of the house. There were four great square halls, so large and spacious, that they would easily hold four tables, with three seats in form of beds, and leave room enough for the servants and gamesters. They entertained in these halls, for it was not the custom for women to sit amongst men. On the right and the left of these buildings there were small apartments, and very convenient rooms to receive the chance guests; for among the Greeks wealthy and magnificent men kept apartments, with all their conveniencies to receive persons who came far off to lodge at their houses. The custom was, that after they had given them an entertainment the first day only, they sent them afterwards every day some present that they received from the country, as chickens, eggs, pulse, and fruits; and so the travellers were lodged as they had been at their own house, and might live in these apartments privately and in all liberty.

These apartments were paved with mosaic or inlaid work. Pliny tells us, that the pare ments that were painted and wrought with art came from the Greeks, who called them

orgura. These pavements were in fashion at Rome, during the time of Sylla, who got one made at Præneste, in the temple of Fortune. This Greek word arrow significs only a pavement of stones, but the Greeks meant by that word those pavements made of small stones of several colours, inlaid into the cement, representing different figures by the va riety of their colours and order. This pave

ment was not only used for paving the courts of houses and the halls, but also in chambers, and wainscotting the walls, and this kind of pavements were called musæa, musia, and musiva, because ingenious works were ascribed to the muses, and that the muses and sciences were thereby represented. The word mosaic is derived from the Latin word musivum, and not from Moses nor the Jews. (Danet). DON. s. (dominus, Lat.) The Spanish title for a gentleman; as, Don Quixote. See DOM.

To DoN. v. a. (To do on.) To put on; to invest with the contrary to doff (Fairfax). DON, or TANAIS, one of the principal rivers of Europe, which separates it from Asia. It rises in the province of Rezan, in Muscovy, and, passing by a great number of towns, fails into the Palus Mæotis, or sea of Asoph. In Britain, there are two rivers of the same name, viz. one in Yorkshire and one in Aberdeen shire.

DONA/CIA, in entomology, a tribe of the coleopterous genus leptura, thus named in the Fabrician System. See LEPTURA.

DONAGHADEE, a seaport of Ireland, in the county of Down, twenty miles W. by S. of Port Patrick, in Scotland. Between these two places a packet-boat sails every day.

DONARIA, in antiquity, the places where oblations offered to the gods were kept in after times, the same word denoted the offerings, and sometimes the temples. DONARY. s. (donarium, Latin.) A thing given to sacred uses.

DONA'TIA, in botany, a genus of the class triandria, order trigynia. Calyx three-leaved, corol many-petalled. One species; a native of Terra del Fuego; a small simple plant, with sometimes a branch or two forming close tufts; terminal, solitary flowers; petals twice as long as the calyx.

DONATION. s. (donatio, Latin.) 1. The act of giving any thing (South). 2. The grant by which any thing is given or conferred (Raleigh).

DONÁTISTS, ancient schismatics in Africa, so denominated from their leader Donatus. They had their origin in the year 311, when, in the room of Mensurius, who died in that year, on his return to Rome, Cæcilian was elected bishop of Carthage, and consecrated without the concurrence of the Numidian bishops, by those of Africa alone; whom the people refused to acknowledge, and to whom they opposed Majorinus; who, accordingly, was ordained by Donatus, bishop of Casa Nigra. They were condemned, in a council held at Rome, two years after their separation; and afterwards in another at Arles, the year following; and again at Milan, before Constantine the Great, in 316. The errors of the Donatists, beside their schism, were, 1. That baptism conferred out of the church, that is, out of their sect, was null; and, accordingly, they re-baptized those who joined their party from other churches, and re-ordained their ministers. 2. That theirs was the only true,

pure, and holy church; all the rest of the churches they held as prostitute and fallen.

Donatus seems likewise to have given into the doctrine of the Arians, with whom he was closely allied, and, accordingly, St. Epiphanius, Theodoret, and some others, accused the Donatists of Arianism; and it is probable that the charge was well founded, because they were patronized by the Vandals, who were of these sentiments. But St. Augustine, ep. 185, to count Boniface, et Hær. 69, affirms that the Donatists, in this point, kept clear of the errors of their leader.

DO'NATIVE. s. (donatif, French.) 1. A gift; a largess; a present (Hooker). 2. (In law.) A benefice merely given and collated by the patron to a man (Cowell).

DONATO (Jerom), a Venetian nobleman of the sixteenth century, famous for his skill as a statesman, and as a man of letters. He was sent by the republic to effect a reconciliation between them and pope Julius II. That pontiff asked him for the title to the claims of Venice to the sovereignty of the Adriatic. "Your holiness, (said the ambassador,) will find it on the back of the record of Constantine's donation of the city of Rome, and its territories, to the pope."

DONATUS, a schismatic bishop of Carthage, founder of the sect of Donatists. His followers swore by him, and honoured him like a god. He died about the year 368.

DONAX, in zoology, a genus of the class vermes, order testacea. Animal a tethys; shell bivalve, with generally a crenulate margin; the frontal margin very obtuse; hinge with two teeth, and a single marginal one placed a little behind; sometimes with a double, and sometimes without any. Nineteen species; scattered through the different seas of the globe: of which three are found on our own shores:

1. D. trunculus. Shell smooth in front, within violet, the margin crenate.

2. D. denticulata. Shell very obtuse in front, the lips transversely wrinkled, finely striate longitudinally, the margin denticulate

3. D. irus. Shell oval, with transverse waved, erect, striate, membranaceous wrinkles or foliations. Inhabits the Mediterranean, and is found frequently on the shores of Devonshire and Cornwall, buried in the sands. About the size of a small kidney-bean. The interior parts very obtuse, and marked with arched wrinkles, which are erect and a little reflected, and larger towards the rim. The hinge somewhat resembles that of a Venus. See Plate LXXVII.

DONAWERT, a strong town of Germany, on the frontiers of Suabia, subject to the duke of Bavaria. Lat. 48. 52 N. Lon. 11. 5 E.

DONCASTER, a borough town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Saturdays. This town contains 1246 well-built houses, and 5697 inhabitants. It is governed by a mayor, and has a manufacture of stockings, knit-waistcoats, and gloves. Lat. 53. 33 N. Lon. 1. 12 W.

DONE. The part. pass. of To do.

DONE. interject. The word by which a wager is concluded (Cleaveland).

DONEGAL, a county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 68 miles long, and 44 broad. It is bounded on the E. by Londonderry and Tyrone, on the W. and N. by the ocean, and on the S. by Fermanagh and the bay of Donegal. It contains forty parishes, and did send twelve members to parliament. It is, in general, a champaign country, and abounds with harbours.

DONEGAL, a town of Ireland, capital of a county of the same name, seated on the bay of Donegal. Lat. 54. 42 N. Lon. 7. 47 W.

DONERAILE, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork. Near it are quarries of beautiful variegated marble. Lat. 52. 5 N. Lon. 8. 42 W.

DONGALA, a town of Nubia, with a castle. It contains 10,000 houses of wood, and is seated on the Nile. Lat. 21 N. Lon. 30. 35 E.

DO'NJON. s. (now dungeon.) The highest and strongest tower of the castle, in which prisoners were kept (Chaucer).

DONNINGTON, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Saturdays. Lat. 52. 55 N. Lon. 0. 7 W.

DO'NOR. s. (from dono, Latin.) A giver; a bestower (Atterbury).

DO'NSHIP. s. (from don.) Quality or rank of a gentleman or knight (Hudibras).

DONN (Benjamin), an English mathematician, born at Biddeford, in Devonshire, in 1729. He kept a school in that town for some years, and while there made a complete survey of the county, for which he received a premium of 1001. from the society for promoting arts and commerce. He also published his Mathematical Essays in 8vo, which had a favourable reception, and procured him the office of keeper of the library at Bristol; where he also kept a flourishing academy for some years. In 1771 he printed an Epitome of Natural and Experimental Philosophy, 12mo. and in 1774, a work entitled The British Mariner's Assistant, being a collection of tables for nautical purposes. In 1796 he was appointed master of mechanics to the king. He died in 1798, leaving behind him the character of an ingenious and worthy man. Besides the books above-mentioned, he wrote Treatises on Geometry, Book-keeping, and Trigonometry.

DONNE (Dr. John), an excellent poet and divine of the seventeenth century. His parents were of the Romish religion, and used their utmost efforts to keep him firm to it; but his early examination of the controversy between the church of Rome and the Protestants, at last determined him to choose the latter. He travelled into Italy and Spain, where he made many useful observations, and learned their languages to perfection. Soon after his return to England, sir Thomas Egerton, keeper of the great seal, appointed him his secretary; in which post he continued five years. He mar

rying privately Anne, the daughter of sir George Moore, then chancellor of the garter, and niece to the lord keeper's lady, was dis missed from his place, and thrown into prison. But he was reconciled to sir George by the good offices of sir Francis Wolley. In 1612, he accompanied sir Robert Drury to Paris. During this time many of the nobility solicited the king for some secular employment for him. But his majesty, who took pleasure in his conversation, had engaged him in writing his Pseudo Martyr, printed at London in 1010; and was so highly pleased with that work, that in 1614 he prevailed with him to enter into holy orders; appointed him one of his chaplains, and procured him the degree of doctor of divinity from the university of Ox ford. In 1619 he attended the earl of Doncaster in his embassy into Germany. In 1621 he was made dean of St. Paul's: and the vicarage of St. Dunstan in the west, in London, soon after fell to him; the advowson of it having been given to him long before by Richard, earl of Dorset. By these and other prefer ments, he was enabled to be charitable to the poor, kind to his friends, and to make good provision for his children. He wrote, besides the above, 1. Devotions upon emergent Occasions. 2. The Ancient History of the Septuagint, translated from the Greek of Aristeus, quarto. 3. Three volumes of Serinons, folio. 4. A considerable number of Poems; and other works. He died in 1631, and was interred in St. Paul's cathedral, where a monument was erected to his memory. His writings show him to be a man of incomparable wit and learning; but his greatest excellence was satire, He had a prodigious richness of fancy, but his thoughts were much debased by his versification. He was, however, highly esteemed by all the great men of that age.

DOOAB, or DOOBAH, a fertile tract of Hindustan Proper, between the Ganges and Jumna, and formed by the confluence of those rivers. The principal part of it is subject to the nabob of Oude.

DOODLE. s. A trifler; an idler.

DOOLS, a term used in several parts of the kingdom for balks, or slips of pasture, left between the furrows of ploughed lands.

To DOOM. v. a. (deman, Saxon.) 1. To judge (Milton). 2. To condemn to any punishment; to sentence (Smith). 3. To pronounce condemnation upon any (Dryden). 4. To command judicially or authoritatively (Shakspeare). 5. To destine; to command by uncon trollable authority (Dryden).

DOOм. S. (dom, Saxon.) 1. Judicial sen tence; judgment (Milton). 2. The great and final judgment (Shakspeare). 3. Condemna tion (Shakspeare). 4. Determination declared (Shakspeare). 5. The state to which one is destined (Dryden). 6. Ruin; destruction (Pope).

DOOMSDAY. s. (doom and day.) 1. The day of final and universal judgment; the last, the great day (Brown). 2. The day of sentenge or condemnation (Shakspeare).

DOON (Loch), a lake of Ayrshire, in the district of Kyle, six miles in length, and of considerable breadth. A river of the same name issues from this lake, and falls into the frith of Clyde.

DOOR.s. (dor, dore, Saxon.) 1. The gate of a house; that which opens to yield entrance (Denham). 2. In familiar language, a house (Arbuthnot). 3. Entrance; portal (Dryden). 4. Passage; means of approach (Hammond). 5. Out of Door, or DOORS. No more to be found; quite gone; fairly sent away (Locke). 6. At the Door of any one. Imputable; chargeable upon him (Dryden). 7. Next DOOR to. Approaching to; near to; bordering upon (L'Estrange).

DOOR, in architecture, an aperture in a wall, to give entrance and exit in and out of the building, or some apartment thereof. Most of the observations that are applicable to win dows may be applied to doors.

It is an observation of Palladio, that the principal door, or entrance of a house, must never be regulated by any certain dimensions, but by the dignity of the person that is to live in it: yet, to exceed rather in the more, than the less, is a mark of generosity; and may be excused with some noble emblem, or inscription, as that of the conte de Bevilacqua over his large gate at Verona, where had been committed a like disproportion, patel Janua, cor magis. The principal door should, unless it be very inconvenient, stand in the centre of the front.

Inside-doors, however small the building may be, should never be narrower than two feet nine inches; nor should they ever, in private houses, exceed three feet six inches in breadth, which is more than sufficient to admit the bulkiest person. Their height should at least be six feet three or four inches; other wise a tall person cannot pass without stooping. In churches, palaces, &c. where there is a constant ingress and egress of people, the apertures must be larger.

DOORCASE. s. (door and case.) The frame in which the door is enclosed (Moxon). DOOR-HINGE. See HINGE.

DOORKEEPER. s. (door and keeper.) Porter; one that keeps the entrance of a house (Taylor).

DOQUET, a paper containing a warrant. DORADO, or DORY, in ichthyology. See ZEUS.

DORADO, in astronomy. See XIPHIAS. DORE'NA, in botany, a genus of the class pentandria, order monogynia. Corol five-cleft; stigma notched; capsule one-celled, one-valved, many-seeded. One species; a native as is supposed of Japan; a dwarf tree, with alternate branches; white, minute flowers, in lateral

racemes.

DORCHESTER, the capital of Dorsetshire, with markets on Wednesdays and Saturdays. It is a town of great antiquity. It now has three parishes, 353 houses, 2402 inhabitants,

sends two members to parliament, and is governed by a mayor. It is seated on the river Frome, and has been long celebrated for its stong beer. Lat. 50. 42 N. Lon. 2. 45 W. DORCHESTER, a town in Oxfordshire, which was a station of the Romans, and ruined in the wars with the Danes. It was a bishop's see till 1086, when William the Conqueror translated it to Lincoln; and it had five stately churches, though now but one. Lat. 51. 39 N. Lon. 1. 0 W.

DORDOGNE, a department of France, which includes the late province of Perigord, It receives its name froin a river which rises in the mountains of Auvergne, and falis into the Garonne near Bourdeaux.

DOREE, or JAUNE DOREE, whence we have John Dory, in ichthyology. See ZEUS. DORIAN, in ancient music, the fourth species of the diapason.

DORIC, in architecture, is the second of the five orders, being that between the Tuscan and Ionic: its character is grave, robust, and masculine; hence, it is often termed the Herculean order.

At its first invention it was more simple than at present; and when in after-times they came to adorn and enrich it more, the appellation Doric was restrained to this richer manner, and the primitive simple manner they called by a new name, the Tuscan order, which was chiefly used in temples; as the former, being somewhat more light and delicate, was for porticos and theatres. The tradition is, that Dorus, king of Achaia, having first built a temple of this order at Argos, which he dedicated to Juno, occasioned it to be called Doric; though others derive its name, from its being invented or used by the Dorians.

For the description of the principal parts which compose this order, we refer to sect. vi. of our Treatise on ARCHITECTURE, Plate 3 and 16.

DORIC DIALECT, in grammar, one of the five dialects, or manners of speaking which were principally in use among the Greeks.

It was first used by the Lacedæmonians, and particularly those of Argos; thence it passed into Epirus, Libya, Sicily, the islands of Rhodes and Crete.

In this dialect, Archimedes and Theocritus wrote, who were both of Syracuse; as likewise Pindar.

The general rules of this dialect are thus given by the Port-royalists:

D', Hra, d'w grand, d'e, d'. & d'e l'a fait le
Dore.

D'a fait nra; d's, w; & d'w av fait encore.
Oste de l'infini: & pour le singulier

เ

Se sert au femenin du nombre plurier. But they are much better explained in the fourth book of Rulandus; where he even notes the minuter differences of the dialects of Sicily, Crete, Tarentum, Rhodes, Lacedæmon, Laconia, Macedonia, and Thessaly.

DORIC MODE, in music, the first of the authentic modes of the ancients. Its character