Julian's attempt to rebuild it. Here Omar built a small mosque which still exists, but all the traditions of the place have become so confused by subsequent interchanges between the Christians and themselves that it is difficult to say whether it is the chamber bearing the name on the east of the Mosque of the Monegrins, or to the west. might be expected from the simplicity of Omar's character, his poverty, and his hatred of every thing like ostentation, his mosque is a very simple building." Fergusson.

As

The Mosque of Omar is the St. Peter's of Turkey. Sir Frederick Henniker.

Mosque of Sultan el Hákem. The oldest mosque but one at Cairo, Egypt. It affords an example of the early use of the pointed arch in Saracenic buildings, the time of its erection being nearly two centuries earlier than the general adoption of that style of architecture in England.

Mosque of Sultan Hassan. [Jáma-t-es Soltán Hassan.] This mosque at Cairo, Egypt, the finest in the city, was begun in 1357, and finished three years later. It is much admired for its architecture.

Motee Musjeed.
MOSQUE.

cetic retreats, Mount Athos, together with the peninsula upon which it stands, is known in the Levant as the Holy Mountain (Aylov Opos, Monto Santo).

Mount Auburn. An extensive and beautiful cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., the first of the large country cemeteries of the United States. It was consecrated in 1831. The grounds are laid out with great taste, and contain many fine and costly monuments. The place was formerly known as "Sweet Auburn."

4"What parent, as he conducts
his son to Mount Auburn or to Bunker
Hill, will not, as he pauses before their
monumental statues, seek to heighten
his reverence for virtue, for patriotism,
for science, for learning, for devotion
to the public good, as he bids him con-
template the form of that grave and
venerable Winthrop, who left his pleas
ant home in England to come and found
a new republic in this untrodden wilder
ness; of that ardent and intrepid Otis,
who first struck out the spark of Ameri
can independence; of that noble Adams,
its most eloquent champion on the floor
of Congress; of that martyr Warren,
who laid down his life in its defence;
of that self-taught Bowditch, who,
without a guide, threaded the starry
mazes of the heavens; of that Story,
honored at home and abroad as one of
the brightest luminaries of the law,
and by a felicity of which I believe
there is no other example, admirably
portrayed in marble by his son?"
Edward Everett.

I thought of a mound in sweet Auburn,
Where a little headstone stood;
How the flakes were folding it gently,
As did robins the babes in the wood.
Lowell.

Mount Calvary. See CALVARY.

TRIE.

Mount Athos, Monasteries of. The sides of this mountain, Mount Athos, in Turkey, are occupied by 22 convents, together with many cells, grottos, etc., affording a habitation to more than 3,000 monks. Most of these convents were founded in the time of the Byzantine Empire, some in the time of Constantine the Great. From the multitude of these as

A

Mount Holyoke Seminary. well-known school for young women, founded in 1836. It is situated in South Hadley, Mass. Mount Hood. A well-known picture by Albert Bierstadt (b. 1829). Mount Hope. An eminence in Bristol County, R.I., nearly opposite what is now called Fall River, Mass., and celebrated as the residence of King Philip, the chief of the Indian tribe of the Wampanoags, who carried on the long and destructive war with the early settlers of New England, which broke out in 1675, and is known as "King Philip's War."

"Near the brow of the hill, Philip fixed his wigwam and held his dusky court. He has had Irving for his biographer, Southey for his bard, and Forrest for his ideal representa. tive. In his own time he was the pub. lic enemy whom any should slay: in ours he is considered a martyr to the idea of liberty-his idea of liberty not differing from that of Tell and Toussaint, whom we call heroes." Drake.

4"As Philip looked down from his seat on Mount Hope, that glorious eminence, that

-throne of royal state, which far Outshone the wealth of Ormus and of Ind, Or where the gorgeous East, with richest hand,

Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.'

as he looked down, and beheld the lovely scene which spread beneath, at a summer sunset, the distant hill-tops glittering as with fire, the slanting beams streaming across the waters, the broad plains, the island groups, the majestic forest,could he be blamed if his heart burned within him, as he

beheld it all passing, by no tardy process, from beneath his control, into the hands of the stranger?"

Edward Everett. Mount Lander. A well-known picture by Albert Bierstadt (b. 1829).

Mount Mario. See MONTE MARIO. Mount of Precipitation. A lo

cality fixed upon by monastic tradition in the immediate vicinity of Nazareth in northern Palestine, as the spot to which Jesus was taken by the Jews, with a design to cast him down "from the brow of the hill." Mount Pleasant. An old colonial house in what is now Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Penn. was built in 1761, and was owned for a time by Benedict Arnold, having been confiscated after his act of treason.

It

Mount St. Michael. A renowned castle-convent, situated upon the summit of a picturesque isolated rock of the same name rising out of a wide expanse of sands in Normandy, France. This shrine of the Archangel Michael has been for centuries the resort of thousands of pious worshippers including many royal pilgrims. The convent bore the name of the Marvel, from the immense size and strength of its walls. During the Revolution it was turned into a prison. St. Michael's Mount in Cornwall was a dependency of this monastery.

From various letters which my friend had written me from this proud eminence, I had formed a very distinct idea of the place. I had imagined a hill not unlike Mount St. Michel, my friend's house answering to the monastery on the top.

Harper's Magazine.

Mount Sinai (Convent). See ST. CATHERINE.

Mount Valerien. See MONT VALÉRIEN.

Mount Vernon. The estate and home of George Washington, in Fairfax County, Va., about 15 miles below the city of Washington. It was named after Admiral

Vernon of the British navy. The mansion contains many interesting relics connected with Washington, and among others the key of the Bastille which was presented to him by Lafayette. In 1856 the house with six acres of land was purchased by the Ladies' Mount Vernon Association, and is now the property of the nation.

Tell me, ye who make your pious pilgrimage to the shades of Vernon, is Washington indeed shut up in that cold and narrow house? That which made these men, and men like these, cannot die.

Edward Everett.

The tree whose branches in your north winds wave

Dropped its young blossoms on Mount Vernon's grave. Whittier.

As from the grave where Henry sleeps, From Vernon's weeping willow, And from the grassy pall which hides The Sage of Monticello. Whittier. Mount Zion. The chief and most

interesting of the hills upon which Jerusalem is built. It is the oldest part of the city, the first upon which buildings were erected.

Sing, heavenly Muse, that on the secret top

Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire That shepherd, who first taught the chosen serd

In the beginning how the heavens and earth

Rose out of Chaos; or if Sion hill Delight thee more, and Siloa's brook that flowed

Fast by the oracle of God, I thence Invoke thy aid to my adventurous song. Milton.

Mountain of Light. See KоHI

NOOR.

Mourning Bush. An ancient and celebrated tavern in Aldersgate, London.

Mousa Castle. A Pictish castle on one of the Orkney Islands, said to be "perhaps the most perfect Teutonic fortress now extant in Europe."

Mouse-tower, The. [Ger. Mäusethurm.] A tower on an island in the Rhine, supposed to have been erected in the Middle Ages by some of the robber-knights of the Rhine. The ruins have been covered with stucco, and con

verted into a watch-tower. It derives its name from the legend of the cruel Archbishop Hatto of Mayence. According to the story, as told by Southey in his familiar ballad, the Bishop, having burned alive a barnful of starving poor in order to rid himself of their importunities for food from his well-furnished granaries, was punished for his cruel act by being devoured by a whole army of rats in his tower on the Rhine, to which he had fled for safety. "Fly! my Lord Bishop, fly," quoth he, Ten thousand rats are coming this WAY

The Lord forgive you for yesterday!' "I'll go to my tower on the Rhine," replied he.

"Tis the safest place in Germany;

The walls are high, and the shores are steep,

And the stream is strong, and the water deep!" Southey.

"It appears to have been built
in the thirteenth century by a Bishop
Siegfried (full 200 years after the death
of Bishop Hatto), along with the oppo-
site castle of Ehrenfels, as a watch-
tower and toll-house for collecting the
duties upon all goods which passed the
spot. The word maus is probably only
an older form of mauth, duty or toll:
and this name, together with the very
unpopular object for which the tower
was erected, perhaps gave rise to the
dolorous story of Bishop Hatto and the
rats."
Murray's Handbook.

From my study I see in the lamp-light,
Descending the broad hall-stair,
Grave Alice, and laughing Allegra,
And Edith with golden hair.

They almost devour me with kisses;
Their arms about me intwine,
Till I think of the Bishop of Bingen
In his Mouse-Tower on the Rhine.

Longfellow. Moyamensing Prison. A massive prison in Philadelphia, Penn. Mozart Hall. A building in Cincinnati, O., devoted to lectures and concerts.

Mozzi, Villa. See VILLA Mozzi. Mucross Abbey. A beautiful and famed monastery, now in ruins, situated in the county of Kerry, Ireland. It is of the fourteenth century. The best-preserved portion is the cloister, which consists of 22 arches. The whole area is

covered by a magnificent yewtree of a growth of centuries.

Muezzin, The. A picture by Jean Léon Gérôme (b. 1824), the French painter.

Mug-house Clubs. The Mug-house

club was one of the most popular clubs in London early in the eighteenth century. The house in Long Acre derived its name from the fact that each member drank his ale from a separate mug. After a time other similar clubs were formed, and they became intimately connected with political events. Their tumults and struggles with the Jacobites culminated in the serious Mug-house riots of the year 1716. The Mughouse club in Long Acre, though subsequently a political rendezvous, was not such at first, and is said to have consisted of gentlemen, lawyers, and statesmen. The Club in its early days is thus described: "They have a grave old Gentleman, in his own gray Hairs, now within a few months of Ninety years old, who is their President, and sits in an arm'd chair some steps higher than the rest of the company to keep the whole Room in order. A Harp plays all the time at the lower end of the Room; and every now and then one or other of the Company rises and entertains the rest with a song, and (by the by) some are good Masters. Here is nothing drunk but ale; and every Gentleman hath his separate Mug, which he chalks on the Table where he sits as it is brought in; and every one retires when he pleases as from a Coffee-house. The Room is always so diverted with Songs, and drinking from one Table to another to one another's Healths, that there is no room for Politicks, or any thing that can sow'r conversation."

Mulberry Garden. A celebrated place of resort and entertainment in London in the seventeenth century, now included in the gardens of Buckingham Palace.

Muleteer, The. A picture by An tonio Allegri, surnamed Correggio (1494-1534). In the gallery of Stafford House, London.

Mulets, Grands. See GRANDS MU

LETS.

Mulino, Il. See MILL, THE. Mungret Priory. An interesting monastic ruin in the county of Limerick, Ireland. It is said to have been founded by St. Patrick, and is undoubtedly of high antiquity.

Münster Congress. A picture by Gerard Terburg (1608-1681), the Dutch genre-painter, and considered one of his masterpieces. It was sold at the Demidoff sale for 182,000 francs, and is now in the National Gallery, London.

Murder of the Innocents. See MASSACRE OF THE INNOCENTS.

Muro Torto. A piece of broken wall in the garden of the Pincian Hill.

"At the farthest point of the Pincio you look down from the parapet upon the Muro Torto, a massive fragment of the oldest Roman wall, which juts over, as if ready to tumble down by its own weight, yet seems still the most indestructible piece of work that men's hands have ever piled together."

Hawthorne, The Marble Faun.

Hence turning to the right out of the Porto del Popolo, we came to Justinian's garden neere the Muro Torto, so prominently built as threatening every moment to fall, yet standing so for these thousand years. John Evelyn, 1644.

"Vainly have the antiquaries puzzled themselves to conceive them with what intention, or by whom, this piece of deformity was made, whether originally built in this strange shape, or whether fallen into it by time or accident." Eaton.

Musée du Louvre. A vast collec

tion of works of art in Paris, occupying almost the whole of the Louvre Palace and Louvre Gallery. See LOUVRE.

4"As a whole it is perhaps the finest, and as regards numbers the largest in Europe, although it must yield in Italian art to those of the Vatican and Florence; in Dutch, to those of the

Hague, Amsterdam, and Antwerp; in Roman antiquities, to the Museums of the Capitol and Vatican at Rome, and to that of Naples; and in Greek sculpture, to the British Museum. Most of the objects are set out and exhibited to the best advantage in splendid rooms. Under Napoleon III. the whole was re-arranged, whilst very great additions were made in every department, espe cially in the Egyptian, Assyrian, and Etruscan, among them the magnificent collections of the Marquis Campana, of Rome, purchased in 1861 for nearly 200,0007., which form the most important portion of the Musée Napoléon III." Murray's Handbook.

Musée du Luxembourg. [Museum of the Luxembourg.] A gallery of paintings in the Luxembourg Palace, Paris.

"This gallery contains what are considered to be the best works of living French painters; at the expiration of ten years from the death of an artist, his works may be transferred to the Louvre. This gallery dates from 1818, and the works have been mostly purchased after the annual exhibitions under the selection of a jury composed chiefly of members of the Institute. Until lately the pictures selected were almost entirely of the school of the Empire and Restoration - enormous classical or academic subjects. Of late, however, this system has been departed from, and the collection is now a fairer representation of the French school of the day."

Murray's Handbook.

Museo, El. [The Museum.] The royal picture-gallery of Madrid, Spain, and one of the richest collections in the world. Of the building, Fergusson says, "If not quite successful in design, it has so many good points about it as to be well worthy of study." The gallery contains a vast number of pictures by Spanish and Italian artists.

Museo Borbonico. [Bourbon Museum.] A celebrated museum of antiquities, sculptures, paintings, gems, etc., in Naples, Italy. It received its name from Ferdinand I., in 1816, who placed in it the royal collections of antiquities and pictures. The greater part of the relics found at Herculaneum and Pompeii are deposited here. This museum is now called Museo Nazionale.

A mu

Museo Pio-Clementino. seum in the Vatican Palace at Rome, so called from the two popes Clement XIV. and Pius VI., who made large donations to it. It contains the most magnificent collection of ancient sculpture in the world, among which may be mentioned the Torso Belvedere, the Meleager, the Antinous, the Laocoon, and the Apollo Belvedere.

"This is by far the most extensive collection in the Vatican. Besides the Cortile of the Belvidere . . . it comprises the Hall of Animals, the Gallery of the Muses, the Circular Hall, the Hall of the Greek Cross, the Hall of the Biga, and the Grand Staircase. In point of architecture, these are the most splendid portions of the whole Vatican, and the visitor knows not which most to admire, the innumerable works of art which solicit bis attention, or the spacious courts, and the noble apartments around and in which they are distributed."

Hillard.

Museum, The. 1. This renowned institution at Alexandria, Egypt, was founded by Ptolemy Soter. Alexandria was a famous seat of learning, where for a long time flourished literature, science, and all branches of philosphy. Ac