is highly moral in tone, and imitates the Old Testament myths.

With ten thousands of his saints (ἐν ἀγίαις μυριάσιν). Lit., in or among holy myriads. Compare Deut. xxxiii. 2; Zech. xiv. 5.

Ungodly (ảσeßeîs)—ungodly deeds (epywv ȧoeßeías, lit., works of ungodliness) which they have ungodly committed (noéßnoav), and of all their hard speeches which ungodly (ảσeßeîs) sinners, etc. The evident play upon the word ungodly can be rendered but clumsily into English. Rev., translates, All the ungodly, of all their works of ungodliness which they have ungodly wrought, and of all the hard things which ungodly sinners have spoken against him. The words ungodly sinners are placed in an unusual position, at the end of the sentence, for emphasis; ungodliness being the key-note of the writer's thought.

Hard (Tv σλnpov). Speeches is supplied. Lit., hard things. So Rev. The railing, gainsaying; the profane and vain babblings (2 Tim. ii. 16). Compare John vi. 60, a hard saying, where the word means not abusive but difficult. In Jas. iii. 4, rough, used of the winds. In Acts xxvi. 14, of Saul of Tarsus; "hard to kick against the pricks."

16. Murmurers (yoyyvoтai). Only here in New Testament. Doubtless, originally, with some adaptation of sound to sense, gongustai. It is used of the cooing of doves.

Complainers (μεμψίμοιροι). From μέμφομαι, to find fault with, and poipa, a part or lot. Lit., blamers of their lot.

Great swelling words. See on 2 Pet. ii. 18.

Having men's persons in admiration (Javμáčovтes πpóoωπα). wa). The Rev., shewing respect of persons, is neater, but the A. V. more literal: admiring the countenances. Compare Gen.

xix. 21, Sept., "I have accepted thee:" lit., have admired thy face.

Because of advantage. See 2 Pet. ii. 3, 14.

Beloved. Compare ver. 3.

18. Mockers. See on 2 Pet. iii. 3.

Ungodly lusts (ἐπιθυμίας τῶν ἀσεβειῶν). Lit., lusts of ungodlinesses.

19. Separate themselves (aπodioрíčovтes). Only here in New Testament. Themselves is unnecessary. Better, as Rev., make separations; i.e., cause divisions in the church. The verb is compounded with ảπó, away; diá, through; opos, a boundary line. Of those who draw a line through the church and set off one part from another.

Sensual (vxiko). See on Mark xii. 30. As ψυχή denotes life in the distinctness of individual existence, "the centre of the personal being, the I of each individual," so this adjective derived from it denotes what pertains to man as man, the natural personality as distinguished from the renewed man. So 1 Cor. ii. 14; xv. 44. The rendering sensual, here and Jas. iii. 15, is inferential: sensual because natural and unrenewed. In contrast with this is

The spirit. The higher spiritual life. So the adjective πVEνμаTIKós, spiritual, is everywhere in the New Testament opposed to fuxikós, natural. See 1 Cor. xv. 44, 46.

22. And of some have compassion, making a difference. This follows the reading, καὶ οὓς μὲν ἐλεεῖτε (ἐλεᾶτε) διακρι vóμevo. The best texts, however, read diaкpivoμévovs, which would require, "On some have mercy who are in doubt. So Rev. Others, again, for eλeeîte, have mercy, read exéyxete, reprove, and render diaкpivoμévovs, who are contentious: "Some

who are contentious rebuke." The Rev. rendering better suits what follows.

23. Snatching them out of the fire. The writer has in mind Zech. iii. 2, a brand plucked from the burning. Compare Amos. iv. 11.

With fear (év póße). Lit., in fear; i.e., of the contagion (ἐν φόβῳ). of sin while we are rescuing them.

Spotted (owμévov). Only here and Jas. iii. 6. See on 2 Pet. ii. 13.

24. Το keep you from falling (φυλάξαι ὑμᾶς ἀπταίστους). Lit., "to keep you without stumbling. Only here in New Testament. See the kindred word offend. Rev., stumble, Jas. ii. 10; iii. 2.

Exceeding joy (ayaλiáσe). See on 1 Pet. i. 6.

25. Both now and ever (καὶ νῦν καὶ εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας). Lit., both now and unto all the ages. The best texts add πpò TAVτÒS TOû aiŵvos, before all time.

LIST OF GREEK WORDS USED BY JUDE ONLY.

anоdiopigw, to separate, 19

TaιOTOS, without falling, 24

γογγυστής, murmurer, 16

deiyua, example, 7

nappite, to foam out, 13 μεμψίμοιρος, complainer, 16 Taperσdów, to creep in unawares, 4 λavýτηs, a wanderer, 13

EKTOрVEĹw, to give over to fornica-dás, rock, 12

tion, 7

évvпváč, to dream, 8

vex, to suffer, undergo, 7

ivопwρivós, autumnal, 12

inaywvioua, earnestly contend, 3

quois, naturally, 10

THE GENERAL EPISTLE OF JAMES.

CHAPTER I.

1. Jesus Christ. Only here and in ch. ii. 1; nowhere in the speeches of James (Acts xv. 14, 15; xxi. 20 sq.). Had he used Jesus' name it might have been supposed to arise from vanity, because he was the Lord's brother. In all the addresses of epistles the full name, Jesus Christ, is given.

Servant (dovλos). Properly, hired servant. Compare Philip. i. 1; Jude 1.

That are scattered abroad (ev Tŷ diασπорâ). Lit., in the dispersion; on which see on 1 Pet i. 1. Rev., which are of the dispersion.

Greeting (xaípew). Lit., rejoice. The ordinary Greek salutation, hail! welcome! Also used at parting: joy be with you. Compare the same expression in the letter from the church at Jerusalem, Acts xv. 23; one of the very few peculiarities of style which connect this epistle with the James of the Acts. It does not occur in the address of any other of the Apostolic Epistles.

2. All joy (Tâσav xapàv). Joy follows up the rejoice of the greeting. The all has the sense of wholly. Count it a thing wholly joyful, without admixture of sorrow. Perhaps, as Bengel suggests, the all applies to all kinds of temptations.

When (Tav). Lit., whenever: better, because it implies that temptation may be expected all along the Christian course.

Ye fall into (Tεрiπéσηте). The preposition repi, around, suggests falling into something which surrounds. Thus Thucydides, speaking of the plague at Athens, says, "The Athenians, having fallen into (Tepeσóvтes) such affliction, were pressed by it."

Divers (Tokiois). Rev., manifold. See on 1 Pet. i. 6.

Temptations (Teiрaσμoîs). In the general sense of trials. (πειρασμοῖς). See on Matt. vi. 13; 1 Pet. i. 6.

3. Trying (Soxíμov). Rev., proof; but the American Revisers insist on proving, and rightly. See on 1 Pet. i. 7.

(κατεργάζεται).

Worketh (KaTeрyáleтai). The compound verb with Kaтá, κατά, down through, indicates accomplishment. The proving will work successfully and thoroughly. This harmonizes with a perfect work, ver. 4.

Patience (Vπоμovýv). See on 2 Pet. i. 6, and Jas. v. 7.

(ὑπομονήν).

4. Perfect work (épyov téλelv). "This is followed by a perfect man. The man himself is characterized from his condition and work" (Bengel). Work (epyov) is the word with which KaтepyάeTai, worketh, is compounded. It is the accomplished result of patience in moral purification and ennobling. Compare work of faith, 1 Thess. i. 3.

Perfect and entire (Tếλeloi kaì óλókλnpoi). The two words express different shades of thought. Téλetot, perfect, from Téλos, fulfilment or completion (perfect, from perfectus, per factus, made throughout), denotes that which has reached its maturity or fulfilled the end contemplated. 'Oxóxλnpoi, from őλos, entire, and λñpos, a lot or allotment; that which has all which properly belongs to it; its entire allotment, and is, there