used for Courts of Justice. The old Parliament House, of which only a portion remains, is used by lawyers and their clients.

2. An imposing pile of buildings in Ottawa, Can., containing the halls of Parliament of the Dominion of Canada, and the Department offices. It was begun in 1860.

Parliament Houses. See WESTMINSTER PALACE.

Parliament Oak. An ancient and famous tree in what was once Sherwood Forest. It derived its name from the tradition of a parliament having been held there by Edward the First.

Parnasse, Boulevard du Mont.
See MONT PARNASSE.
Parnassus.

the

A celebrated fresco by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), representing Apollo and Muses, under laurel-trees, on the heights of Parnassus. On either side and below are ranged the poets of antiquity and of modern Italy. This picture is one of the series of four, entitled respectively, Theology, Poetry (or the Parnassus), Philosophy, and Jurisprudence, which were intended to exhibit the lofty subjects of thought with which the human mind is occupied. They are all in the Camera della Segnatura of the Vatican, Rome.

Parnassus. An allegorical picture by Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506), the Italian painter. In the Gallery of the Louvre, Paris.

Parnassus. A celebrated fresco in the Villa Albani, Rome, by Anton Rafael Mengs (1728-1779). It has been engraved by Raphael Morghen. [Called also Apollo and the Muses.]

Parthenon, The. This structure, -the glory of the Acropolis at Athens, Greece," the finest edifice on the finest site in the world, hallowed by the noblest recollections that can stimulate the human heart, was so called from

--

being the temple of Athena Parthenos ('Ava Пáp@evos). The time at which the Parthenon was begun is not definitely known; but it was built under the administration of Pericles, and finished 438 B.C. The architects were Ictinus and Callicrates, and the general supervision of the work was intrusted to Phidias. This most perfect product of Grecian architecture was of the Doric order, was built of Pentelic marble, and stood upon the highest part of the Acropolis. The Parthenon was beautifully adorned, both without and within, with exquisite works of sculpture, some of which have been removed and deposited in the British Museum. The Parthenon was sometimes called Hecatompedos or Hecatompedon (i.e., the Temple of One Hundred Feet), a name derived from its breadth. This temple beautifully illustrates the architectural principle known to the ancient Greeks by which they prevented the apparent sagging of horizontal and the bending of perpendicular lines in a structure. By substituting very slight and delicate curves for the ordinary right lines, this common optical illusion was entirely avoided. The perpendicular lines also slightly incline inwards, thus preventing any appearance-as for example in the columns, which incline three inches in their height - of leaning outwards. The most celebrated of the sculptures of the Parthenon was a colossal statue of the Virgin Goddess, by Phidias. It was made of ivory for the undraped parts, while solid gold was used for the dress and ornaments, -a kind of work which the Greeks called chryselephantine. The Parthenon was turned into a Greek church dedicated to the Virgin Mother, probably in the sixth century. It was badly damaged by a shell during the siege of Athens by the Venetians in 1687, and also received additional injury during the bombardment of the city in

1827.

"Such was the simple struc ture of this magnificent building, which, by its united excellences of materials, design, and decorations, was the most perfect ever executed. Its dimensions of 228 feet by 101, with a height of 66 feet to the top of the pediment, were sufficiently great to give an appearance of grandeur and sublimity; and this impression was not disturbed by any obtrusive subdivision of parts, such as is found to diminish the effect of many larger modern buildings, where the same singleness of design is not apparent. In the Parthenon there was nothing to divert the spectator's contemplation from the simplicity and majesty of mass and outline, which forms the first and most remarkable object of admiration in Greek temple." Leake.

a

"Down to the year 1637, the Parthenon remained entire. The Christians converted it first into a church, and the Turks, jealous of the Christians, afterward converted it into a mosque. Then came the Venetians in the highly civilized seventeenth century, and cannonaded the monuments of Pericles. They shot their balls upon the Propylæum and the Temple of Minerva; a bomb sunk into the roof set fire to a number of barrels of gunpowder inside, and demolished in part a building that did less honor to the false gods of Greece than to the genius of man. The town being taken, Morosini, with the design of embellishing Venice with the spoils of Athens, wished to take down the statues of the pediment of the Parthenon, and broke them. A modern succeeded in achieving (in the interest of the arts) the destruc tion which the Venetians had begun. Lord Elgin lost the merits of his commendable enterprises in ravaging the Parthenon. He wished to take away the bassi-relievi of the frieze; in order to do so, he employed Turkish workmen, who broke the architrave, threw down the capitals, and smashed the cornice."

Chateaubriand, Trans.

"The last of the portals is passed you are on the summit alone with the Parthenon. Over heaps of ruin, over a plain buried under huge fragments of hewn and sculptured marble- drums of pillars, pedestals, capitals, cornices, friezes, triglyphs, and sunken panel-work- a wilderness of mutilated art it rises between you and the sky, which forms its only background, and against which every scar left by the infidel generations shows its gash. Broken down in the middle, like a ship which has struck and parted, with the roof, cornices, and friezes most

ly gone, and not a column unmutilated, and yet with the tawny gold of 2,000 years staining its once spotless marble, sparkling with snow-white marks of shot and shell, and with its soaring pillars embedded in the dark-blue ether (and here the sky seems blue only because they need such a background), you doubt for a moment whether the melancholy of its ruin, or the perfect and majestic loveliness which shines through that ruin, is the most powerful." Bayard Taylor.

"The appearance of the Parthenon testifies more loudly than history itself to the greatness of this people [the Greeks]. Pericles will never die. What a civilization was that which found a great man to decree, an architect to conceive, a sculptor to adorn, statuaries to execute, workmen to carve, and a people to pay for and maintain, such an edifice! In the midst of the ruins which once were Athens, and which the cannon of the Greeks and Turks have pulverized and scattered throughout the valley, and upon the two hills upon which extends the city of Minerva, a mountain is seen towering up perpendicularly upon all sides. Enormous ramparts surround it; built at their base with fragments of white marble, higher up with the débris of friezes and antique columns, they terminate in some parts with Venetian battlements. This mountain seems to be a magnificent pedestal cut by the gods themselves whereon to seat their altars."

Lamartine, Trans.

"Of all the great temples, the best and most celebrated is the Parthenon, the only octastyle Doric temple in Greece, and in its own class undoubtedly the most beautiful building in the world. It is true, it has neither the dimensions nor the wondrous expression of power and eternity inher ent in Egyptian temples, nor has it the variety and poetry of the Gothic cathedral; but for intellectual beauty, for perfection of proportion, for beauty of detail, and for the exquisite perception of the highest and most recondite principles of art ever applied to architec ture, it stands utterly and entirely alone and unrivalled-the glory of Greece and a reproach to the rest of the world." Fergusson.

Earth proudly wears the Parthenon,
As the best gem upon her zone.

Emerson.

Parthenon, The. A London club,

dissolved in 1862. The Erectheum Club was joined with it in 1854.

Parvis Notre Dame. This name, a corruption of Paradisus, is applied to the open space in front of the cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris.

Pas Perdus, Salle des. A large hall, from which open different law-courts, in the Palais de Justice, Paris.

Pasquino. A celebrated mutilated

statue in Rome, so called from a witty tailor of that name who kept a shop near by, and was given to entertaining his customers with the gossip and scandal of the day. Upon the pedestal of this statue were affixed pungent criticisms on passing events, squibs, and sarcasmns, from which the term Pasquinade is derived.

"The public opinion of Rome has only one traditional organ. It is that mutilated block of marble called Pasquin's statue, on which are mysteriously affixed by unknown hands the frequent squibs of Roman motherwit on the events of the day."

The Times, 1870.

Passaic, The. A United States monitor in the war of the Rebellion (1861-65). She took part, in connection with the land batteries, in the attack upon Fort Sumter, July 11, 1863. On the 24th, Gen Gilmore wrote to Gen. Halleck," Fort Sumter is to-day a shapeless mass of ruins."

Passion, The. A picture by Hans Memling (d. 1495), the Flemish painter, representing all the scenes of the Passion of Christ in a number of separate groups with figures of small size. It is now in the Royal Gallery at Turin, Italy.

Passion, The Greater and the Lesser. A series of wood-cuts by Albert Dürer (1471-1528), the German painter and engraver, and considered to be among the best of his works which have descended to us.

Passion. See LYVERSBURG PASSION.

Passion Play. See PASSIONSPIEL.

Passionspiel. [Passion Play.] A famous dramatic representation of the scenes of the Passion and Death of Christ, exhibited at the village of Ober-Ammergau, in Bavaria. The acting takes place in the day-time, and under the open sky. The play was first performed in 1633, under a religious vow offered by the inhabitants of the village, that they would enact it at regular periods, if delivered from the infliction of the plague.

"The decadal period was chosen for 1680, and the Passion Play has been enacted, with various interruptions, every tenth year since that time. The Passion Play is, however, of much older date than this. It is not probable that simple villagers would make a vow to perform a play totally unknown to them, and, even in its rudest form, demanding such capacity and preparatory study. The vow speaks of the Passion Tragedy as something already well known; only the period of performing the play every ten years is positively stated. The oldest known text-book of the play bears the date 1662, and it refers to a still older book. Since the year 1634 the Passion Play has undergone great change and improvements. Such figures as Lucifer, Prince of Hell, who, with his retinue used to play a great part in the Ammergau performance, have been banished. Up to the year 1830, the play was performed in the village churchyard in the open air. In the first decades of the present century the text of the play was thoroughly revised by Father Ottmar Weiss of Jesewang (d. 1843), who removed unsuitable and inharmonious passages, substituting prose for doggerel verse. The improvements then commenced have been carried on up to the present time by the former pastor of the vil lage, the Geistlicher - Rath Daisenberger, who is still active in promoting the success of the play."

J. P. Jackson.

Patapsco, The. A United States

monitor in the war of the Rebellion (1861-65). She took part, in connection with the land batteries, in the attack upon Fort Sumter, July 11, 1863, and within a few days it was reduced to a shapeless mass of ruins. Paternoster Row. A street in 'London said to be so named from

the turners of rosaries, or Pater Nosters, who formerly dwelt there. It is noted as the locality of stationers, printers, and booksellers.

"Paternoster Row was for many years sacred to publishers. It is a narrow flagged street, lying under the shadow of St. Paul's; at each end there are posts placed, so as to prevent the passage of carriages, and thus preserve a solemn silence for the deliberations of the fathers of the Row.' The dull warehouses on each side are mostly occupied at present by wholesale stationers; if they be publishers' shops, they show no attractive front to the dark and narrow street."

Mrs. Gaskell (in 1848).

I have been told of a critic who was crucified at the command of another to the reputation of Homer. That, no doubt, was more than poetical justice, and I shall be perfectly content if those who criticise me are only clapped in the pillory, kept fifteen days upon bread and water, and obliged to run the gantlope through Paternoster-row. Goldsmith.

At the time of Johnson's appearance, there were still two ways, on which an Author might attempt proceeding: these were the Mæcenases proper in the West End of London; and the Mæcenases virtual of St. John's Gate and Paternoster Carlyle.

Row.

For him reviews shall smile, for him o'erflow

The patronage of Paternoster-row. Byron. Fraught with invective they ne'er go To folks at Paternoster-row. Goldsmith. Having a little "Grub-street" business, I made my way to the purlieus of publishers, Paternoster Row.. N. P. Willis. Patrick's, St. See ST. PATRICK'S.

Paul and Barnabas at Lystra. One of the famous cartoons by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), from which the tapestries in the Vatican at Rome were executed.

Paul in the Prison at Philippi.

The subject of a tapestry picture in the Vatican, Rome, after a cartoon by Raphael. This cartoon is no longer in existence.

Paul preaching at Athens. One

of the famous cartoons by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), from which the tapestries in the Vatican, at Rome, were executed.

"In Raphael's cartoon of Paul preaching at Athens, the figure of the man in front, who, as Sir Joshua says,

'appears to be thinking all over,' is probably Dionysus." Mrs. Jameson. Paul, St. See ST. PAUL.

Pauline Borghese. See VENUS VICTRIX.

Pauline Chapel. See CAPELLA PAOLINA.

Pauline Fountain. See FONTANA PAOLINA.

Paulovsk. A palace and summer residence of the imperial family of Russia, near St. Petersburg. The park is of great extent, the estimated aggregate length of the walks being 100 miles. It is at all times open to the public, and a favorite pleasure resort of the inhabitants of the capital.

Paul's, St. See ST. PAUL'S.

Paul's Walk. See DUKE HUMPHREY'S WALK.

Pavilion. A royal palace in Brighton, England, built in the Oriental style by George IV.

Pays Latin. See QUARTIER LATIN. Peabody Institute. 1. A marble

building in Baltimore, Md., containing a library, a gallery of art, a conservatory of music, and a fine lecture-hall. The Institute was founded by George Peabody (1795-1869), the London banker, and is designed for the promotion of education, and the diffusion of useful knowledge among the

masses.

2. A building in Peabody, Mass., provided with a library and lecture-room, founded and endowed by the well-known London banker of the same name. See supra.

Peabody Museum. A large Gothic building connected with Yale College, New Haven, Conn., containing large collections in natural history, mineralogy, etc. It was built with proceeds of the endowment made by George Peabody of London. See supra. A British warPeacock, The. ship captured in 1813 by the American ship Hornet.