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quireth an impossibility; for of 8800 and odd benefices with cure, there are not sixty sufficient for learned men: neither, if they were all sufficient, would there be found the third part of men to supply that number. The greatest number of parishes shall either have no ministers, for want of competent living, or else such as be very base, contrary to the pretence of this bill. Under colour of this bill for a preaching ministry, they seek to unfurnish 6000 parishes of preaching, prayer, and administration of sacraments, because they would have every parish to have a preacher, which is impossible."

177. A. B. Bancroft says, in one of his circular letters, that "such as have all the best ecclesiastical livings in the land, named impropriations, make no conscience in suffering them to be served with very simple curates. God knoweth, such as will be content in effect to serve the same, (as the disdainful speech of many runneth), for ten groats a year, and a canvas doublet."

405. "We allow a competent provision for each parochial minister to be £100 per annum, as has been allowed by the confession of several parliaments (1704), and if impartial enquiries were now made upon this rule, perhaps it would appear that of 9000 benefices, near 7000 of them are beneath a competency."

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Defence of Pluralities. 1692. HENRY WHARTON.

P. 55. "PAROCHIAL churches were no other than chapels of ease to the mother church, and the presbyters officiating in them no other than curates to the bishop, employed by him, and removable at his pleasure. To these the right of administering baptism, and consecrating the sacred elements of the eucharist, was not permitted. That was reserved solely to the bishop, and the cathedral church, and not communicated to the auxiliary churches till after some ages. The elements were sent from the cathedral to the parochial churches of the diocese, to be communicated to all those who could not come to the mother church. This practice continued in the church of Rome till after the beginning of the fifth century."

59. "At first in all churches there was no other than a general endowment of the whole diocese, which consisted as well in lands and possessions, as in voluntary oblations of the laity. Of this endowment the first and general design was, that a competent number of clergy might be maintained, who under the Bishop should supply the service of the whole diocese in sacred matters."

63. "It is certain that our church was formed after the example and model of the Gallican church,-it being easy to observe that the greater part of the canons and constitution of our church made before the Norman Conquest were taken out of the French capitulars."

76. "In the first foundation of bishopricks among the Saxons, the dioceses had the same limits with the kingdoms, and so continues at this day, as many of them as have not been subdivided."

99. "Before the time of the Confessor, that very division of parishes was generally fixed which had obtained in England."

ANGLO-IRISH HISTORY.

IR JOHN DAVIES. Discovery of the True Causes why Ireland was never entirely subdued, nor brought under obedience of the Crown of England, until the beginning of his Majesty's happy reign. James I. Dublin, 1761.

P. 6. MINDS and bodies of the people endowed with extraordinary abilities of

nature.

Manners little altered since Henry II. though "if the people were numbered at this day by the poll, such as are descended of English race would be found more in number than the ancient natives."

7. England always wished to civilize Ireland, but "in every age there were found such impediments and defects in both realms, as caused almost an impossibility that things should have been otherwise than they were"

8. Till the 39th of Elizabeth all English forces sent thither or raised there were ill paid and worse governed.

11. "A barbarous country is not so easily conquered as a civil ;"-and again, "a country possessed with many petty lords and states, is not so soon brought under entirely, as an entire kingdom governed by one prince, and therefore the late King of Spain could sooner win the kingdom of Portugal than reduce the states of the Low Countries."

Sir John here overlooks moral and religious causes.

22. In thesauro nihil, occurs in all the Pipe Rolls of Henry III. and Edward I. II. and III. between the receipts and allow

ances.

23. Under Edward II. Maurice Fitz

Thomas, of Desmond, began "that wicked extortion of coigne and livery and pay, that is, he and his army took horse meat, and man's meat and money at their pleasure, without any ticket, or any other satisfaction. And this was after that time the general fault of all the governors and commanders." 131.

Only the golden saying of Sir Thomas Rookesby, who was justice in the 30th Edward III. is recorded, "that he would eat in wooden dishes, but would pay gold and silver for his meat."

"And because the great English lords and captains had power to impose this charge when and where they pleased, many of the poor freeholders were glad to give unto those lords a great part of their lands, to hold the rest free from that extortion; and many others, not being able to endure that intolerable oppression, did utterly quit their freeholds, and returned into England. By this means the English colonies grew poor and weak, though the English lords grew rich and mighty, for they placed Irish tenants upon the lands relinquished by the English; upon them they levied all Irish exactions; with them they married and fostered and made gossips, so as within one age the English, both lords and freeholders, became degenerate, and mere Irish in their language, in their apparel, in their arms and manner of fight, and all other customs of life whatsoever."

Coigne and livery.-"It is said in an ancient discourse of the Decay of Ireland, that though it were first invented in hell, yet if it had been used and practised there as it hath been in Ireland, it had long since

destroyed the very kingdom of Beelzebub."

26. Irish horsemen called hoblers, because they served on hobbies.

32. First statute against absentees 3 Rich. II. requiring them to reside, or forfeit two thirds of the profits.

67. Henry VII. "For more than half the space of his reign there were walking spirits of the house of York, as well in Ireland as in England, which he could not conjure down without expense of some blood and treasure."

69. Elizabeth's Irish wars cost more than a million.

72. "Often adjudged no felony to kill an Irishman in time of peace."

39. From Richard II. to 39 Elizabeth, never any competent force sent over, but the war made by the colonies to defend their borders: 66 or if any forces were transmitted over, they were sent only to suppress the rebellions of such as were descended of English race, and not to enlarge our domi-England. They were the O'Neil's, O'Monion over the Irish."

43. When the York and Lancaster wars began, Ireland was in such a state, owing to its neglect under the Red Rose Dynasty, that "the native subjects of Ireland, seeing the country utterly ruined, did pass in such numbers into England, as one law was made in England to transmit them back again, and another law made here (in Ireland) to stop their passage in every port and creek. Yet afterwards, the greatest part of the nobility and gentry of Meath past over into England, and were slain with York at Wakefield." 64.

45. Edward IV. did not pay any army in Ireland during his reign, but the men of war paid themselves by taking coigne and livery upon the country.

48. Law under Poynings (Henry VII.) "that no subject should make any war or peace within the land, without the special license of the King's Lieutenant or Deputy. A manifest argument that at that time the bordering wars there were made altogether by voluntaries, upon their own head, without any pay or entertainment, and without any order or commission from the state."

48. 19 Henry VII. "famous battle of Knocktow in Connaught, wherein Mac William, with 4000 of the Irish and degenerate English were slain,- only upon a private quarrel of the Earl of Kildare. So loosely were the martial affairs of Ireland carried during the reign of King Henry VII."

73. The Quinque Sanguines; five enfranchised Septs, who by special grace were enabled to take the benefit of the laws of

laghlins, O'Connoghors of Connaught, O'Briens, and Mac Murroghs.

74. Denizations of the Irish never out of use till the accession of James; and till such a charter was purchased the meer Irish were not reputed free subjects, nor admitted to the benefit of the laws of England.

78. Killing a mere Irishman was punishable only by the Brehon law.

80. The statutes speak of English rebels and Irish enemies.

83. "Only that ungrateful traitor Tyrone, though he had no colour or shadow of title to that great lordship, but only by grant from the Crown, and by the law of England, (for by the Irish law he had been ranked with the meanest of his sept) yet in some of his capitulations with the state, he required that no sheriff might have jurisdiction within Tirone, and consequently that the laws of England might not be executed there."

86. "For the conquest is never perfect till the war be at an end; and the war is not at an end till there be a peace and unity; and there can never be unity and concord in any one kingdom, but where there is but one king, one allegiance, and one law."

88. 40th Edward III. use of the Brehon law prohibited but for the English only.

92. Edward I. abolished some of the Welsh laws. Wales was rebarbarized during the civil wars, but Henry VIII. (27 and 32 of his reign) abolished gavel-kind,

and did all that ought to have been done of the parties might in former times have in Ireland. been challenged by our law, i. e. even in England."

94. "The scopes of land which were granted to the first adventurers were too large; and the liberties and royalties which they obtained therein were too great for subjects."

97. "Our great English lords could not endure that any kings should reign in Ireland, but themselves; nay, they could hardly endure that the Crown of England itself should have any jurisdiction or power

over them."

101. "By their privilege of making war and peace, they had an absolute command over the bodies, lands and goods of the English subjects."

102. "I must still clear and acquit the crown and state of England of negligence or ill policy, and lay the fault upon the pride, covetousness and ill counsel of the English planted here."

Beastly morals and manners which the English adopted there, — forgetting their language and changing their names.

136. "The saying of Henry Savage, mentioned in every story, is very memorable, that a castle of bones was better than a castle of stones." ("Ov Xíoç, &c.) But for want of strong holds this family 'were utterly driven out of the Great Ardes into a little nook of land near the river of Strangford.""

142. The Desmond family the first that imposed coigne and livery, the first that made a distinction between English by blood and English by birth, and the only noble house of English blood utterly rooted out by the hand of justice.

152. "The Irish, after a thousand conquests and attainders by our law, would in

106-7. Fostering, and consequent dege- those days pretend a title still, because by the Irish laws no man could forfeit his land."

neracy.

111. Edward's vigorous war with Wales. 112-13. Error of the first settlers in taking for themselves the open, instead of the strong country. The very forest law would have driven into the place the Irishmen. 114.

153. Acts against absentees.

155. Richard II. shewed some wisdom in Ireland.

157. Richard Duke of York played a double game there, aiming at the crown,

115. But when the English Hibernicized which was his right. the evil became hopeless.

116. Irish customs were such "that the people which doth use them must of necessity be rebels to all good government, destroy the commonwealth wherein they live, and bring barbarism and desolation upon the richest and most fruitful land of the world."

123. Idleness and fear made the Irish "the most inquisitive people after news of any nation in the world. And because" such "news-carriers did by their false intelligence many times raise troubles and rebellions in this realm, the statute of Kilkenny doth punish news-tellers (by the name of Skelaghes) with fine and ransom."

165. Henry VIII. " when the Irish had once resolved to obey the King, they made no scruple to renounce the Pope."

163. Something like wise government began in that reign with Lord Leonard Gray.

172. Sidney's good laws.
173. His oversights.

176. The best of their governors, Sidney among them, he compares to those kings of Israel who were good kings, but they did not cut down the groves and high places, but suffered the people still to burn incense and commit idolatry in them. Applied not to religion, but to their laws and customs.

184. "I dare affirm that for the space of five years last past there have not been 126. "A juror that was gossip to either found so many malefactors worthy of death

in all the six circuits of this realm (which | cause he amended his pronunciation. This is now divided into thirty-two shires at it seems always exposes a man to ridicule large) as in one circuit of six shires, namely, in the country. the western circuit, in England. For the truth is, that in time of peace the Irish are more fearful to offend the law than the English, or any other nation whatsoever."

189. Course pursued in commission for surrenderers' defective titles. Well intended certes, but as surely liable to great abuse.

191. Settlement of Ulster.

GAMBLE's Views of Society in the

North of Ireland.

P. 44. HERSCHELL told him, that 66 as a distinct body he had traced the London smoke as far as Reading, and that when the wind is from the east, the atmosphere is so thick, that he could take no observation in his observatory at Slough."

51. "I doubt whether Methodism has made the people of England more moral, but it certainly has made them more decent. In Ireland the Catholic religion, whatever may be the reason, has not had the latter effect; there is there, perhaps, the appearance of greater vice than there actually is, while in England there is the appearance of less; and smoothness of manners shadows the corruption which it cannot conceal."

In part I think he is wrong. The vicious here do not, generally, affect con

cealment.

52. Uncivil and unmanly remarks upon the Llangollin ladies, written in resent

ment.

62. Short bedgowns were long a fashionable morning dress in Dublin; but a wretched woman was hanged in it, and the fashion past away.-Like Mrs. Turner.

68. "Of every eleven children born in Dublin, one is still born, and scarce half reach maturity; such is the hard condition of the poor."-Scarce half I think any where, or in any rank.

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88. A man nicknamed English Will be- |

89. Absentees. Plantations given to the poor for fuel in their distress, 1818. Of this the country bore marks; the trees also were almost all stript of their branches, and the hedges cut down. But this could only be where the bogs were distant, fuel being the only thing of which the Irish poor must, in most places always have plenty.

99. A female barber in Wales. A female apothecary in Ireland. 114. This man calls Clarendon an indifferent writer!

117. Few old churches,-almost all having been burnt in the Great Rebellion.

148. The lower classes in Ireland peculiarly liable to asthma, the damp climate not being in them counteracted by generous diet.

155. The typhus carried by the poor to the houses of the rich; an effect this of the want of poor laws.

156-7. Some good remarks on this. More rich than poor died, more men than women; youth was more susceptible of the disease than manhood, manhood than old age.

158-9. Sensible remarks on leaving certain diseases to nature.

191. Emigrants who carry with them a hatred of the government under which, though not by which, they have been opprest.

The industrious and enterprising emigrants. The very worthless and very poor remain at home.

252. St. Patrick's purgatory 260-1-6-6.

256. "Ough, man dear," said a poor old female pilgrim to him, "auld age is a wearisome load, and I would fain move about a wee bit to lighten it."

262. The priests injure their health by fasting whenever they have to administer the host.

271. An Irishman become a Roman-an Irelandman, one that is born there only.

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