my Lord Chief Justice himself, and For pulled him off the bench. . . . the rest, the Old Bailey was famous as a kind of deadly inn-yard, from which pale travellers set out continually, in carts and coaches, on a violent passage into the other world: traversing some two miles and a half of public street and road, and shaming few good citi zens, if any. . . . It was famous, too, for the pillory, a wise old institution, that inflicted a punishment of which no one could foresee the extent; also, for the whipping-post, another dear old institution, very humanizing and softening to behold in action; also, for extensive transactions in blood-money, another fragment of ancestral wisdom, systematically leading to the most frightful mercenary crimes that could be committed under Heaven. . . . For, people then paid to see the play at the Old Bailey, just as they paid to see the play in Bedlam-only the former entertainment was much the dearer. Therefore, all the Old Bailey doors were well guarded-except, indeed, the social doors by which the criminals got there, and they were always left wide open." Dickens.

In short, Jane Rouse was accused of witchcraft; and though she made the best defence she could, it was all to no purpose: she was taken from her own bar to the bar of the Old Bailey, condemned and executed accordingly. These were times, indeed, when even women could not scold in safety. Goldsmith.

Old Jewry. A street in London so named from the Jews who dwelt in and near it.

I am sent for this morning by a friend in the Old Jewry to come to him.

Ben Jonson. Lady of Threadneedle Old Street. See BANK OF ENGLAND. Old Man of Hoy. A natural curiosity in the Orkney Islands, in the shape of a solitary pillar, rising perpendicularly to the height of 300 feet, and bearing the likeness of the human form.

"See Hoy's Old Man whose summit bare Pierces the dark blue fields of air; Based in the sea, his fearful form Glows like the spirit of the storm." Old Man of Storr. A natural curiosity in the North of Scotland, near the town of Portree. It consists of a solitary black pillar of trap rock, 160 feet in height.

Old Man of the Mountain. See PROFILE, THE.

Old Manse. An ancient house in Concord, Mass., built before the Revolution, which derives its present name from the celebrity given to it by Hawthorne's tales, the "Mosses from an Old Manse.' Here he lived and wrote, and in this house also Emerson was born and lived.

Old Protestant Cemetery. See PROTESTANT CEMETERY.

Old Shepherd's Chief Mourner. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1804-1873).

"One of the most perfect poems or pictures (I use the words as synonymous) which modern times have seen. The close pressure of the dog's breast against the wood, the convulsive clinging of the paws, which has dragged the blanket off the trestle, the total powerlessness of the head, laid close and motionless upon its folds, the fixed and tearful fall of the eye in its utter hopelessness; . . . these are all thoughts by which the picture is sepa rated at once from hundreds of equal merit, so far as mere painting goes, by

which it ranks as a work of high art, and stamps its author not as the neat imitator of the texture of a skin, or the fold of a drapery, but as the Man of Mind." Ruskin.

Old South. An historic church in Boston, Mass., identified with the early struggles for independence, and associated with many interesting persons and events. The present edifice was built in 1729 on the site of an older church, in which Benjamin Franklin had been baptized. The famous assemblage of citizens known as the Boston Tea Party marched from this church to the attack upon the ships in the harbor. During the British occupation of Boston, in 1775, the pews were removed, and the church was turned into a riding-school for the cavalry. In 1876 the church was sold, and passed into the hands of an association which aims to preserve it as an historical relic, and has converted it into a museum of antiquities and curiosities. The society upon leaving their former place of worship built a new and fine church edifice at the corner of Boylston and Dartmouth Streets, costing about $500,000.

So long as Boston shall Boston be,
And her bay-tides rise and fall,
Shall freedom stand in the Old South
Church,

And plead for the rights of all.

Whittier.

Old Stone Face. See PROFILE. Old Stone Mill. A circular stone tower at Newport, R.I., supported on round arches and overgrown with ivy. There has been much dispute among antiquarians with regard to the origin and purpose of this ancient tower. Some think it was built in the eleventh century by the Norsemen; others, that it was erected for a windmill, in the seventeenth century, by some colonial governor. It is not mentioned by Verrazzani, who, in 1524, spent 15 days in the harbor, and explored the land. It is, on the other hand, different in architecture and construction from other works of the early colonists. Gov. Benedict Arnold (d. 1678) bequeathed the structure in his will, calling it "my stone-built windmill." Cooper has laid the opening scenes of "The Spy" in this vicinity, and Longfellow has connected with it his poem of "The Skeleton in Armor."

"On the ancient structure in Newport there are no ornaments remaining, which might possibly have served to guide us in assigning the probable date of its erection. . . . From such characteristics as remain, however, we can scarcely form any other inference than one in which I am persuaded that all who are familiar with old Northern architecture will concur, - that this building was erected at a period decidedly not later than the twelfth century. . . . That this building could not have been erected for a windmill, is what an architect will easily discern." Professor Rafn.

"Some thirty-five years ago, Professor Rafn, of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries at Copenha gen, published a book showing that the Northmen, or Scandinavians, undoubtedly visited the shores of North America about A.D. 1000, and that they probably entered Narragansett Bay. It then occurred to some American antiquaries that this old building at Newport might have been erected by those early voyagers.... As for the Old Stone Mill, it is found to be very much like some still standing in that very county of England from which Gov. Arnold came. it is not at all likely that any of these memorials could date back as far as

So

the time of the Northmen; and yet it is altogether probable that the Northmen visited America at a very early time." T. W. Higginson.

"I will not enter into a discussion of the point. It is sufficiently well established for the purpose of a ballad; though doubtless many an honest citizen of Newport, who has passed his days within sight of the Round Tower, will be ready to exclaim with Sancho, God bless me! did I not warn you to have a care of what you were doing, for that it was nothing but a windmill; and nobody could mistake it, but one who had the like in his head.'" Longfellow.

And who has not seen, 'mid the summer's gay crowd,

That old pillared tower of their fortalice proud,

How it stands solid proof of the sea chief-
tains reign

Ere came with Columbus those galleys of
Spain?
A. C. Coxe.

Old Swan. An old London tavern, Thames Street, in existence as early as 1323, burnt in the Great Fire of 1666, and afterwards rebuilt.

Old Swedes' Church. An ancient and quaint church edifice in Wilmington, Del., founded in 1698, with contributions from William Penn, Queen Anne, and others. Old Swedes' Church. An ancient and venerable church edifice in Philadelphia, Penn. It was built in 1700, occupying the site of a still older log church, and was the place of worship of the Swedes prior to the arrival of William Penn.

Old Téméraire. See FIGHTING TÉMÉRAIRE.

Old Wagon. See UNITED STATES.

Old Witch House. See WITCH HOUSE.

Oliveto, Monte. See MONTE OLIVETC

Oltr' Arno. A quarter in Florence, Italy, on the southern side of the river, the Arno, which divides the city.

Olympian Jupiter. A famous statue of antiquity, executed by Phidias (500 B.C.?), the Greek

sculptor, for the Temple of Jupiter at Elis.

Olympic, The. 1. A theatre near the Strand, London.

2. A vaudeville and varieties theatre in New York City.

Olympieum. A magnificent temple to the Olympian Zeus in Athens, Greece. The Athenians began this temple in the first period of their greatness, the Greek princes of Asia continued it, Augustus left it unfinished, and, 650 years after it was begun, Hadrian completed and dedicated it. During the Dark Ages it served as a quarry of building-stone for the Athenians. Fifteen lofty Corinthian columns of Pentelic marble, rising to a height of more than 60 feet, are now standing as the remains of this colossal temple. Livy speaks of this temple as the only one in the world undertaken 86 upon a scale commensurate with the majesty of the god."

肪 "The charm of this stately group of columns is all their own, for they boast no such fascinating associa tions as those which cluster around the

ruins on the Acropolis. Begun by the
tyrant Pisistratus, and finished 700
years afterwards by the Roman Em-
peror Hadrian, the Olympieum, though
one of the grandest temples in the
world, seems hardly a part of the glory
of Athens, breathes not her peculiar
spirit, nor is redolent with the aroma
of her soil."
T. Chase.

ceeding beauty scarce ever receives full justice. Surely that square-set strength, as of a fortress towering against the clouds, and catching the last light always on its fretted parapet, and every. where embossed and enriched with foliage and tracery and figures of saints, and the shadows of vast arches, and the light of niches gold-starred and filled with divine forms, is a gift so perfect to the whole world, that, passing

it, one should need say a prayer for the great Taddeo's soul." Pascarel, Trans.

Here and there an unmistakable antiquity stands in its own impressive shadow; the church of Or San Michele, for instance, once a market, but which grew to be a church by some inherent fitness and inevi table consecration. Hawthorne.

Oratoire. A French Protestant

church in the Rue St. Honoré and Rue de Rivoli, Paris, originally erected in 1630 for the priests of the Oratory.

Order of Fools. An association founded in 1381 by Adolphus, Count of Cleves. It consisted of gentlemen of the highest rank and character, and their object was the promotion of benevolence and charity.

Ordinance, The. A picture by Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier (b. 1811), the French painter.

Ordre, Tour d'. See TOUR D'OR

DRE.

Oread, The. A seminary in Worcester, Mass. The buildings are of stone.

Oriel College. A noted college in Oxford, England, founded about 1326, one of the 19 colleges included in the University.

Orient, L'. A French vessel, the blowing-up of which formed a decisive point in the Battle of the Nile. An incident connected with the destruction of the vessel is commemorated by Mrs. Hemans in her well-known poem of

"Casabianca," which be

gins:

"The boy stood on the burning deck." Young Casabianca, a boy 13 years old, son of the commander, remained at his post after the

Orleans House. The former residence of Louis Philippe, and afterwards of his son, the Duc d'Aumale, at Twickenham, near London.

Orloff Diamond. This great diamond of the sceptre of Russia is said to weigh 193 carats. It was once the eye of an Indian idol. Catherine II. bought it, in 1775,. for £90,000, with the addition of an annuity of £4,000, and a patent of nobility.

"For a time supposed to be the largest in the world. It turns out to be smaller than the Koh-i-nor, though (to my eyes at least) of a purer water." Bayard Taylor.

Eye of a god was this blazing stone,
Beyond the snows of the Himalaya.
E. D. Proctor

Orpheus. A statue by Thomas
Crawford (1814-1857). In the Mu-
seum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass.
Orpheus, The. A British steam

corvette which foundered off the coast of New Zealand, Feb. 7, 1863, with a loss of nearly two hundred lives.

Orpheus charming the Animal World. A picture by Paul Potter (1625-1654), the Dutch painter, and one of his most admired works. It is now in the Amsterdam Museum.

Orr's Island. A small island in Casco Bay, near Harpswell, Me., made familiar by Mrs. H. B. Stowe's story, "The Pearl of Orr's Island."

Orsay, Palais d'. This palace, opposite the Tuileries Gardens, one of the most imposing in Paris, was begun by Napoleon I., and

completed by Louis Philippe. It cost more than half a million sterling, and the interior is adorned with beautiful frescos and paintings. The building was designed for exhibiting the works of industry of France, but under the Republic it was used for the sittings of the Cours des Comptes and the Conseil d'Etat.

Our English Coasts. A picture by William Holman Hunt (b. 1827), and regarded as one of his master-pieces. Painted in 1853.

Our Lady of Loreto. See SANTA CASA.

Our Lady of Walsingham. See

SHRINE OF OUR LADY OF WALSINGHAM.

TASEN.

Orto del Paradiso. [Garden of Paradise.] A chapel, so called from its remarkable splendor, in the Church of Santa Prassede in Rome. It contains the famous relic one of chief objects of pilgrimage in Rome-the column to which the Saviour is said to have been bound. The column, which is of blood jasper, is said to have been obtained from the Saracens by Giovanni Colonna, cardinal of this church. The present name of the chapel (Colonna Santa) is derived from this relic.

Osborne House. The sea-shore residence of Queen Victoria, situated in the Isle of Wight, in the immediate neighborhood of East Cowes. At the corner of the palace is a massive tower which is a conspicuous object for miles around, and affords a magnificent view.

Osgoode Hall. A fine structure in Toronto, the capital of Ontario, Can. It contains the superior law courts of the province.

"The Osgoode Hall is to Upper Canada what the Four Courts are to Ireland. The law courts are all held there." Anthony Trollope. Ostiensis, Porta. See PORTA OSTIENSIS.

Otsego Hall. The old mansion of the Cooper family in Cooperstown, N.Y. It was destroyed by fire in 1854.

Otsgaragee Cavern. See Howe's CAVE.

Ouen, St. See ST. OUEN.

the Parliament House in Edinburgh, Scotland, is now known. See PARLIAMENT HOUSE.

Overland Route. A name frequently applied to the new and shorter route between England and India via the Suez Canal. A mail-route by the way of the Isthmus of Suez was established by Lieut. Waghorn, in 1847, effecting a saving in time of 13 days. The term was also formerly applied to the direct route from the Eastern States to California.

Oxford and Cambridge Club. A club in London, for members of these two universities. The clubhouse in Pall Mall was finished in 1838. There are 500 members from each university.

Oxford Arms. A quaint and celebrated old London inn in Warwick Lane. It was destroyed in 1877.

These are to notify that Edward Bartlett. . has removed his inn in London to the Oxford Arms, in Warwick Lane, where he did inn before the Fire. London Gazette, 1672-73.

Oxford Marbles. See ARUNDELIAN MARBLES.

Oxford Street. A well-known

street in London, a mile and a half in length, and extending westward to Hyde Park corner.

"It is the longest, broadest, and in a certain sense the most important thoroughfare in London. It is, however, really the continuation of a great street, which runs very directly through London from east to west, and which is called successively, beginning at the east, Mile End, Whitechapel Road, Aldgate High Street, Leadenhall Street, Cornhill, Cheapside, New