cardinal virtues with their opposite vices. The interior is richly adorned with bas-reliefs, paintings, and sculptures, and magnificent rose-windows of stained glass, illustrating sacred history. The church is surrounded by 24 chapels. In one of the towers is a famous bell, weighing 32,000 pounds, which is rung only on very great occasions. This church has been often referred to of late years in connection with Père Hyacinthe, the distinguished monk and preacher, whose eloquence drew crowds within its walls until his independence and freedom of speech brought upon him the interdict of his superiors. The church has suffered from various alterations, and, in the time of the Revolution, from wanton desecration. It has, however, since 1845, been restored as nearly as possible in accordance with the old design. "We had been much disappointed at first by the apparently narrow limits of the interior of this famous church; but now, as we made our way round the choir, gazing into chapel after chapel, each with its painted window, its crucifix, its pictures, its confessional, and afterwards came back into the nave, where arch rises above arch to the lofty roof, we came to the conclusion that it was very sumpHawthorne. tuous." "The cathedral of Paris was designed at a time when the architects had not obtained that confidence in their own skill which made them afterwards complete masters of the constructive difficulties of the design. The cathedral has not internally the same grandeur as the other three [those at Amiens, Chartres, and Rheims], though externally there is a very noble simplicity of outline and appearance of solidity in the whole design." Fergusson. On Christmas day I went to see the Cathedrall of Notre Dame.. This is the prime church of France for dignity, having Archdeacons, Vicars, Canons, Priests, and Chaplai es in good store to the number of 127. It is also the palace of the Archbishop. The young king (Louis XIV.) wis there with a great and martial guard, who entered the Nave of the Church with drums and fifes, at the ceasing of which I was entertained with the church musiq. John Evelyn, Diary. Notre Dame [d'Amiens]. A magnificent Gothic church in Amiens, France, one of the finest church edifices in Europe. It was founded in 1220. It is larger than any cathedral in Europe except St. Peter's and Cologne. Its length is 469 feet, and the height of its spire 422 feet. It is dedicated to the Virgin. "The interior is one of the most magnificent spectacles that architectur al skill can ever have produced. The mind is filled and elevated by its enormous height, its lofty and many-colored clerestory, its grand proportions, its noble simplicity. Such terms will not be considered extravagant when it is recollected that the vault is half as high again as Westminster Abbey." Whewell. Notre Dame [de Rouen]. A fine Gothic church of the thirteenth century, in Rouen, France, dedicated to the Virgin. It abounds in profuse and elaborate ornamentation. Notre Dame. An immense church in Montreal, Can., the largest in America. It was built in 1824. It is 255 feet long and 145 feet wide, with a seating capacity of 10,000. It has two towers, in one of which hangs the largest bell on the continent. See GROS BOURDON. Notre Dame de Lorette. A gorgeously decorated modern church in Paris, begun in 1823, and built in imitation of the smaller Roman basilicas. Notte, La. [The Night.] A celebrated picture of the Nativity by Antonio Allegri, surnamed Correggio (1494-1534), remarkable for the striking effect produced by the light proceeding from the infant Saviour. This picture is in the Dresden Gallery. "Correggio has been much admired for representing in his famous Nativity the whole picture as lighted by the glory which proceeds from the divine Infant, as if the idea had been new and original. It occurs frequently before and since his time, and is founded upon the legendary story which describes the cave or stable filled with dazzling and supernatural light." Mrs. Jameson. "All the powers of art are here united to make a perfect work. Here the simplicity of the drawing of the Virgin and Child is shown in contrast with the foreshortening of the group of angels. The emitting the light from the body of the child, though a supernatural illusion, is eminently successful. The matchless beauty of the Virgin and Child, the group of angels overhead, the daybreak in the sky, and the whole arrangement of light and shade, give it a right to be considered, in conception at least, the greatest of his [Correggio's] works. . I consider it one of the first works the art of painting has to boast of." Wilkie. Nozze Aldobrandini. See ALDOBRANDINI MARRIAGE. Nozze di Cana. See MARRIAGE AT CANA. Nuova Gerusalemme. See MONTE SACRO. Nuremberg Eggs. The name by which are known two curious old watches in the Green Vault (Grüne Gewölbe) in Dresden. They are so called from their form and from the place in which they were made, in 1500. Nursery, The. A building in Golding Lane, London, erected during the reign of Charles II. as a school for the training of children for the stage. It was standing till the present century. Near these a Nursery erects its head, Where queens are formed, and future heroes bred, Where unfledged actors learn to laugh and cry, Where infant punks their tender voices try, And little Maximins the gods defy. Dryden. Nymphenburg. A royal palace in the immediate neighborhood of Munich, Bavaria. O. Oak Hill. A beautiful cemetery in tree of Guernica, Spain, cut down Oak of Guernica! Tree of holier power Heard from the depths of its aërial bower. Oak of Reformation. A tree in "The most exceptional monuments in the world, -the obelisks at Axum. . . . Its height [that of the one now standing] is 60 feet, its width at base nearly 10, and it is of one stone. The idea is evidently Egyptian, but the details are Indian. It is, in fact, an Indian nine-storied pagoda, translated in Egyptian in the first century of the Christian era! Fergusson. Obelisk of Heliopolis. This obelisk-the oldest in Egypt-which with some mounds is about all that remains of Heliopolis (that great seat of learning where Plato and Eudoxus lived and studied), is between 60 and 70 feet in height. Tradition speaks of another similar obelisk which stood opposite this, according to the Egyptian custom of placing them in pairs at the entrances of their temples. "A class of monuments almost exclusively Egyptian, are the obelisks, which form such striking objects in front of almost all the old temples of the country. . . . The two finest known to exist are, that now in the piazza of the Lateran, originally set up by Thotmes III., 105 feet in height, and that still existing at Karnac, erected by Thotmes I., 93 feet. Those of Luxor, erected by Rhamses the Great, one of which is now in Paris, are above 77 feet in height; and there are two others in Rome, each above 80 feet. Rome, indeed, has 12 of these monuments within her walls, a greater number than exist, erect at least, in the country whence they came. Their use seems to have been wholly that of monumental pillars recording the style and title of the king who erected them, his piety, and the proof he gave of it in dedicat ing these monoliths to the deity whom he especially wished to honor. With scarcely an exception all the pyramids are on the west side of the Nile, all the obelisks on the east. With regard to the former, this probably arose from a law of their existence, the western side of the Nile being in all ages preferred for sepulture; but with regard to the latter it seems to be accidental." Fergusson. Obelisk of Luxor. A magnificent monolith of red Egyptian granite in the Place de la Concorde, Paris. It was one of two obelisks of the same shape and size, erected in 1350 B.C., by Rameses the Great, at the entrance of the temple of Thebes (now Luxor). It was a gift to the French Government from Mohammed Ali, Pasha of Egypt; was removed with much difficulty, at a great cost; and was raised in its present position in 1836, by a very skilful feat of engineering, in the pres- | ence of Louis Philippe and 150,000 persons. The removal of this obelisk, which is 74 feet high and weighs 500,000 pounds, employed 800 men, and cost, including its elevation, £80,000. It was brought to France in a vessel especially built for the purpose. Obelisk of Orsotasen. One of the earliest and finest of the Egyptian obelisks, still standing at Heliopolis. It is inscribed with the name of Orsotasen, one of the greatest rulers of the twelfth dynasty. "It is 67 feet 4 inches in height, without the pyramidion which crowns it, and is a splendid block of granite, weighing 217 tons. It must have required immense skill to quarry it, to transport it from Syene, and finally, after finishing it, to erect it where it now stands and has stood for 4,500 years." Fergusson. Obelisk of St. Peter's, or of the Vatican. A celebrated Egyptian column of red granite, brought from Heliopolis to Rome by the Emperor Caligula, and now standing in front of St. Peter's Church. It is 132 feet in height, and its weight is 360 tons. Pliny says that the ship which brought the obelisk from Heliopolis was almost as long as "the left side of the port of Ostia." It was successfully set up in its present position by Domenico Fontana, and it is about the raising of this obelisk that the following familiar story is told. The ceremony having been preceded by high mass in St. Peter's, and solemn benediction having been pronounced upon Fontana and the workmen, the Pope ordered that no one should speak, under penalty of death, while the obelisk was being raised. But, owing to the stretching of the ropes, the immense mass did not quite reach the required position, and the operation would have failed, had not a man in the crowd broken over the Pope, and called the in > wet was the huge column slowly rose to its destined place. This story is not found in any writer of that period; and it is, according to Platner, one of those inventions which spring from a wish to disparage the triumphs of genius, and to lower its claims. Obelisk of the Lateran. An Egyptian monument of red granite, nearly 150 feet in height, originally belonging to the Temple of the Sun at Heliopolis, removed thence to Alexandria by Constantine, and subsequently brought to Rome, where it now stands in the centre of the Piazza di San Giovanni. It is the oldest object in Rome, being referred by antiquaries to the year 1740 B.C., when it was erected to the memory of Thotmes IV. Obelisk of the Monte Cavallo. A famous Egyptian monument of red granite, being a plain shaft without hieroglyphics, which formerly stood in front of the Mausoleum of Augustus, and is now in the Piazza di Monte Cavallo, Rome. It was brought from Egypt by the Emperor Claudius, A D. 57. Obelisk of the Piazza del Popolo. An ancient Egyptian column, brought from Heliopolis to Rome by the Emperor Augustus, and set up in the Piazza of the People in 1589. It is of the age of Moses. "This red granite obelisk, oldest of things even in Rome, . . . with hardly a trace of decay upon it, is the first thing the traveller sees after enterHawthorne. ing the Flaminian Gate." Obelisk of the Vatican. See OBELISK OF ST. PETER'S. Ocean, The. An armor-plated ship of the British navy, launched March 19, 1863. Ocean Monarch. An American emigrant ship, burned off Liverpool, Aug. 24, 1848, with a loss of nearly 200 lives. October Club. A Parliamentary club in London, first formed about 1690, in the reign of Wil liam III. and Mary. Its meetings were first held at the Bell Tavern, and afterwards at the Crown, in King Street, Westminster. The influence of Swift had much to do with the final breaking up of the October Club; the more violent Jacobites seceding, and forming the "March Club." A writer in "The National Review" thus describes the October Club: "The high-flying Tory country gentleman and country member drank the health of the king, sometimes over the water-decanter, — and flustered himself with bumpers in honor of Dr. Sacheverell and the Church of England, with true-blue spirits of his own kidney, at the October Club, which, like the Beef-Steak Club, was named after the cheer for which it was famed, - October ale; or rather, on account of the quantities of the ale which the members drank. The 150 squires, Tories to the backbone, who, under the above name, met at the Bell Tavern in King Street, Westminster, were of opinion that the party to which they belonged were too backward in punishing and turning out the Whigs; and they gave infinite trouble to the Tory administration which came into office under the leadership of Harley, St. John, and Harcourt, in 1710. The Administration were for proceeding moderately with their rivals, and for generally replacing opponents with partisans. The October Club were for immediately impeaching - every member of the Whig party, and for turning out, without a day's grace, every placeman who did not wear their colors, and shout their cries." "We are plagued here with an October Club; that is, a set of above a hundred Parliament men of the country, who drink October beer at home, and meet every evening at a tavern near the Parliament, to consult affairs, and drive things on to extremes against the Whigs, to call the old ministry to account, and get off five or six heads." Swift (to Stella, February, 1710-11). Odeon, L'. A well-known theatre in Paris, originally intended, as the name indicates, for music only, but used for regular dramatic performances. It has been several times destroyed by fire. Beaumarchais' Marriage of Figaro" (Mariage de Figaro) was first produced here in 1784. Odeum. A structure in ancient Athens, Greece, built by Pericles, and designed (as the name im plies, on) for musical performances. It was surmounted by a circular roof, constructed with the masts and yards of the Persian ships which were captured at Salamis. Nothing remains of the Odeum, but it has given its name to buildings in modern times designed for similar uses. Œil de Bœuf. A famous anteroom in the palace at Versailles, the scene of many quarrels, intrigues, bon mots. Here waited the courtiers in attendance upon Louis XIV. Versailles, the Eil de Bœuf, and all men and things, are drowned in a sea of Light; Monseigneur and that high beckoning Head are alone, with each other, in the universe. Carlyle. As experience in the river is indispens able to the ferryman, so is knowledge of his Parliament to the British Peel or Chatham; so was knowledge of the Eilde-Bauf to the French Choiseul. none. Ibid. A life-size statue by Harriet Hosmer (b. 1831). In the Mercantile Library building, St. Louis, Mo. Olave's, St. See ST. OLAVE's. Old Bailey, The. 1. A street in London extending from Ludgatehill to Newgate Street. It has been the scene of many memora ble executions. 2. The Old Bailey Sessions Court, or Central Criminal Court, at the bar of which upwards of 2,000 persons are annually tried, is located here, immediately adjoining the prison called Newgate. "But the jail was a vile place, in which most kinds of debauchery and villany were practised, and where dire diseases were bred, that came into court with the prisoners, and sometimes rushed straight from the dock at |