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the enactment of laws at Athens are, from its neighborhood to the Pnyx, fitly grouped together in this place. Here is the Bouleuterion, or Council Chamber, in which the Senate of Five Hundred meet to discuss measures before they are submitted to the assembly of the people in the Pnyx. Here are the statues of the ten Heroes of Athens, Cecrops, Erectheus, Pandion, Egeus, Hippothoon, Acamas, Leon, Eneus, Ajax, Antiochus, the Eponymi, as they are called, because they give their names to the ten tribes of Athens. Here is the refectory of the Prytanes, or Presidents of the Assembly, a building which may be distinguished from the crowd of other fabrics in the same place by its hemispherical dome, and in which the most distinguished citizens of Athens are entertained at the public charge. In the centre of the area which we are describing stands the altar of the Twelve Gods, being the point to which all the roads of Attica converge, and from which distances are measured.

Such are the most remarkable objects contained in the Agora of Athens. We speak of the early times of its glory." C. Wordsworth. Tooloon.

Ahmed ebn

See

MOSQUE OF AHMED EBN TOOLOON. Aignan. See HÔTEL ST. AIGNAN. Ain Moosa. See FoUNTAINS OF MOSES.

Aird's Moss. A tract of moorland in the county of Ayr, Scotland, famous in the history of the Scottish Covenanters as being the scene of numerous gatherings, or "conventicles,' "where men came armed to the teeth to hear the Bible read."

Airlie Castle. A residence of the Earl of Airlie, near Meigle, Scotland. It forms the subject of the ballad of The Bonnie House of Airlie."

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Akbar's Palace. A famous palace, built by the renowned emperor of that name, in the city of Akbar, or Agra, in Hindostan.

"It would be difficult to describe in detail its many courts, its separate masses of buildings, and its detached pavilions. . . . Akbar's palace is far more complete than the Alhambra. No part has been utterly destroyed, and the marks of injury by time and battle are comparatively slight. The substructions of the palace are of

red sandstone, but nearly the whole of its corridors, chambers, and pavilions are of white marble, wrought with the most exquisite elaboration of ornament. There are precious caskets of marble, glittering all over with jasper, agate, cornelian, blood-stone, and lapis-lazuli, and topped with golden domes. Balustrades of marble, wrought in open patterns of such rich design that they resemble fringes of lace when seen from below, extend along the edge of the battlements." Bayard Taylor.

Alabama, The. A Confederate privateer, built by Laird of Liverpool, and commanded by Raphael Semmes, who set out on a cruise with her in 1862. This ship, during her career, inflicted iminense damage on the Ameri can mercantile marine. She is reported to have captured over 60 vessels, destroyed 45 others, and taken millions of property. She was sunk on the 19th of June, 1864, off the harbor of Cherbourg, France, in a battle with the Union vessel Kearsarge, commanded by Capt. Winslow. For the complicity of the British government in the ravages of this English-Confederate privateer, a tribunal of arbitration, chosen by the United States and Great Britain jointly, adjudged that the latter should pay to the former, for damages, the sum of $15,500,000 in gold, and this sum was paid. [Also known as the "290."]

"The most famous of the English-American cruisers during the civil war was the Alabama, Capt. Raphael Semmes. She was built by Laird near Liverpool, was armed, provisioned, and chiefly manned in a British port, and sailed under British colors. She was watched while in port by the national ship Tuscarora; but, favored by the British government in keeping the latter vessel back until the Alabama had got well to sea, she was allowed to go on her destructive errand without molestation. For a year and a half afterward, while carefully avoiding contact with armed vessels of the United States, the Alabama illuminated the sea with blazing American merchantmen which she had captured and set on fire. During the last 90 days of 1862 she captured and destroyed 28 helpless vessels. After a prosperous voyage in the South Atlantic and Indian oceans, during which she captured 67 vessels,

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"On our first entrance we descended about 15 feet gradually to the centre of the room, which is 100 x 30 feet. At the north end there is a most magnificent pulpit. . . . It is complet ed with the most beautiful drapery of alabaster sterites of all colors, varying from white to pink-red, overhanging the beholder. Immediately under the pulpit is a beautiful lake of water extending to an unknown distance.

On arriving at the centre of the first room we saw an entrance to an inner chamber still more splendid, 200 x 100 feet, with most beautiful alabaster overhangings, in every possible shape of drapery." Gwinn.

Alameda. In Spanish towns the usual name for the public walk, or promenade. The word is derived from alamo, poplar.

A walk in Broadway or Fifth Avenue will show you damsels and dames who will remind you of those you have met in the Cascine or Corso, in the Prado or Alameda. Galaxy.

to

Alaric's Grave. According tradition the grave of the Visigothic chief (d. 410) was dug in the bed of the river Busento, in Italy, the stream being diverted from its course for the purpose; and after the burial the waters were let back into their former channel.

Alba Madonna. See MADONNA DELLA CASA D'ALBA.

Albani. See VILLA ALBANI. Albany Chambers. A wellknown row of buildings in Piccadilly, London, named after the Duke of York.

In the quiet avenue of the Albany, memories of the illustrious dead crowd upon you. Jerrold. Albany, Fort. See FORT ALBANY. Albero d'Oro. [Golden Tree.] The name given to one of the

most beautiful palaces in Venice, Italy, from a tradition that one of its owners staked and lost all his fortunes except a single tree in the garden of this palace. The tree finally being staked also, fortune turned, and the owner recovered all that he had lost, including the palace.

Albert Dürer. A well-known autograph portrait of the painter, in the collection of artists' portraits painted by themselves, in the Uffizi Gallery at Florence, Italy. He is represented as standing at a window, with his hands resting on the window-sill, dressed in a holiday suit. There is also another portrait of him in the gallery of Munich, Bavaria, which represents him as much more mature in features and character, although he was but two years older when it was taken. This picture gives a front view of him, with his hand laid upon the fur lining of his robe. Albert Embankment.

See

THAMES EMBANKMENTS. Albert Memorial. This monument to the memory of the Prince. Consort, Albert of Saxe Gotha (d. 1861), was built from designs of Sir Gilbert Scott. It is situated opposite the Albert Hall in London, and on the site of the Crystal Palace of 1851. Monuments in memory of the Prince have also been erected in other places in Great Britain.

"If the Prince had united the genius of Napoleon to the virtues of Washington, there might, with more show of reason, have been such a literary and such a sculptured monument raised to him so soon after the close of his blameless and useful life. But even then something more simple and sober would have been more effective than this gilded, enthroned, enshrined, and canopied effigy of the demi-god of commonplace. In fact, this is the most obtrusively offensive monument in London." Richard Grant White. Albert See FINSBURY

Park.

PARK. Albertina Bronze. See CALIGULA. Albion, The. 1. A noted London

tavern famous for its Corporation

banquets, and other public dinners, and for the annual tradesales of the principal London publishers.

2. A London club founded in the first part of the present century, and dissolved in 1841. Alcala, Gate of. See PUERTA DE ALCALA.

Alcantara, Bridge of. See PuENTE DE ALCANTARA.

Alderney Bull, Cow, and Calf. An admired picture by James Ward (1769-1859), often compared with Paul Potter's Young Bull (q. v.). It is in the National Gallery, London.

Aldersgate. One of the gates in the old city walls of London. It was restored after the Great Fire of 1666, and somewhat resembled Temple Bar.

He [Clennam] turned slowly down Aldersgate Street, and was pondering his way along towards St. Paul's, .. when a crowd of people flocked towards him. Dickens. Aldgate. One of the old Roman gates of London, so called from its antiquity (Aeld or Old gate). From the time of the Romans to 1760 (when it was demolished), it formed the main outlet to the eastern counties. The barons, using money from the monks' coffers, and building material from the Jews' houses, rebuilt the structure during the time of John. This gate was torn down in 1606, and again built up in 1609. The poet Chaucer (1328-1400) held a life lease of the dwelling-house above the gate.

If the brutalizing effect of such scenes as the storming of St. Sebastian may be counteracted, we may hope, that, in a Christian Utopia, some minds might be proof against the kennels and dresses of Aldgate. Macaulay.

Old Father Baldpate, Say the slow bells at Aldgate. Mother Goose. Aldine Press. The name given to the press established about 1490, at Venice, by Aldo Manuzio (Aldus Manutius), an Italian printer of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and the inventor of Italic type. The highly-esteemed Aldine editions of the classics

issued by Manutius and his descendants led to the publication of counterfeit Aldine editions in Florence and Lyons as early as 1502. The name Aldine has also been used by the English publisher Pickering.

As for the foundlings like my Hedericus, they go among their peers: it is a pleasure to take them from the dusty stall where they were elbowed by plebeian school-books and battered odd volumes, and give them Alduses and Elzevirs for companions. Holmes. Aldobrandini

Madonna. See MADONNA ALDOBRANDINI. Aldobrandini Marriage. [Nozze Aldobrandini.] A celebrated fresco painting, and one of the most valuable relics of ancient art. It was found in 1606 among the ruins of the Baths of Titus in Rome, and is now in the Vatican. It derives its name from the Aldobrandini family, by whom it was purchased. It represents a marriage-scene, as the name implies. Winckelmann thinks that it represents the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis. In the Palazzo Doria, there is a copy by Nicholas Poussin.

Aldobrandini, Villa. See VILLA

ALDOBRANDINI.

Aletsch Glacier. A celebrated glacier in Switzerland surrounded by the Aletschhorn, Jungfrau, and other peaks. It is about sixteen miles in length. Alexander.

See TRIUMPHAL MARCH OF ALEXANDER and VICTORY OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT OVER DARIUS.

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It is one of the greatest memo-
rial monoliths of modern times.
Taller than Luxor's shafts, and grander,
Looms the pillar of Alexander,
Guarding the palace that fronts the square.
E. D. Proctor.

Alexander in the Tent of Darius.

A fresco-painting by Gianantonio Razzi, or Bazzi, called Il Soddoma (1474-1549). In the Farnesina, Rome.

Alexander's Tomb. A small structure at Alexandria, Egypt, traditionally identified with the tomb of Alexander. The existence of Alexander's tomb has long been recorded by Arab tradition. Leo Africanus speaks of it as being highly honored by the Moslems, and as being visited with religious veneration by great numbers of strangers from foreign lands.

Alexandrian Library. This celebrated library at Alexandria, Egypt, was founded, like the Museum, by Ptolemy Soter. Ptolemy Philadelphus, his successor, made great additions to it, and at his death there were 100,000 volumes in the library. A great deal of trouble was taken and expense incurred in forming and adding to this collection, in which it was said that a copy of every known work was included. Here was deposited the Septuagint translation of the Bible. The Alexandrian Library consisted of about 700,000 volumes, of which 400,000 were in the Museum and 300,000 in the Serapeum. The former collection was destroyed by fire during the war between Julius Cæsar and the Alexandrians, and the latter by order of Caliph Omar in 640. By this act the Caliph Omar is said to have provided the 4,000 baths of the city with fuel for six months.

Alfred Club. A club in London, established in Albemarle Street in 1808, and dissolved about the middle of the century.

Lord Byron, who was a member, characterized it as "pleasant, a little too sober and literary," and "in the

whole, a decent resource in a rainy day, in a dearth of parties, or Parlia ment, or in an empty season."

"The Alfred received its coupde-grâce from a well-known story to the effect that Mr. Canning, whilst in the zenith of his fame, dropped in accidentally at a house dinner of twelve or fourteen, staid out the evening, and made himself remarkably agreeable, without any one of the party suspecting who he was."

Quarterly Review. Alfred dividing his Loaf with the Pilgrim. A picture by Benjamin West (1738-1820), well known by engravings. In the Hall of the Stationers' Company, London.

A remarkable Alfred Jewel. jewel found near Ethelney Abbey in Somersetshire, England, and a rare specimen of AngloSaxon art. It bears this inscription in Saxon characters: "Alfred had me wrought.' Alhambra. [The Red Castle.] The palace-fortress of the Moorish kings in Granada, Spain. It was begun in 1248, and finished in 1314. The exterior is plain, and affords little indication of the unrivalled splendor which once characterized the interior apartments. The building has suffered greatly from decay, neglect, and wanton injury, but is still an object of attraction to travellers, as one of the finest existing specimens of Moorish architecture, abounding in colonnades, pavilions, baths, fountains, gilded ceilings, and every kind of Oriental ornamentation. Around the palace and gardens were scattered the establishments of the court and nobility, so that the whole population of the Alhambra consisted of some 40,000 souls. The preservation from absolute ruin of this, the most interesting and beautiful of the historical monuments of Spain, is due to the French, who, when Granada was in their hands, did much to repair and restore the Alhambra.

"To the traveller imbued with a feeling for the historical and poetical, so inseparably intertwined in the annals

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of romantic Spain, the Alhambra is as much an object of devotion as is the Caaba to all true Moslems. How many legends and traditions, true and fabu lous, how many songs and ballads, Arabian and Spanish, of love and war and chivalry, are associated with this Oriental pile! It was the royal abode of the Moorish kings, where, surrounded with the splendors and refinements of Asiatic luxury, they held dominion over what they vaunted as a terrestrial paradise, and made their last stand for empire in Spain. The royal palace forms but a part of a fortress, the walls of which, studded with towers, stretch irregularly round the whole crest of a hill, a spur of the Sierra Nevada or Snowy Mountains, and overlook the city: externally it is a rude congrega. tion of towers and battlements, with no regularity of plan nor grace of architecture, and giving little promise of the grace and beauty which prevail within. ... After the kingdom had passed into the hands of the Christians, the Alhambra continued to be a royal demesne, and was occasionally inhabited by the Castilian monarchs. The Emperor Charles V. commenced a sumptuous palace within its walls, but was de. terred from completing it by repeated shocks of earthquakes. The last royal residents were Philip V. and his beau tiful queen, Elizabetta of Parma, early in the eighteenth century. The desertion of the court, however, was a fatal blow to the Alhambra. Its beautiful halls became desolate, and some of them fell to ruin; the gardens were destroyed, and the fountains ceased to play." Irving.

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"The Alhambra, a name which will make my blood thrill if I live to the frosts of a century, not that the pleasure I received, on wandering over the immense extent of these most graceful and most picturesque of all ruins, was like the quiet, hallowed delight of a solitary visit to the Coliseum or the Forum, but it was a riotous, tumultuous pleasure, which will remain in my memory like a kind of sensual enjoyment."

George Ticknor.

Lonely and still are now thy marble halls, Thou fair Alhambra! there the feast is o'er;

And with the murmur of thy fountain falls

Blend the wild tones of minstrelsy no
more.
Felicia Hemans.

And there the Alhambra still recalls
Aladdin's palace of delight:
Allah il Allah! through its halls
Whispers the fountain as it falls.
The Darro darts beneath its walls,
The hills with snow are white.

Longfellow.

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All Hallows Church. A celebrated old London church, destroyed in 1877. In this church Milton was baptized.

All Saints. A modern church in London, the interior of which is said to be the most gorgeous of any in the kingdom. Finished in 1859.

"Though I have a rather large acquaintance with English and foreign works executed since the revival of Pointed art, I cannot hesitate for an instant in allowing that this church is not only the most beautiful, but the most vigorous, thoughtful, and original, of them all." G. A. Street.

Allée Verte. [The Green Walk.] A fine promenade in Brussels, Belgium, extending along the canal from Brussels to the Scheldt.

Alloway Kirk. A ruined church near Ayr, Scotland, immortalized in Burns's poem of " Tam O'Shanter." The old bell of the kirk is still hanging in it, though hardly more than the four walls of the structure are now standing. She prophesy'd that late or soon, Thou. would be found deep drown'd in Doon;

Burns.

Or catch'd wi' warlocks in the mirk, By Alloway's auld haunted kirk. Almack's. Noted assembly-rooms in King Street, St. James's, London, so called after the proprietor, Almack, a Scotchman. They were opened Feb. 12, 1765, with an assembly at which the Duke of Cumberland, the hero of Culloden, was present. The house continued to be the fashionable place of entertainment during the early part of the present century, but has now lost its former importance, "a clear proof that the palmy days of exclusiveness are gone by in England (Quarterly Review). The rooms are let for public meetings, dramatic readings, lectures, concerts, balls, and dinners. Almack's is now called "Willis's,' from the name of the present proprietor. A novel entitled

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