destine and irregular marriages. The practice was put a stop to by act of Parliament in 1754. The day before this act went into operation, 217 marriages were recorded in one register alone. Dickens describes the latter days of the Fleet in the "Pickwick Papers." See FLETA.

Scarce had the coach discharged its trusty fare.

But gaping crowds surround th' amorous pair.

The busy plyers make a mighty stir, And whispering, cry, "D'ye want the parson, sir?****

Humours of the Fleet. Fleet Ditch. Formerly an open ditch in London, between Holborn and the Thames, so called from the Fleet River, the supply of water from which being diverted, the ditch became stagnant, and a receptacle for all sorts of offal and filth. Ben Jonson, Pope, Swift, and Gay have with minute detail described this pestilential nuisance. It is now arched over, and serves as the Cloaca Maxima of London.

To where Fleet-ditch, with disemboguing

By what methods, by what gifts of eye and hand, does a heroic Samuel Johnson, now when cast forth into that waste chaos

of authorship, maddest of things, a mingled Phlegethon and Fleet-ditch, with its floating lumber, and sea-krakens, and mudspectres, shape himself a voyage; of the transient driftwood, and the enduring iron, built him a seaworthy life-boat, and sail therein, undrowned, unpolluted, Yrough the roaring "mother of dead erags," onwards to an eternal landmark,

1 city that hath foundations? Carlyle.

Fleet Market. A meat and vegetable market in London, established over Fleet Ditch in 1737. Farringdon Market- occupying nearly the same place and opened in 1829- now takes its place.

"Fleet Market, at that time [No Popery Riots], was a long irregular row of wooden sheds and pent-houses, occupying the centre of what is now called Farringdon Street. They were jumbled together in a most unsightly fashion in the middle of the road, to the great obstruction of the thoroughfare and the annoyance of passengers, who were fain to make their way as best they could among carts, baskets, barrows, trucks, casks, bulks, and benches, and to jostle with porters, hucksters, waggoners, and a motley crowd of buyers, sellers, pickpockets, vagrants, and idlers.... It was indispensable to most public conveniences in those days that they should be public nuisances likewise, and Fleet Market maintained the principle to admiration." Dickens.

Fleet Street. An ancient and cele

brated thoroughfare in London, so called from the stream of the same name. For centuries it has been famous for its exhibitions and processions, its printers and booksellers, its coffee-houses and taverns, and its banking-houses.

The foaming pots which the best tap of Fleet St. supplies. T N. Talfourd. Cheapside, the Strand, Fleet Street, and Ludgate Hill. Each name a very story in itself.

Robert Leighton. Fleta. A Latinized appellation of the noted Fleet prison, formerly situated in London. John Selden (1584-1654) published a work entitled "Fleta.". See FLEET, THE.

"In 1647 he [Selden] published from a manuscript in the Cotton library the valuable old law treatise entitled 'Fleta,' so named from being compiled by its anonymous author while confined in the Fleet prison, most probably in the reign of Edward I." Singer.

Fleurs, Château des. See CHÂTEAU DES FLEURS.

Flight into Egypt. [Ital. La Fuga in Egitto, Fr. La Fuite de la Sainte Famille en Egypte ] Of the compositions treating of this incident in the life of the infant Sa

viour, the following are among the better known. See also REPOSE IN EGYPT.

Flight into Egypt. An admired picture by Guadenzio Ferrari (1484-1550). In the church of the Minorites at Varallo, Italy.

Flight into Egypt. A beautiful fresco by Bernardin Pinturicchio (1454-1513). In the church of St. Onofrio at Rome.

Flight into Egypt. A picture by Joachim Patenier (- d. 1524), a Flemish painter. It is now in the museum at Antwerp, Belgium.

Flight into Egypt. See RETURN FROM THE FLIGHT INTO EGYPT. Flodden Field. A locality in Scotland, in the county of Northumberland, near Cornhill, where, on the 9th of September, 1513, was fought the famous battle between the English and Scotch, which is described in Sir Walter Scott's "Marmion."

Floors Castle.

The seat of the Duke of Roxburghe, near Kelso in Scotland.

Flora. A famous colossal statue, found in the Baths of Caracalla at Rome, and regarded as a masterpiece of art. It has been variously considered as representing a Venus, a Hebe, and Hope. By Winckelmann it was thought to be one of the Muses. Now in the museum at Naples. [Also called the Farnese Flora.]

"I always returned to a colossal Flora, standing in the middle of the hall, draped so as to reveal her forms, but of such an austere, dignified sim. plicity. She is a veritable goddess."

Taine, Trans.

Flora. A beautiful picture by Titian (1477-1576), or, as some think, by Jacopo Palma, called Palma Vecchio (1480-1528), representing a woman in white, with flowing hair, holding flowers. In the Uffizi Gallery, Florence. Flora. A statue by Thomas Crawford (1814-1857). In Central Park, New York.

Florida, The. A Confederate privateer, built by Laird of Liver

pool, and commanded by John Moffit. She was captured in San Salvador Bay, Brazil, Oct. 6, 1864, by the United States ship Wachusett.

"The Confederates, encouraged by British favors, employed a British ship builder (Mr. Laird, a member of Parliament) to construct vessels for them for privateering purposes. The Oreto was sent to sea in disguise, sailed for the British port of Nassau, and early in September appeared off the harbor of Mobile flying British colors. She ran into Mobile Harbor, eluding the blockading fleet, and escaped late in December, when she bore the name of Florida. She hovered most of the time on the American coast, but was closely watched by national vessels. She managed to elude them. Finally she ran into the Brazilian port of Bahia or San Salvador, after capturing a barque; and there she was captured by the Wachusett, Capt. Collins. This capture was a violation of neutrality, and occasioned a good deal of excitement. The captain and prize soon after appeared in Hampton Roads, and not long after the Florida was sunk near Newport News." Lossing.

Flume, The. A remarkable ravine 700 feet long in the Franconia mountains, N.H., through which flows the Flume cascade. The rocky walls which enclose the cañon are some 65 feet in height. At one point, where the passage is only ten feet in width, an enormous granite bowlder is suspended.

Foligno Madonna. See MADONNA DI FOLIGNO.

Fontaine des Innocents. A famous fountain in Paris, built in 1550 by Pierre Lescot, with statues and bas-reliefs by Jean Goujon.

Fontaine Molière. A public fountain in Paris, in the Rue de Richelieu, with the statue of Molière, and near the house where that great dramatist died. Fontainebleau. A vast and irregularly shaped palace at Fontainebleau [fountain of beautiful water], France, about 37 miles from Paris. It is one of the most magnificent royal residences in Europe, and associated with

1644, 7 March. I went with some company towards Fontainebleau, a sumptuous palace of the King's, like ours of Hampton Court, about 14 leagues from the city. By the way, we pass through a forest so prodigiously encompassed with hideous rocks of whitish hard stone, heaped one on another in mountainous heights; but I think the like is not to be found elsewhere. It abounds with stags, wolves, boars; and not long after a lynx, or ounce, was killed amongst them, which had devoured some passengers... . This house is nothing so siately and uniforme as

Hampton Court. John Evelyn, Diary.
For such it was, when long ago
I sat in my leafy studio

In the dear old Forest of Fontainebleau.
C. P. Cranch.

In the lone brakes of Fontainebleau, Or châlets near the Alpine snow. Matthew Arnold. Fontana della Barcaccia. A wellknown fountain in the Piazza di Spagna, Rome, designed by Bernini (1598-1680). It is in the form of a boat (barcaccia), whence the

name.

Fontana di Trevi. [Fountain of Trevi.] A large and celebrated fountain in Rome, built by Clement XII., in 1735, from designs of Niccolò Salvi, with a statue of Neptune and other figures by Pietro Bracchi. The fountain is supplied by the aqueduct of the Acqua Vergine.

"The Fontana di Trevi is in the heart of Rome. A mass of rocks is tumbled together at the base of the façade of an immense palace. In a large niche in the centre of the façade is a statue of Neptune in his car, the horses of which, with their attendant Tritons, are pawing and sprawling among the rocks. All this is in bad taste, an incongruous blending of fact and fable, chilled by the coldest of allegories; but it sounds worse in de

scription than it looks to the eye. The water gushes up in sparkling and copious masses from the crevices between the rocks, spouts from the nos. trils of the horses and the conchs of the Tritons, and gives to the whole scene its own dancing and glittering beauty. . . . As we look, we begin with . criticism; but we end with admiration." Hillard.

"In the daytime there is hardly a livelier scene in Rome than the neighborhood of the fountain of Trevi; . for the water of Trevi is in request far and wide as the most refreshing draught for feverish lips, and the wholesomest to drink that can any. where be found. Tradition goes that a parting draught at the fountain of Trevi ensures a traveller's return to Rome whatever obstacles and improbabilities may seem to beset him." Hawthorne.

Till, Trajan's whispering forum passed, We hear the waters, showering bright, Of Trevi's ancient fountain, cast Their woven music on the night.

a

Bayard Taylor. Fontana Paolina. [The Pauline Fountain.] One of the largest and most imposing fountains in Rome, on the Janiculum, and built to resemble the façade of a church. It was erected by Pope Paul V. in 1612, and was designed by Fontana; so that by whimsical coincidence both names are perpetuated in that of the fountain itself. Fonthill Abbey. A showy monastic building, erected at great expense, at the beginning of the present century, near Salisbury, Wilts, England, by William Beckford, the celebrated author of "Vathek." The building was constructed in fantastic style, in the utmost haste and passion, shrouded with great mystery, the grounds being enclosed by a wall 12 feet high and seven miles long. At one time 500 men were employed by day and night. A wooden tower 400 feet high was capriciously built, merely to see the effect of such a structure, and, being taken down, was replaced by a tower of stone. Twentyfive years later, in 1825, this latter fell, owing to imperfect construction; and the estate being sold, the buildings were demol

Force, La. A noted prison in Paris, and the principal one in the city. It is situated on the Boulevard Mazas.

"They are," Mr Lorry whispered the words, glancing fearfully round at the locked room, "murdering the prisoners. If you are sure of what you say; if you really have the power you think you have, as I believe you have.-make yourself known to these devils, and get taken to La Force." Dickens.

Ford's. 1. Formerly a theatre in Washington, and noted as the building within which President Lincoln was assassinated, April 19, 1865, by John Wilkes Booth. The building was purchased by the United-States Government, closed as a theatre, and appropriated to the purposes of an army medical museum, which is said to be the finest of its kind in the world.

2. A grand opera-house in Baltimore, Md. It has an elegant auditorium, and accommodates 2,500 persons.

Forefathers' Rock. See PLYMOUTH ROCK.

Forest Hills. A large cemetery in

the immediate vicinity of Boston, Mass. It contains some fine monuments.

Forester's Family. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803-1873), the most celebrated modern painter of animals. Forfarshire, The. A British steamer wrecked Sept. 6, 1838, on the voyage from Hull to Dundee. Nine persons were saved from

the wreck by the heroic exertions of Grace Darling, daughter of the lighthouse-keeper on one of the Farne Islands, who rowed with her father in a small boat through the heavy sea to the sinking ship. Forge of Vulcan. A drawing by Annibale Caracci (1560-1609). In the Louvre, Paris.

Forge of Vulcan. A celebrated picture by Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velasquez (1599-1660), the Spanish painter. In the Museum of Madrid, Spain. Forge of Vulcan. A picture by Jacopo Robusti, called Tintoretto (1512-1594). In the Ducal Palace, Venice, Italy.

Fornarina, La. The name given to several portraits by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). There is much doubt, both as to the name itself, and the person represented; but the latter is generally considered to have been Raphael's mistress. It has been surmised that the name was invented to suit a story of the painter's having attached himself to a potter's daughter, but there is no authentic evidence in the case. The portrait bearing this name, in the Barberini Palace, in Rome, is regarded as the earlier work. There is another somewhat resembling it in the Pitti Palace, Florence, which is thought to have served as a model for the Sistine Madonna. There is still another portrait, also called La Fornarina, in the Tribune of the Uffizi at Florence, which has usually been ascribed to Raphael, but is now supposed to be the work of Sebastian del Piombo (1485-1547), and has been variously adjudged to represent either the improvvisatrice Beatrice da Ferrara, or Vittoria Colonna, Marchesa di Pescara, Michael Angelo's friend. Besides the foregoing, there are several other female portraits bearing the name of La Fornarina. One in particular, which is also called Dorothea, dated 1512, and now generally ascribed to Sebastian del Piombo, is at Blenheim, England.

French fortress on the borders of Switzerland, not far from Geneva.

Forsyth Place. A well-known public park in Savannah, Ga. Fort Adams. One of the strongest defences on the United-States coast, near Newport, R.I. It mounts 468 cannon, and requires a garrison of 3,000 men. Fort Albany. A ruined earthwork south of Arlington, Va., one of the great fortifications by which Washington was defended during the civil war.

Fort Bowyer. A fortification near Mobile, Ala., taken by the British, Feb. 11, 1815, and the scene of the last encounter in the second war between England and the United States. Fort Caroll. A strong United

States fortification on an artificial island a few miles below Baltimore, Md It commands the Patapsco River.

Fort Caswell. A fortification of brick on the Cape-Fear River, N.C. It was seized by the Confederates in 1861, and destroyed by them in 1865.

Fort Clinton. An old fortification

on the Hudson, a part of the defences which were designed to close the river against the British fleet in 1777.

Fort Columbus. A United States fortification on Governor's Island in the harbor of New York Fort Dearborn. A stockade fort built by the United States Government in 1803 upon the site of the present city of Chicago. It was afterwards destroyed by the Indians.

Fort Donelson. A Confederate stronghold in Kentucky during the war of the Rebellion. It was taken by Gen. Grant and Commodore Foote, Feb. 16, 1862.

The brave men who besieged Donelson, and who, after fighting through the day for three consecutive days, lay each night on the ground without shelter exposed to the rain and sleet, were chiefly Illinoisans. It was there that rebellion received the heavy blow which has staggered it ever L. Trumbull.

since.

An' how, sence Fort Donelson, winnin' the
day
Consists in triumphantly gittin away.
Lowell, Biglow Papers.

Fort du Quesne. An old French fort and trading-post which formerly occupied the site where the city of Pittsburg, Penn., now stands. After falling into the hands of the British, another fort was built on the same spot, and named Fort Pitt.

Fort Ellsworth. A ruined earthwork near Alexandria, Va., one of the great fortifications by which Washington was defended during the civil war.

Fort Fisher. A fortification on the Cape-Fear River, and the principal defence of Wilmington, N.C., during the war of the Rebellion. It was taken by the Federal troops under Gen. Terry, Jan. 15, 1865.

Fort Frederick. A ruined fortification near Martinsburg, Va., built by the province in 1755 as a frontier fortress. It is a quadrangular structure of stone.

Fort George. A citadel in Inverness-shire, Scotland, constructed about the middle of the last century, and considered the most important fortress in Scotland.

Fort Griswold. A ruined fortification near New London, Conn. It was attacked and taken by the British in September, 1781.

Fort Hamilton. A strong fortress on the Narrows, protecting the approaches to New York.