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Constantine. There is a close resemblance between the basreliefs on this arch representing the trophies brought from Jerusalem, and the account of them given by the Jewish historian Josephus.

"The Arch of Titus-the most ancient and perhaps the most faultless of the Triumphal Arches-was the work of an age when the arts, which in the age of Domitian had degenerated from their ancient simplicity into a style of false and meretricious ornament, had revived in their fullest purity and vigor, beneath the patronage of Trajan. But we now see it to great disadvantage. The hand of Time has robbed it of much of its ancient beauty, his 'effacing fingers' have obliterated much of the expression and grace and even outline of the bas-reliefs, the design and composition of which we can yet admire." Eaton.

"Over the half-worn pavement, and beneath this arch, the Roman armies had trodden in their outward march to fight battles, a world's width away. Returning victorious, with royal captives and inestimable spoil, a Roman triumph, that most gorgeous pageant of earthly pride, has streamed and flaunted in hundred-fold succession over these same flagstones and through this yet stalwart archway."

Hawthorne.

"The Arch of Titus is the most graceful in its form of all the Roman arches... The Jews to this day, it is said, never pass under this arch; avoiding the sight of this mournful record of the downfall of their country and the desecration of their religion." Hillard.

I stood beneath the Arch of Titus long; On Hebrew forms there sculptured long I pored;

Titus! a a loftier arch than thine hath spanned

Rome and the world with empery and law; Thereof each stone was hewn from Israel! Aubrey de Vere.

Arch of Trajan. 1. A fine relic of Roman times at Benevento, Italy. The arch, which is nearly perfect, is now called the Porta Aurea.

2. An old Roman triumphal arch in Ancona, Italy. Archery Guild. [Dutch, het Doclenstück.] A celebrated picture by Bartholomew van der Helst (1613-1670), the Dutch painter.

It is now in the Amsterdam Gallery. There is a replica of the same now in the Louvre in Paris. Archimedes, The. The first vessel propelled by a screw. She was built by the English Admiralty in 1838, and made her first trip in 1839.

Arctic, The. A vessel of the Collins line of transatlantic steamers which sank in 1854, with a loss of many lives, in consequence of a collision with the Vesta.

"In that mysterious shroud, that vast atmosphere of mist, both steamers were holding their way with rushing prow and roaring wheels, but invisible. At a league's distance, unconscious, and at nearer approach, unwarned; within hail, and bearing right towards each other, unseen, unfelt, till in a moment more, emerging from the gray mists, the ill-omened Vesta dealt her deadly stroke to the Arctic... In a wild scramble that ignoble mob of firemen, engineers, waiters, and crew, rushed for the boats, and abandoned the helpless women, children, and men, to the mercy of the deep! Four hours there were from the catastrophe of collision to the catastrophe of SINKING!" H. W. Beecher.

Ardennes. [Written also poetically Arden.] An ancient forest of vast extent in Belgium and the North of France, of which but little remains at the present time. The Forest of Arden is familiar to readers of "As You Like It." There was an ancient forest named Arden in the central part of England, which has now entirely disappeared. Shakespeare's "Arden" is by some identified with the English for

est.

"The wood of Soignies is sup posed to be a remnant of the forest of Ardennes, famous in Boiardo's Orlando, and immortal in Shakespeare's As You Like It.' It is also celebrated in Tacitus as being the spot of successful defence by the Germans against the Roman encroachments." Byron.

Oli. Where will the old Duke live?

Cha. They say he is already in the Forest of Arden, and a many merry men with him; and there they live like the old Robin Hood of England." Shakespeare.

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Ardfert Abbey. An interesting and picturesque monastic ruin in the county of Kerry, Ireland, near Tralee, of high antiquity. Ardtornish Castle. An ancient ruined castle of the fourteenth century, in the island of Mull, formerly a place of great consequence as a stronghold, and as the headquarters of the "Lords of the Isles." Its situation, on a low basaltic promontory overlooking the sea, is very picturesque. [Written also Artornish and Ardtonish.]

Ardtornish on her frowning steep. "Twixt cloud and ocean hung. Scott. Wake, Maid of Lorn! the minstrels sung. Thy rugged halls, Artornish, rung; And the dark seas thy towers that lave, Heaved on the beach a softer wave. Ibid. Arena, The [of Arles]. A Roman ruin in the city of Arles, France. This amphitheatre is thought to have surpassed in the days of its splendor that at Nîmes.

There, the huge Coliseum's tawny brick, The twin arcs hand in hand. But there is one

In mine own country I saw clearer yet. Thou art the Arles arena in my eyes, Great ruin! Aubanel, Trans.

Arena, The [of Nîmes]. A remarkable Roman ruin at Nîmes, in Southern France. The amphitheatre is 437 feet long, 332 feet broad, and 72 feet high, and is one of the finest remains of the kind in existence.

"Rousseau, in the last century, complained of the neglected state in which the arenas of Nimes were allowed to lie. . . . Not till the year 1810 was an act passed for the clearing of this great amphitheatre, and now there is no ob struction to the view. Situated in the middle of the town, and not far from the ancient wall, the arenas [Fr. Les Arenes] of Nimes have long been fa

mous for their size and preservation. They are supposed to be contempora neous with the Coliseum. The interior presents only a picturesque mass of ruins, but the principal parts may even yet be easily distinguished."

Le Fevre, Trans. Donald. "If the arena of Arles is better preserved in the interior, the wall of that of Nimes is more intact, and its crown has not suffered so much. . . . Taken together these two amphitheatres furnish almost complete details of the construction of these buildings, the purpose of which, and their gigantic proportions, argue a state of things so different from our own." Mérimée.

Arena, The [of Verona]. A celebrated Roman ruin in Verona, Italy, being an amphitheatre of the age probably of Diocletian, and in a remarkable state of preservation. It is still used for theatrical purposes.

"In the midst of Verona is the great Roman amphitheatre. So well preserved, and carefully maintained, that every row of seats is there, unbroken. Over certain of the arches the old Roman numerals may yet be seen; and there are corridors, and staircases, and subterranean passages for beasts, and winding ways above ground and below, as when the fierce thousands hurried in and out, intent upon the bloody shows of the arena." Dickens.

"The amphitheatre is interesting from the excellent preservation in which the interior still continues. We see here that root of utility out of which the flower architecture springs. The idea of an amphitheatre is simply that of a building in which he who is the most distant, in a horizontal line, shall have the highest place. This is the way in which a crowd, on any occasion of interest, dispose themselves. The amphitheatre is still used for public exhibitions. I could not help thinking what a capital place it would be for a political caucus or a mass-meeting. It will hold twenty-two thousand spectators." Hillard.

"The arena of this amphitheatre [at Verona] is very nearly perfect, owing to the care taken of it during the Middle Ages, when it was often used for tournaments and other spectacles. Its dimensions are 502 feet by 401, and 98 feet high, in three stories, beautifully proportioned." Fergusson.

"This edifice seen from above looks like an extinct crater. If one desires to build for eternity it must be in this fashion." Taine, Trans.

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"Above the steps [by which the hill is ascended], on the rocky pavement of the hill, are the stone seats on which the court of the Areopagus sits. In this spot, distinguished by rude simplicity, is assembled the council by whose predecessors heroes and deities are said to have been judged, and whose authority commands respect and enforces obedience when other means fail, and whose wisdom has saved their country in times of difficulty and danger, when there appeared to be no long. er any opportunity for deliberation."

C. Wordsworth.

Then Paul stood in the midst of Mars' Hill. and said, Ye men of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye are too superstitious. Acts xvii. 22. Pallas in figures wrought the heavenly powers,

And Mars's Hill among the Athenian towers. Ovid, Trans.

Arethusa, Fountain of. See FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. Argus, The. A noted vessel of the United States Navy, built at Washington, and in service in the war of 1812. She was captured by the English Pelican, Aug. 14, 1813.

Argyll House. A mansion in Argyll Street, London, formerly the residence of the Duke of Argyll, taken down in 1862.

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Ariadne. A well-known and much admired group of statuary, representing Ariadne on a panther, by Johann Heinrich Dannecker (1758-1841). In the Ariadneum, or Museum of Bethmann, in Frankfort-on-the-Main.

Ariadne. See BACCHUS AND ARI

ADNE.

Ariosto's House. The house of the poet (1474-1533) is still standing in the Via dei Ariostei, Ferrara, Italy.

Arkansas, The. A monster armorplated "ram" of the Confederate Navy, in the war of the Rebellion. Her mission was to "drive the Yankees from New Orleans." For that purpose she went down the river; but encountering the three Union gunboats, the Essex, Cayuga, and Sumter, she was driven ashore and set on fire. Arkhangelski Sabor. MICHAEL'S.

See ST

Arles Amphitheatre [or Arena]. See ARENA. Arlington House. A noted mansion on the heights opposite Washington, D.C., overlooking the Potomac. It was once the property of Gen. Washington, who left it to his adopted son, George Washington Parke Custis, from whom it descended to Robert E. Lee, the General of the

Confederate Army. During the war of the Rebellion the estate was a camp-ground for the Federal troops, and the house was occupied as a headquarters. In 1863 the place was sold, and came into the possession of the United States.

Armada,

The Spanish. This famous naval armament, or expedition, known as the Invincible Armada, was collected by Philip II. of Spain, and by him sent against England in 1588. The Armada, consisting of 130 ships, about 2,500 great guns, nearly 5,000 quintals of powder, about 20,000 soldiers, besides volunteers, and more than 8,000 sailors, arrived in the Channel on the 19th of July, and in the first engagement was defeated by the English fleet, which was commanded by Howard, Drake, Frobisher, and others. Several of the Spanish vessels were captured, and others destroyed. Afterwards fire-ships were sent into the Spanish fleet, which caused so much alarm that the Armada puto sea in disorder, closely pursued by the English fleet, which attacked it so vigorously and kept up so persistent an engagement that the immense armament was fairly routed. A number of the Spanish ships were destroyed, many were injured, a large number of men were killed; and the Spanish commanders received such a fright that they did not dare return home the way they had come, but resolved to sail through the North Sea and round Scotland to avoid risking another engagement. In this passage they suffered from storms and disasters, many of the vessels were wrecked, and of the whole fleet but 53 shattered vessels and a little more than one-third of the army reached Spain. The attack of the Armada cost the English only one ship.

"There was never any thing that pleased me better than seeing the enemy flying with a southerly wind to the northward." Drake.

Armadale Castle. The seat of Lord Macdonald in the island of Skye, one of the Hebrides. Armenian Convent [in Jerusa lem]. This conventual establishment, which is the most aristocratic in Syria, was formerly the property of the Georgians, by whom it was founded in the eleventh century. The convent has accommodations for three thousand pilgrims. Here are reputed to be the tomb of St. James, the stone which closed the Holy Sepulchre, the spot where Peter denied the Saviour, and the court where the cock crew. It contains a very gorgeous chapel. The Armenian Patriarchs of Jerusalem are buried here. Armourers' Hall. The building of the Armourers' Company, one of the old city companies of London. In Coleman Street. Armoury. See HORSE Armoury.

Army and Navy Club. A house opposite the War Office, in Pall Mall, London, opened in 1851, is occupied by this well-known club. It is a superb edifice, and, including the land, cost not far from £100,000. In 1837, Sir Edward Barnes and others originated the idea of founding a military club; and the Duke of Wellington became a patron, under the stipulation that the navy and marines should be included in the scheme of the club.

Arnolfini, Jean. See JEAN ARN

OLFINI.

Arnstein Abbey. An ancient ruined monastery with a church still preserved of the fourteenth century, near Dietz, in Germany. Arques Castle. A ruined fortress a few miles from Dieppe, France. It was an important stronghold in the Middle Ages. Under its walls Henri IV. gained a great victory over the army of the League.

Arrotino, L'. [The Slave sharpening his Knife.] An ancient statue, now in the Uffizi Palace, Florence. The figure is repre

THUR'S PALACE.

sented as suspending his employ- | Arthur's Palace. See KING ARment, and looking up as if to listen to something that is said to him. [Often called the KnifeGrinder.]

"I found in the figure of the Knife-Grinder quite a new revelation of the power of art. As is well known, this statue is an enigma, to which no satisfactory solution has ever been of fered. Indeed, whether he is whetting his knife seems somewhat doubtful. But as to its power there can be no doubt. The figure is unideal, and the face and head coarse; but every line glows with the fire of truth. . . . It seemed to me that a single look at this figure had given me a new insight into Roman life and manners, as if one of Terence's characters had been turned into marble for my benefit." Hillard.

To be made a living statue of,- nothing to do but strike an attitude. Arm up -so-like the one in the Garden. John of Bologna's Mercury-thus-on one foot. Needy knife-grinder in the Tribune at Florence. No, not "needy," come to think of it.

Holmes.

Arsenal of Venice. This interesting structure is a work of the fourteenth century, of great extent, and containing many memorials of the early power and naval supremacy of Venice.

"No reader of Dante will fail to pay a visit to the Arsenal, from which, in order to illustrate the terrors of his 'Inferno,' the great poet drew one of those striking and picturesque images, characteristic alike of the boldness and the power of his genius. Besides, it is the most characteristic and impressive spot in Venice. The Ducal Palace and St. Mark's are sym bols of pride and pomp, but the strength of Venice resided here.

Here was the index-hand which marked the culmination and decline of her Hillard. greatness."

As in the Arsenal of the Venetians
Boils in the winter the tenacious pitch
To smear their unsound vessels o'er again.
Dante, Longfellow's Trans.

Arsenal. See BIBLIOTHÈQUE DE
L'ARSENAL.

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Arthur's

Round Table. See ROUND TABLE and KING ARTHUR'S ROUND TABLE.

Arthur's Seat. An eminence in Edinburgh, Scotland, 820 feet in height, the most conspicuous feature in the view of the city. It derives its name from Prince Arthur.

"Arthur's Seat, a huge doubleheaded hill, presenting, from some directions, peculiar resemblance to a recumbent lion." J. F. Hunnewell.

Whose muse, whose cornemuse sounds with such plaintive music from Arthur's Seat. while... the mermaids come flapping up to Leith shore to hear the exquisite music? Thackeray.

Why do the injured unresisting yield
The calm possession of their native field?
Why tamely thus before their fangs re-
treat,

Nor hunt the bloodhounds back to Ar-
thur's Seat?
Byron.

Traced like a map the landscape lies,
In cultured beauty stretching wide;
There ocean with its azure tide;
There Arthur's Seat.

D. M. Moir.

Artist and the Easel. A picture by Adrian van Ostade (1610-1683), the Dutch genre-painter, and considered one of his chief works. In the Dresden Gallery.

Artornish Castle. See ARDTORNISH CASTLE.

Arundel Castle. An ancient baronial mansion, the property of the Duke of Norfolk, situated on the River Arun, in Sussex, England. There are references to it as early as the time of King Alfred. The castle stands upon a knoll overlooking the sea. Of the original structure, the gateway, part of the walls, and the keep are still standing. The latter, which is covered with ivy, is a stone tower of a circular form, 68 feet in diameter, and is one of the most interesting feudal remains in England. The castle was mainly in ruins till 1815, when it was restored by the owner at great expense. The buildings and grounds are magnificent.

Arundel House. A celebrated mansion which formerly stood in the Strand, London, and was

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