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India House. See EAST INDIA HOUSE. India Museum. A celebrated col-, lection of curiosities formerly in the East India House (q.v.), afterwards in Fife House, Whitehall, and now at the South Kensington Museum. Large additions have been made to the old collection, exhibiting the riches and resources of British India. It contains, besides historical relics and antiquities, specimens of the natural productions, arts, manufactures, etc., of India.

Indian Chief. A statue by Thomas Crawford (1818-1857). In the hall of the New York Historical Society.

Indian Hill. An old mansion near Newburyport, Mass., the residence of Ben: Perley Poore. It is noted for the historical curiosities which it contains. Indianola, The. A powerful ironclad steamer of the United States navy in the civil war in 186165. She ran safely the batteries at Vicksburg, but was finally captured by a Confederate "rain." Industrie, Palais de l'. See PALAIS DE L'INDUSTRIE. Infant Hercules strangling the Serpents. A mythological picture by Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792), the celebrated English portrait-painter. It painted for the Empress of Russia, and is regarded as one of his best works.

was

Inferno. [Hell.] A celebrated fresco by Andrea di Cioni, called Orcagna (1325?-1385?). In the Campo Santo, Pisa, Italy.

Influence of Christianity in the Arts. A large and noted picture by Friedrich Overbeck (1789-1869). In the Städel Institut, Frankforton-the-Main.

"Among the oil-paintings by Overbeck, the Triumph of Religion in the Arts, one of the choicest treasures in the Städel Institute, is certainly the This most elaborate and ambitious. grand composition, which may be lik ened in its intent to Raphael's School of Athens,' or to the Hemicycle' by

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"It possesses structures belong. ing to the Pagan as well as Christian periods, a round tower, and seven small churches, or rather cells, or oratories. The round tower is about 70 feet high, and is in good preservation. Holy Island continues a favorite burial place with the peasantry; and although its religious establishments are ruined and desecrated, the ancient sanctity of its character still endures, and pilgrims from remote distances seek its shores. On the patron, or festival, day of St. Camin (12th of March), the crowd of these devotees is very great." Mr. and Mrs. Hall.

Inner Temple. One of the four
Inns of Court in London which
have the exclusive privilege of
conferring the degree of bar-
rister-at-law requisite for practis-
ing as an advocate or counsel in
the superior courts. The gentle-
men of the Inner Temple were of
old famed for their plays, masques,
revels, and other sumptuous en-
tertainments. Among the emi-
nent members were Littleton
and Coke, Sir Christopher Hat-
ton, Selden, Judge Jeffreys, and
the poets Beaumont and Cowper.
The Inns of Court have always
been celebrated for the beauty of
their gardens. In the "Temple
Garden," Shakespeare has laid
the scene of the origin of the red
and white roses as the cogni-
zances of the houses of York and
Lancaster. The red and white
Provence rose no longer blossoms
here; but the gardens are careful-
ly kept, and are very attractive.
In signal of my love to thee,
Against proud Somerset and William
Poole,

Will I upon thy party wear this rose:
And here I prophesy, this brawl to-day,
Grown to this faction, in the Temple Gar-

den,

Shall send, between the red rose and the

white,

A thousand souls to death and deadly night.

Shakespeare, Henry VI., Pt. 1.

"I was born, and passed the first seven years of my life, in the Temple. Its church, its halls, its gardens, its fountain, its river I had almost said,- for in those young years, what was this king of rivers to me but a stream that watered our pleasant places? these are of my oldest recol lections. I repeat, to this day, no verses to myself more frequently, or with kindlier emotion, than those of Spenser, where he speaks of this spot.

There when they came, whereas those bricky towers,

The which on Themmes brode aged back doth ride.

Where now the studious lawyers have their bowers,

There whylome wont the Templer knights to bide

Till they decayed through pride.

Indeed, it is the most elegant spot in the metropolis. What a transition for a countryman visiting London for the first time, the passing from the crowd. ed Strand or Fleet Street, by unexpected avenues, into its ample squares, its classic green recesses! What a cheerful, liberal look hath that portion of it which, from three sides, overlooks the greater garden;

That goodly pile Of building strong, albeit of Paper hight, confronting, with massy contrast, the lighter, older, more fantastically shrouded one, named of Harcourt, with the cheerful Crown-office Row (place of my kindly engendure), right opposite the stately stream which washes the garden-foot with her yet scarcely trade-polluted waters, and seems but just weaned from her Twickenham Naiads! a man would give something to have been born in such places."

Charles Lamb. Innocents. See FONTAINE DES INNOCENTS and MASSACRE OF THE INNOCENTS.

Inns of Court. The name given to the celebrated law-colleges in London, known respectively as the Inner Temple, Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn. The Inns of Court were so called because the students of the law belonged to the "King's Court." James I. is said to have declared that there were only three classes of persons who had

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any right to settle in London, — 'the courtiers, the citizens, and the gentlemen of the Inns of Court." The lawyers were unpopular in the time of Jack Cade's rebellion; and Shakespeare, in "Henry VI.," represents Jack Cade as saying, "Now go some and pull down the Savoy; others the Inns of Court; down with them all!" See INNER TEMPLE, MIDDLE TEMPLE, LINCOLN'S INN, and GRAY'S INN.

"The Inns of Court are interesting to others besides lawyers, for they are the last working institutions in the nature of the old trade-guilds. It is no longer necessary that a shoemaker should be approved by the company of the craft before he can apply himself to making shoes for his customers; and a man may keep an oyster-stall without being forced to serve an apprentice. ship, and be admitted to the Livery of the great Whig Company; but the law. yers' guilds guard the entrance to the law, and prescribe the rules under which it shall be practised."

Times Journal.

The lawyers discussed law or literature, criticised the last new play, or retailed the freshest Westminster Hall "bite" at Nando's or the Grecian, both close on the pur lieus of the Temple. Here the young bloods of the Inns of Court paraded their Indian gowns and lace caps of a morning, and swaggered in their lace coats and Mechlin ruffles at night, after the theatre. National Review.

They [Christ-Churchmen] were domi nant at Oxford, powerful in the Inns of Court and in the College of Physicians, conspicuous in parliament and in the literary and fashionable circles of London. Macaulay.

Institut, Palais de l'. See PALAIS DE L'INSTITUT.

Insurgente, L'. [The Insurgent.] A famous French frigate of 40 guns, captured by the United States vessel of war Constellation, in 1798. The Insurgente was at that time one of the fastest sailing vessels in the world. Intermontium. The ancient Latin name of the place in Rome now occupied by the Piazza del Campidoglio. See PIAZZA DEL CAM

PIDOGLIO.

Intrepid, The. 1. A famous vessel, originally a Tripolitan ketch, captured by Stephen Decatur,

and in which he accomplished his brilliant naval exploit of destroying vessels in the harbor of Tripoli, Feb. 16, 1804. Later, the Intrepid was used as a floating mine to destroy the Tripolitan cruisers in the harbor. The ship was exploded with a terrible concussion, but the brave men who went on the expedition never returned.

"Nearly fourscore years their fate has been an impenetrable secret. At the front of the midshipmen's quarters at Annapolis [Md.] stands a fine monument erected to their memory, and of those who perished on the 7th of August, by the officers of the navy. The monument is of white marble, and is about 40 feet in height." Lossing.

2. An Arctic exploring ship which set sail from England

under Commander Austin in 1850.

Invalides, Hôtel des. One of the chief public monuments of Paris. It was begun by Louis XIV. in 1671, as an asylum for the soldiers wounded and maimed in his numerous wars. At the revolution

of 1793 it was called the Temple of Humanity; under the reign of Napoleon, the Temple of Mars. The building is capable of containing 5,000 persons. Its library and

council chamber contain some interesting objects, but the church is the most attractive part of the institution. The portico and dome are exceedingly beautiful, as is also the interior of the church. It contains the grand mausoleum of Napoleon, and his remains as they were brought from St. Helena. Bertrand and Duroc, the near friends and companions of Napoleon, lie on each side of the entrance of the crypt that leads to his tomb.

"In the afternoon we went to the Hôtel des Invalides, which contains 3,000 old soldiers. Those who were wounded in the Crimean campaign are, however, nearly all sent to their own homes with an allowance of six hun

dred francs." Count Moltke, Trans.

"The dome of the Invalides rises upon the eye from all parts of Paris, à perfect model of proportion

and beauty. It was this which Bona parte ordered to be gilded, to divert the people from thinking too much upon his defeat. . The interior of the dome is vast, and of a splendid style of architecture; and out from one of its sides extends a superb chapel hung all round with the tattered flags taken in his victories alone." N. P. Willis.

The Lion [of St. Mark's] has lost nothing by his journey to the Invalides but the Gospel which supported the paw that is now on a level with the other foot.

Byron.

The beautiful sarcophagus of Scipio, the silent soldier of the Invalides, yet speaks in graceful epitaphs. H. T. Tuckerman. I walked the day out, listening to the chink

Of the first Napoleon's dry bones, as they lay

In his second grave beneath the golden
dome

That caps all Paris like a bubble.
Mrs. Browning.

Inverary Castle. A baronial mansion near Inverary, Scotland, the seat of the Duke of Argyle. Inverleithen.

A watering-place at the junction of the Leithen Water and Tweed, somewhat celebrated for its mineral springs. This spot is the scene of “St. Ronan's Well."

Inverna. The name given in some parts of Italy to a wind blowing from the south.

Investigator, The. An Arctic exploring ship, the companion ship to the Enterprise, in Sir James Ross's expedition, set sail from England in 1848.

Invincible Armada. See ARMADA, THE INVINCIBLE.

Io and Jupiter. A picture by Antonio Allegri, surnamed Correggio (1494-1534). In the Museum of Berlin, Prussia. The head of this picture, which was formerly in the Orleans Gallery, was cut out by the son of its owner, the Duke of Orleans, "because it was too voluptuous in expression." Another was substituted by Prud'hon. A replica of this picture, or what is believed to be such, is in the gallery at Vienna, Austria.

Ireland Yard. A locality in London, England. So called from

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famous crown, consisting of "a broad fillet of gold, within which runs a thin circlet or hoop of iron, formed of one of the nails of the Holy Cross beaten out." It is said to have been brought from the Holy Land by the Empress Helena. As many as 34 kings, including the emperors Charles V. and Napoleon Bonaparte, have been crowned with it. Until the year 1859 it was kept in the Chapel of the Holy Nail (Santo Chiodo) in the Cathedral of St. John, in Monza, Italy; but it is now preserved in the Belvedere Museum at Vienna, Austria, the model alone being shown at Monza.

Iron Gates. A celebrated pass on the Lower Danube, near Gladova, where a spur of the Transylvanian Alps nearly barricades the river.

"A mile and a half of slow, trembling, exciting progress, and we have mounted the heaviest grade; but six hours of the same tremendous scenery awaits us. We pierce yet sublimer solitudes, and look on pictures of precipice and piled rock, of cavern and yawning gorge, and mountain walls, almost shutting out the day, such as no other river in Europe can show."

Bayard Taylor.

Iron Mask. A black mask, not of iron, as the popular name would imply, but of black velvet, stiffened with whalebone, and fastened behind the head with a padlock or by steel springs. It owes its celebrity to the fact that in the reign of Louis XIV. it served to conceal the features of the mysterious state prisoner of France, known in consequence as the Man with the Iron Mask (L'Homme au Masque de Fer), about whom there has been much difference of opinion, and whose identity has never been satisfactorily determined. He was secretly conveyed, about 1679, wear

ing this mask as a disguise, to the castle of Pignerol. In 1686 he was removed to the isle of Sainte Marguerite, and in 1698 was carried to the Bastille, where he died in 1703. He was always treated with great respect and courtesy, but was continually watched, and during all these years of imprisonment was never seen without the concealment of the Iron Mask.

He has been variously conjectured to have been a son of Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin (Gibbon argues in favor of this theory); a twin brother of Louis XIV. (Voltaire, among others, adopts this view); the Duke of Monmouth; and Fouquet. Among these and other suppositions, the one now generally received is, that the disguised prisoner was a Count Matthioli, a minister of Charles III., Duke of Mantua. Delort and Lord Dover adopted this explanation, which is favored in Topin's "Man with the Iron Mask," 1869, but disputed by other recent writers. Another theory is, that he was a conspirator against Louis XIV., known as Lefroid. Iung holds this view in his "La Vérité sur le Masque de Fer," Paris, 1873; but the whole matter is involved in entire uncertainty. Dumas has a story concerning this famous prisoner, entitled "The Iron Mask."

It varied, till I don't think his own mother (If that he had a mother) would her son Have known, he shifted so from one to

t'other;

Till guessing from a pleasure grew a task, At this epistolary "Iron Mask." Byron. Iron Virgin. [Ger. Die Eiserne Jungfrau.] A famous instrument of torture, of a kind not uncommon in the Middle Ages, still existing in Nuremberg, Germany. It represents a girl of the fifteenth century. The front, when opened by a spring, discloses the interior lined with pointed spikes which pierced the victim who was forced into it. Beneath is a trap-door into which the body fell.

Ironmongers' Hall. The building of the Ironmongers' Company, one of the old London city companies. In Fenchurch Street. Isaac of York. A painting by Washington Allston (1779-1843).

Now in the Museum of Fine Arts,
Boston, Mass.

Isaac, Sacrifice of. See SACRIFICE
OF ISAAC.

Isabella. A portrait of Isabella, Governess of the Low Countries, by Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641). There are several portraits of this princess by this painter, the best being the one now in the Vienna Gallery.

Isaiah. A picture of the prophet on a pillar of the church of S. Augustine, Rome.

"In the church of the Augus tines is Raphael's inimitable fresco of Isaiah,- a work sufficient of itself to have crowned his name with immortality. The fire and fervor of the prophet beam from that inspired and holy coun tenance. Even in force and sublimity it will bear a comparison with the Prophets and Sibyls which Michael Angelo has left in the Sistine Chapel."

Eaton.

Isaiah's Tree. An ancient and venerable mulberry tree in Jerusalem, its trunk propped up by a pile of stones, and deriving its name from the circumstance that it, according to tradition, marks the spot where Manasseh caused the prophet Isaiah to be sawn in

two.

Isis, Temple of. See TEMPLE OF Isis.

Isle of Dogs. An island-formerly a peninsula, but made an island by a canal cut in 1800-lying in the river Thames, and constituting a part of London. The name is said by some to be a corruption from the Isle of Ducks, from the numbers of wild fowl formerly upon it.

Granted, the ship comes into harbor with shrouds and tackle damaged; and the pilot is therefore blame-worthy, for he has not been all-wise and all-powerful: but to know how blameworthy, tell us first whether his voyage has been round the Gloe, or only to Ramsgate and the Isle of Dogs. Carlyle.

Isle. See ILE.

Islington. Now a part of London, but originally two miles north of the town. Said to be so called

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from Isheldun, the Lower Fortress. Before the reign of James I. it was a favorite place for the practise of archery. Macaulay, speaking of this now populated district, says, that in the time of Charles I. Islington was almost a solitude; and poets loved to contrast its silence and repose with the din and turmoil of the monster London. [Also called Iseldon, Yseldon, Eyseldon, Isondon, Isendune.]

Hogsdone, Islington, and Tothnam Court,
For cakes and creame had then no small
resort.
Wither (1628).

Let but thy wicked men from out thee [London] go,

And all the fools that crowd thee so, Ev'n thou, who dost thy millions boast, A village less than Islington will grow, A solitude almost. Cowley.

London has got a great way from the

streame.

I think she means to go to Islington.
To eat a dish of strawberries and creame.
Thomas Freeman's Epigrams (1614).

"It used to be called Merry Islington once upon a time. Perhaps it's merry now if so, it's all the better."- Toin Pinch. Dickens.

Tom, Tom, of Islington.
Married a wife on Sunday:
Brought her home on Monday;
Hired a house on Tuesday:
Fed her well on Wednesday;
Sick was she on Thursday;
Dead was she on Friday;
Sad was Tom on Saturday,
To bury his wife on Sunday.
Mother Goose.

Isly, Battle of. See BATTLE OF
ISLY.

Isnah, Temple of.
OF ISNAH.

See TEMPLE

Isola Bella. [The beautiful island.] An island (one of the socalled Borromean Isles) upon Lago Maggiore, famed for its beauty.

O fairy island of a fairy sea,
Wherein Calypso might have spelled the
Greek,

Or Flora piled her fragrant treasury
Lord Lytton.

Isola Bella, Palace and Gardens of. A famous show-palace, with a delightful prospect and elaborate pleasure-grounds, on the island of Isola Bella (one of the socalled Borromean İsles) in Lago Maggiore, Italy.

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