fanciful views might be enumerated, were it worth the trouble. The simple truth seems to be, that every faculty in the minds of the two sexes are the same, except that there is less general vigour in those of women. There is no mental exercise in which men have excelled, that women have not also succeeded in extremely well, up to a certain point. But whenever the greatest efforts are required, whether of judgment, attention, perseverance, or any other power, the superior vigour of the masculine mind becomes evident. Hence, as the greater part of the business of life does not require the utmost exertion, even of ordinary ability, it is only in the more arduous pursuits that the superiority of the masculine mind appears, invariably. In lower stages of civilization, it occasionally happens that the advantage is observed to be on the side of the women; for any circumstance in their habits that imposes upon them the necessity of greater exercise of observation and judgment, turns the balance in their favour. But in the complicated and laborious offices of civilized societies, no education would give general superiority or even equality to the female sex: the demand for laborious investigations, and the highest powers of combination and invention, is too constant both in professions and science.--Woman's Rights and Duties.

The Gatherer.

New Inventions.-It is no slight evidence of the inventive spirit of the age, that, almost at the same time, three apparently equally important discoveries in the department of the fine arts should be made in Paris, Petersburg, and Berlin. While Daguerre, in Paris, found out how to produce the most accurate copies of objects in a chemical way, by means of the action of light; while Jacobi, in Petersburg, transformed, by a galvanic process, engravings on copper into works in relief, without destroying the former; an invention, by means of which it is possible to multiply, in a mechanical way, oil-paintings, with all their brilliancy of colours, and that with a fidelity hitherto unattainable, is approaching to perfection at Berlin. The inventor, Jacob Leipmann, has been led, by his studies of colouring and the mixing of colours, to the idea, on which he has been already engaged ten years, till he has recently been enabled to accomplish the difficult object which he proposed to himself.-Foreign Monthly Re

view.

Character of Man.-As storm following storm, and wave succeeding wave, give additional hardness to the shell that encloses the pearl; so do the storms and waves of life add force to the character of man.

The Lizard, or Bloodsucker, and the Pellet Bow.-There is a species of lizard in the East Indies that moves about in bushes on the look-out for food; it is sometimes called the bloodsucker, for what reason I know not, except that the colour of its jaws and throat is crimson. In practising with the pellet bow, I have often seen these animals on a branch, and as they observed me, they appeared to understand my intentions, for they invariably moved round the branch, so as to keep it between them and me, peeping out at one time to the right and then to the left, as I changed my position to have a shot at them. I have frequently struck the branch with a pellet from the bow, the concussion stunning the lizard so that he has fallen to the ground, but soon recovering himself from the effects of the shock, starts off as if nothing had happened.-J. N.

Extract from the Annual Report of the Committee of Superintendence of the Provident Institution, established in St. Martin's Place, Charing Cross, made to the Annual General Meeting of Trustees and Managers, on the 30th of June, 1842

Amount received from depositors
from 20th Nov. 1840, to 28th
June, 1842, (including interest
at £3 8s. 54d. per cent, credited
to their account).
Amount repaid to depositors (in-
cluding interest)

Increase of funds belonging to de-
positors within the same period

Total amount due to depositors at

the date of the report.

£553,829 11 7

504,125 17 5

49,703 14 2

1,140,608 16 5

riages of aristocrats and the barouches of titled visitors wend their way to the ministerial residence, the pedestrian may, if he choose, strike from the main road into a delicious footpath, girded by field flowers and spangled with the clear dew-drops of an autumnal morning. Pursuing his track over an undulating pasture land, through which murmuring rivulets glide almost noiselessly away, the traveller suddenly finds his attention fixed upon a hall of rather modern structure, and of simple architectural design, which, from the nature and extent of the approaches without, evinces the refined taste and unlimited fortune of the owner within. This is Drayton Manor, and in good sooth it is as elegant a building as a premier need wish to possess. Here, after the fatigues of a long parliamentary session, during which the fevered brain of the ministerial leader is haunted by spectral "budgets," and ghostly embodiments of the "income tax" weighing upon his mind like a nightmare of taxation, the premier flies for the blessings of repose. But even here the cares of life intrude, and peace is put to flight by the fashionables of the season waiting at Drayton Manor to pay their devoirs to the leader of their party. We shrewdly suspect that there are times when even the popular "Sir Robert" would gladly exchange his position for that of the lowest of his clerks, whose unimportance relieves him of the cares of government. But to return to the subject of our sketch. Whether the first stone of Drayton Manor was deposited in its present place during the reign of William the Conqueror, or whether the stonemasons of the Stuart dynasty helped to raise the superstructure, history has not enabled us to surmise. Suffice it to say, that the present fabric dates its origin from the present century, and has, consequently, no " storied urn or animated bust" to afford us the opportunity of descanting upon the days of yore. The tower that raises its stony crest above the surrounding portion of the building, and gives a kind of monastic appearance to the whole, contains the premier's library and study, from the window of which a wide and commanding prospect over the distant country is gained. The other apartments are lofty, and furnished in the first style of art, besides being ornamented with paintings, which, if they do not equal the productions of the ancient masters, reflect no little credit upon the judgment of the owner. The pleasure-grounds attached are most extensive, and laid out with every attention to the laws of landscape gardening; indeed, we much question if that famous artiste of his day, Capability Browne," could have disposed of bill and dale to greater advantage. Sir Robert's household is not remarkable for any very great display, the

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grand fêtes being usually given at his town residence in Whitehall Gardens, where his cabinet dinners have long been celebrated for the taste and almost regal magnificence by which they have been attended. In conclusion, we may safely commend to the lover of picturesque beauty a passing glance at Drayton Manor, where, if he finds not objects to gratify his eye and interest his mind, it is neither the fault of old Dame Nature nor her more presumptuous sister, Art.

THE CLAIMS OF THE CHRISTIAN ABORIGINES OF THE TURKISH OR OSMANLI EMPIRE UPON CIVILIZED NATIONS.

By W. Francis Ainsworth, Esq.

(Continued from p. 246.)

A CIRCUMSTANCE which tends very strongly to increase our confidence in the proximate regeneration of the east, either by the revival of Christianity, by the re-establishment of Christian supremacy, or by the conversion of the Muhammedans, is the establishment of protestant sees in the Mediterranean and at Jerusalem-thus bringing the hierarchy of the west in contact with their brethren of the east. Certain steps can be undertaken and various measures pursued by such high dignitaries of the church, which are not easily accomplished when unaided by authority. The episcopal dignity of any one church is recognised as the same by all other churches who have not placed one prelate over all others in power and authority. The bishops of the Greek church, those of the Chaldean, Armenian, and Syrian churches, that are not Roman catholic, recognise the authority of a protestant bishop. The missionaries of the American episcopal church would second his philanthropic exertions. Missionaries already labouring on the coasts will soon penetrate into the interior, and will carry glad tidings from the church; and there is much reason to hope, that with more extended and vigorous efforts, the baneful influence of politics, which weighs so heavily on the Greek and Armenian churches, but which is happily unknown to the patriarch of the Chaldeans, will one day yield to the triumphant generosity of true Christianity, and that a large portion of the churches of the east will enter into friendly and religious communication with the church of England. A design, perhaps now unacknowledged in the event, becomes clear in the history; and the providence of God, lost in the din of war, will then shine more brightly than the glare of arms.

As it is said that there are stars so distant, that though their light has been travelling towards us ever since creation, it has never yet reached us, so there are meanings in

God's dispensations, a light in events long past, which, through our imperfection of moral vision, or the thick medium through which we have to judge, may not yet have broken upon us-and may not, indeed, till far in the bosom of eternity. The meaning of the brazen serpent in the wilderness was not seen till the Son of man was lifted up on the cross; the purpose of David's education as a shepherd was not read till the publication of the Book of Psalms. There was a meaning in that three years' drought and famine in the time of Elijah, in the reign of Ahab, in the land of Judea, not known even to the church of God till the general epistle of James after the crucifixion of our Saviour. An event like that of Bunyan's imprisonment for thirteen years had a meaning that could not be seen by that generation, indeed is but beginning to be known now, after the translation of the Pilgrim's Progress into more than twenty languages. An event in a still greater cycle of dispensations, like the banishment of the puritans to America, had a meaning which we are now only beginning to comprehend. And, lastly, circumstances like those which threw the key of the Mediterranean into the possession of a protestant power, did the same with Malta,-the bridge between the Oriental and Occidental world, and finally opened one of the antique gates of Christendom to the same nation, can only be understood when those future events have begun to march by in succession, for which these previous steps of God's providence are so evidently taken.

It may be thought by many that the differences in doctrine, discipline, and worship, among the churches of the east, and between them and the protestant episcopal church, will establish an insuperable barrier to all friendly communication; but this is not the case. The standards of doctrine in the east are the Scriptures, for doctrine, discipline, and worship; their practical resources are the traditions of the present churches and also primitive tradition-that is, the canons of the primitive church and the consent of the early fathers. It is not to be supposed that we are without our errors. The maintenance and spread of the Oxford views (commonly so called) in our own days attest it. The followers of this school pay the highest veneration to the church, and the most implicit obedience to her authority, (British Critic, vol. xxv. p. 122;) they advocate, with unbroken apostolic succession (The State, in its Relations to the Church; W. F. Gladstone, M.P. &c., 1839, 8vo) and tradition, the system of fasting, celibacy, certain new rites and forms, (Oxford Tracts, No. 11,) and prayers for the dead. There is in these doctrines much that would materially assist in bringing our church into more intimate relation with the churches of the East, avoiding at the same time the grosser su

perstitions. These new views, modifying as they do some of the features of our ecclesiastical condition, have been shewn-by such men as Dr. Pusey, Rev. J. Newman, Dr. Hook, Professor Keble, Messrs. Percival, Palmer, Todd, Dodsworth, Froude, and others to be supported by primitive tradition. It may be supposed by some that the Oxford divines have gone too far in their otherwise noble work of reviving the attention of the church to the theology of primitive times, and their inquiries have been looked upon as threatening a revival of the worst evils of the Romish system; but the advocacy of an unbroken apostolical succession is opposed to the existence of a bishop of bishops, as implicit obedience to the church is opposed to injudicious discussion. Tradition has ever been the witness of the Scriptures, although certainly not revealed truth. Prayers for the dead, not to free from purgatory, but for the consummation of bliss, are common to all mankind. The system of fasting is recommended in our own homilies. Celibacy is, in fact, only hinted at by Froude, and barely advised by Dr. Pusey: the church honours it, but does not enforce it, for it is impossible not to feel, with the able author of "Ancient Christianity," how much this notion led to many of the errors and evils which corrupted and afflicted the primitive church.

The excesses which occasionally disfigure every theological controversy will, however, it is to be hoped, disappear before the enlightened and pure philanthropic desire for a general intercommunion of Christians; and happy would it be if peace to the whole earth was ultimately secured by such an intercommunion. If the example of the primitive church and of tradition lent its weight towards affecting some few approximations which have hitherto been considered insuperable, they surely ought not to be hastily rejected. To effect this great object, some concessions would be required to be made on both sides, and when their worst superstitions could be evidently shewn to the Eastern churches to be condemned both by Scripture and by antiquity, they will stand corrected by an appeal to authorities sacred in their own eyes. In such intercommunion it has been truly said—“Let it be our endeavour not to make them abandon their rites for ours, but to induce them, if they have erred, to rectify their errors themselves in the only regular manner in which they can be rectified- that is, by their bishops and clergy in council assembled."

After friendly communion between the heads and learned doctors of the churches, comes next in importance towards the future welfare of Oriental Christianity, and the further development of the dispensations of a Divine Providence with regard to the Muhammedans, the teaching and education

ON the 28th of January, 1839, Sir Henry Pottinger took his departure from Hyderabad, the capital of Scinde, in a manner that would have better suited a criminal than a plenipotentiary. In fact, he was hooted and mobbed out of the city. After having fruitlessly endeavoured to persuade the Ameers of Scinde to pay the amount of tribute that was still due by them to the shah, and having also represented the numberless robberies of the mails and other conveyances proceeding down the Indus which had undoubtedly been committed by their order or with their concurrence, he was compelled to leave their court in a hasty manner. While proceeding towards the gate of the city, the mob followed, spat upon, and hooted him. Every indignity short of actual violence was offered to him. It was therefore with joy that he made his escape from them, and hastened to the deck of his little steam-boat. Intelligence of these circumstances having been communicated to Sir John Keane as soon as the army reached Kotree, which is immediately opposite Hyderabad, the river Indus running between the two, everything was put in train to compel the Ameers to accede to our propositions as conveyed to them by Sir Henry. The guns were pointed at the fort, but they were at too great a distance upon the other (or left) bank to have injured the town: it had the effect, however, of instilling a portion of fear in their hearts, as they forthwith despatched their prime minister to the British camp to open negotiations. Terms were shortly concluded, the Ameers agreeing to pay down eighteen lacs of rupees at once, and promising the remaining nine in a short time. The prime minister was so corpulent that it was necessary to assist him up the bank of the river towards the commander-in-chief's tent. When he arrived in the midst of the force, his eye wandered

anxiously and restlessly about, judging probably that his life was in danger. Had circumstances compelled the British to have sent an ambassador over to the Scindeans, there is no doubt but they would have treacherously killed him; and therefore this man judged us by himself. No salute was given to him either upon his coming or returning, and but very little bustle took place on his arrival.

Sehwan.-In passing through this town on our advance, we met the late lamented Sir Henry Fane proceeding to Bombay to take his departure, having some time previously thrown up the command of the Indian army. He was a most noble-looking warrior, with manners as mild and affable as could be imagined, without the slightest shadow of austerity; urbanity and the kindest good feeling reigned in his countenance. The bold, authoritative glance that accompanied a word of command, shewed at once his determination to be obeyed; but this, if it were harsh, was immediately redeemed by the bland, complacent smile that settled on his features when he saw that his orders had been complied with. He was, in fact, a true sample of the old continental school; and there were many that regretted he had not taken the field. His refusal to do so, however, was based upon a strong, soldier-like feeling, as it was currently believed he had refused to accept the command of the army in consequence of the small quantity of provisions, stores, &c., laid in for so long and arduous a campaign. If such were his motives, and they were generally believed to be so, how greatly he was justified in his thoughts is apparent from the circumstance of the army being placed upon short allowance of provisions when at Oonalacoote, only two days* march from the sea-shore.

Amongst the persons who accompanied Sir Henry was one who, although not high in rank, deserves especial notice. By birth, a half-caste, or the son of a European father and Indian mother, he had been placed in the Central School of Bombay, in which place he progressed amazingly in his studies. But after attaining the age of seventeen, a desire for wandering, a restlessness of being in one place, came over him, and he accordingly quitted Bombay, and travelled into Persia. His name was Knock; and, from his own tale, he had been employed to survey the Bholan Pass, previous to the entry of the British force, when the campaign was contemplated, knowing that it would be imperative on the army to march through it. He related, that when he first undertook this difficult task, he was on the Affghan side-and rumours of an intended invasion by the British had been industriously circulated among the Bruhees (a tribe occupying the heights of the Bohlan),