In these lists there is evidently the same general outline, however differing in their details. The monuments of course exhibit the correct number of the kings, and from their still existing works some approximation to the length of each reign may be obtained. The 79 years of the Togaramachus of Eratosthenes comprises the 4 first reigns of Manetho, viz., 3 kings and a queen, which on the monuments appear but as 2 kings and a queen in her own right, the wife of Thothmos I. Josephus has, in 3 distinct passages,* expressed the sum of the 18th dynasty as 393 years, but when his numbers are cast up, they give but 333. From the monuments it appears that the 7th and 11th kings each reigned above 30 years. And if we give them 39 apiece, which numbers are actually found among the various readings of

See in Anc. Frag., p. 137, a note of Mr. Cullimore, to whom I am indebted for the observation in the text.

Eusebius and Syncellus, the sum will exactly amount to the 393 required. But though we thus obtain what Manetho, according to Josephus, wrote, it does not follow that he wrote correctly; and that he did not, is evident from the monuments, for he has inserted as kings, not only the kings themselves, but the regents also, who held sway during part of their respective reigns, and who have no place in the monumental lists of kings, though they appear as regents. By deducting, then, from the 393 years above, the 38 years of Chebron, Akenchres, and Achencheres, we obtain the length of the dynasty as 355 years, differing but 7 from the 348 given by the Old Chro- . nicle. And as Manetho distinctly states that the Shepherds did not capitulate till after the commencement of the reign of Amos or Tethmosis, I presume they capitulated in the 7th year of his reign, thus leaving the 348 years given by the Old Chronicle as the exact length of the

dynasty, to be distributed exactly among 14 reigns, as stated by the Chronicle, and evident upon the monuments.

Before we proceed with the coincidences of the 18th dynasty, it is necessary to speak of the persons who are recorded to have introduced among the Egyptians, letters and the arts, the reformation of their religion, and the regulation of their calendar, and also of the manner in which they regulated their time.

It was common among all the heathen nations to regard the founders of their respective nations, and indeed every very extraordinary person who appeared among them, as Avatars or Incarnations of some deity. Now it is related by several historians, that two very remarkable personages appeared in Egypt, both of high antiquity, but at a considerable interval from one another, known by the name of

Thoth or Hermes, who were looked upon: as Avatars of that deity; and from some accounts it might be inferred that there were three. The first of these may be identified with the 2nd king of Egypt, Athothes, the grandson of Kronus, or Ham. According to Sanchoniatho, he was the adviser of Kronus, who gave him the land of Egypt. He was the inventor of letters and the arts.* The other, the second Hermes, was likewise said to be the inventor of letters and the arts, a sacred scribe, and author of the ancient Hermetic books, an adept in mysterious. knowledge, and an interpreter of the will of the gods. He was, moreover, a great prophet, and to him they ascribed

*Sanchoniatho, Anc. Frag. 4. 9. 11. 15, 16. Cedrenus says he succeeded Mizraim. See the authorities collected in Bryant's Mythol. vi. 329. + Jamb. 8. c. 1.-Anc. Frag. 89.

See Bryant, vi. 329.-Clemens Strom. 23.Diod. Sic. i. vi. c. 4.-Plato Phæd.-Plut. Is. et Os.-Symp. 3.