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fishing-craft. The depth of water varies from 25 to 60 fathoms.

The good ship darts through the water, all day, all night, like a fish, quivering with speed, gliding through liquid leagues, sliding from horizon to horizon. She has passed Cape Sable; she has reached the Banks, the land-birds are left; no fishermen- and still we fly for our lives.

R. W. Emerson.

Banque de France. [Bank of France.] The Bank of France, in the Rue de la Vrillière, Paris, was founded in 1803. Its capital is 182,500,000 francs, and the average amount of bullion in the large and carefully guarded vaults has been of late years about 300,000,000 francs (£12,000,000). The Bank has branches in the chief large towns.

Banqueting House. A building in Whitehall, London, forming part of a magnificent design by Inigo Jones, but of which only this portion was completed. The ceiling is adorned with paintings by Rubens. Upon a scaffold erected in front of the Banqueting House, Charles I. was led forth to execution.

Baphomet. A small human figure which served among the Templars as an idol, or, more accurately, as a symbol. This figure, of which specimens are to be found in some Continental museums, was carved of stone, and had two heads, one male and the other female, while the body was that of a female. The image was covered with mysterious emblems. The name Baphomet is thought to be an accidental corruption of Mahomet.

Baptism of Christ. A picture by
Giotto di Bondone (1276–1336).
In the Accademia at Florence,
Italy.
Baptism of Christ. A picture by
Rogier van der Weyden (1400-
1464). In the Museum at Berlin,
Prussia.

Baptism of Christ. A fresco by
Pietro Perugino (1446-1524), in the
Sistine Chapel, Rome.

Baptism of Christ. A well-known picture by Gheerardt David

(1484-1523), a Flemish painter. Now in the Academy of Bruges, Belgium.

Baptism of Christ. A picture by Francesco Albani (1578-1660). In the church of S. Georgio, Bologna, Italy.

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Baptism of Pocahontas. A picture in one of the panels of the Rotunda in the Capitol of Washington, representing the wellknown scene in the early history of Virginia, which is now garded as destitute of truth, or mainly legendary. This painting was executed by John G. Chapman (b. 1808) under commission from Congress, and is not considered a work of merit. It has become very familiar to the general public by its reproduction as an engraving upon the back of the twenty-dollar note of the national currency. Baptist. See ST. JOHN THE BAP

TIST.

Baptistery of Pisa.

A well

known building in Pisa, Italy, forming one of the beautiful and noted group of marble structures which includes the Cathedral, the Baptistery, the Leaning Tower, and the Campo Santo. See PISA CATHEDRAL, LEANING TOWER, CAMPO SANTO.

In this building hangs the celebrated lamp whose measured swinging suggested to Galileo the theory of the pendulum.

Baptistery of San Giovanni. A famous religious edifice in Florence, Italy, noted especially for its beautiful gates- the work of Andrea Pisano and of Lorenzo Ghiberti.

Barbara, St. See ST. BARBARA.

Barberi, Course des. See COURSE

DES BARBERI. Barberini Faun. A celebrated work of ancient sculpture, so called from having once belonged to the Barberini family in Rome, but now preserved in the Glyptothek at Munich, Bavaria. See FAUN, SLEEPING FAUN, DANCING FAUN, etc.

"A colossal male figure of the Satyr class, sleeping, half sitting, half reclining, on a rock. The peculiar merits of this work claim particular notice. It is essentially a work of character. The expression of heavy sleep is admirably given in the head and falling arm. ... The precise date

of this fine statue has not been determined; but the style of form, and excellent technical treatment of the marble, leave little doubt of its having emanated from the best school of sculpture. If not from the hand even of Scopas or Praxiteles, it may without disparagement be considered the work of a scarcely inferior scholar."

R. Westmacott, jun. Barberini Juno. A colossal statue of the goddess. In the Vatican, Rome. See JUNO.

Barberini Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Barberini.] One of the largest palaces in Rome, begun by Pope Urban VIII., and finished by Bernini in 1640. It contains a valuable library, museum, and gallery of paintings. Among the latter is the celebrated portrait of Beatrice Cenci, by Guido. See BEATRICE CENCI.

Barberini Vase. See PORTLAND VASE.

Barbican. A locality in London, so called, as the name indicates, from a former watch-tower of which nothing now remains. Milton lived here in 1646-47, and here wrote some of his shorter poems. Barcaccia, Fontana della.

FONTANA DELLA BARCACCIA.

See

Barclay's Brewery. [Barclay, Perkins, and Co. The largest and most famous brewery in London (Park Street, Southwark), extending over 11 acres, and in which 600 quarters of malt are brewed daily. It is one of the sights of London. It is said to Occupy the site of the Globe Theatre of Shakespeare's time.

Therefore, I freely acknowledge that when I see a Jolly young Waterman rep resenting a cherubim, or a Barclay and Perkins's Drayman depicted as an Evangelist, I see nothing to commend or admire in the performance, however great Dickens. its reputed Painter.

Bardi, Via de'. See VIA DE' Bardi.

Bargello. A palace in Florence, otherwise called the Palazzo del Podestà, the seat of the chief tribunal of justice, built in the year 1250. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the palace, no longer needed for the dwelling of the chief magistrate of a free city, was turned into a jail for common criminals, and what had been once a beautiful chapel was occupied as a larder or store-room. In this room, in 1840, some ancient and precious frescos by Giotto were discovered, among others the now famous portrait of Dante, the only one known to have been made of the poet during his life, and on that account of inestimable value. The palace also contains many treasures of sculpture.

"We went yesterday forenoon to see the Bargello. I do not know any thing in Florence more picturesque than the great interior court of this ancient Palace of the Podesta with the lofty height of the edifice looking down into the enclosed space, dark and stern."

Hawthorne.

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"I[Pip] was still looking sidewhen ways at his block of a face. he [Mr. Wemmick] said here we were Barnard's Inn.' My depression was not alleviated by the announcement, for I had supposed that estab lishment to be an hotel kept by Mr. Barnard, whereas I now found Barnard to be a disembodied spirit or fiction, and his inn the dingiest collection of shabby buildings ever squeezed together in a rank corner as a club for Tom-cats. . . . A frowsy mourning of soot and smoke attired this forlorn

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creation of Barnard, and it had strewed ashes on its head, and was undergoing penance and humiliation as a mere dust-hole. Thus far my sense of sight; while dry rot, and wet rot, and all the silent rots that rot in neglected roof and cellar-rot of rat, and mouse, and bug, and coaching stables near at hand besides - addressed themselves faintly to my sense of smell, and moaned, "Try Barnard's Mixture.'" Dickens. Barrack Bridge. An ancient and noted bridge over the Liffey in Dublin, Ireland. It was formerly called the Bloody Bridge, from a sanguinary conflict fought in its vicinity between the Irish and the English, A.D. 1408. Barricades, Les. A picture by Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (1799-1863). In Paris.

He [the painter) is bound to be veracious and dramatic; if he shows us a battle, let it be the Barricades of Delacroix. Taine, Trans. Barrière de Vincennes. See BARRIÈRE DU TRÔNE.

Barrière de Clichy. A noted picture by Horace Vernet (17891863). In the Luxembourg, Paris.

Barrière du Combat. An old barrier, corner of the Boulevard du Combat and the Boulevard de la Butte Chaumont, Paris. It is on the line of the fortifications of old Paris.

One of them said of the dancers on the platform [at the Mabille]: They turn like caged beasts, that is the Barrière du Combat. Taine, Trans.

Barrière du Trône. One of the old gates of Paris, so called from the throne used by Louis XIV. in 1660, at the upper end of the Faubourg St. Antoine, on the road to Vincennes. It was formerly the Barrière de Vincennes.

As I wished to see every thing, I went over to the bai Perron at the Barrière du Trône. Taine, Trans.

Barrogill Castle. A seat of the Earl of Caithness, in the North of Scotland, not far from Wick. Bartholomew Close. A passage in London, where for a time Milton was secreted.

Bartholomew Fair. A famous fair formerly held at Smithfield, Lon

don. It was one of the leading fairs of England, and was established under a grant from Henry I. to the priory of St. Bartholo mew. The original grant was for the eve of St. Bartholomew, and the two succeeding days (N. S. Sept. 3 to Sept. 6), but the duration of the fair was afterwards extended to 14 days. Bartholomew Fair was proclaimed for the last time in 1855, and for a long period previous to its abolition was a scene of much liceuse. Many of its customs and abuses are pictured in Ben Jonson's comedy of "Bartholomew Fair." Morley's "Memoirs of Bartholomew Fair" contains many details upon the subject. See SMITHFIELD.

Doll. I faith, and thou followedst him like a church. Thou whoreson little tidy Bartholomew boar-pig, when wilt thou leave fighting o' days, and foining o' nights, and begin to patch up thine old body for heaven?

Shakespeare, Henry IV. Not that of pasteboard which men shew For groats at Fair of Barthol'mew.

Butler.

A countryman coming one day to Smithfield, in order to take a slice of Bartholomew Fair, found a perfect show before every booth. The drummer, the fire-eater, the wire-walker, and the saltbox were all employed to invite him in. Goldsmith.

To Johnson Le was as a Prison, to be endured with heroic faith: to Hume it was little more than a foolish Bartholomew-Fair Show-booth, with the foolish crowdings and elbowings of which it was not worth while to quarrel; the whole would break up, and be at liberty, so Carlyle.

soon.

Bartholomew's Hospital. See ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL. Bartolomeo Colleoni. A celebrated equestrian statue in Venice, Italy, designed by Andrea Verrocchio (1432-1488).

"I do not believe that there is a more glorious work of sculpture exist ing in the world." Ruskin. Basil, St. See ST. BASIL. Bass Rock. A fortress on the Frith of Forth, near Edinburgh. It is celebrated as the prison in which the Covenanters were immured.

"It was this fortress that Habakkuk Mucklewrath [a fanatic preacher in Scott's Old Mortality'] speaks of in his ravings when he says, Am I not Habakkuk Mucklewrath, whose name is changed to Major-Missabib, because I am made a terror unto myself, and unto all that are around me? I heard it: when did I hear it? Was it not in the tower of the Bass, that overhangeth the wide, wild sea? and it howled in the winds, and it roared in the billows, and it screamed, and it whistled, and it clanged, with the screams and the clang and the whistle of the sea-birds, as they floated and flew, and dropped and dived on the bosom of the waters.'"

Mrs. H. B. Stowe. Bastei, The. A remarkable and noted precipice on the Elbe, in the region called the "Saxon Switzerland."

Bastille. This name - a general term for a strong fortress, protected by bastions or towers-is commonly applied to the structure which was originally a castle for the defence of Paris, but which in later times became the famous prison known as the Bastille. The castle was built in the fourteenth century for the defence of the gate of St. Antoine against the English. It was a stone building of an oblong shape, with eight circular semi-engaged towers, in which (and also in the cellars) the prisons were situated. The Bastille, though not a strong fortress, regarded in the light of modern military science, commanded with its guns the Faubourg St. Antoine, the workmen's quarter. Although by its lofty walls, its guns, and its moat, it seemed proof against any assaults of the people, it was attacked, July 14, 1789, by a mob of 50,000 persons, with twenty cannon, and the assistance of the Gardes Françaises, and was soon taken, after a feeble defence by the governor Delaunay and his small garrison of 82 invalids and 32 Swiss. On the following day the destruction of the building was begun by the exasperated multitude. Although only seven prisoners were found in the Bastille at the time of its destruction, it had been the place

of confinement of many persons of the upper classes. -many victims of intrigue, family quarrels, political despotism, and various forms of tyranny, many noblemen, savans, authors, priests, publishers. The position of this famous prison is now marked by the Place de la Bastille. The Bastille was always to the people of Paris a threatening emblem of arbitrariness and oppression. See PLACE DE LA BASTILLE.

"The history of the Bastille would comprehend, strictly speaking, all the intellectual and political movements of France." Mongin.

When silent zephyrs sported with the

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Of hailstones multitudinous, that lay Thick as the pebbles on a moonlit beach. George Gordon McCrae.

There were censors then for those who attempted to write, and the Bastille for those who were refractory

Thiers, Trans. In order to write well on liberty, I should wish to be in the Bastille. Voltaire, Trans. Bastille, Place de la. See PLACE DE LA BASTILLE. Bates College. An institution of learning in Lewiston, Me., organized in 1864.

Bates Hall. The main library room in the Public Library building, Boylston Street, Boston, Mass This room contains the most valuable part of the large collection of books belonging to the city, and was named after the principal benefactor of the institution, Joshua Bates (1788-1864), who contributed largely towards its endowment.

Bath House. The town residence of Lord Ashburton, Piccadilly, London. It contains a fine collection of Dutch and Flemish pic

tures.

Bathiaz, La. An ancient feudal stronghold in the neighborhood of Martigny, Switzerland.

Bathing Soldiers.

See SOLDIERS BATHING IN THE ARNO. Baths of Caracalla. The most perfect of all the Roman Thermæ, and one of the most impressive ruins of the ancient city, situated on the Via di S. Sebastiano, under the eastern slopes of the Aventine. They were begun by Caracalla about 212 A.D.; and the portions devoted to the baths, which were supplied by the Antonine Aqueduct, are said to have accommodated 1,600 persons at one time, while the whole edifice was nearly a mile in circuit. Many pieces of sculpture, among others the Farnese Hercules, were discovered in these baths. The ruins were a favorite resort of the poet Shelley.

"In the Baths of Caracalla, there is no unity of impression: a mass of details is heaped up like rubbish shot from a cart. They are a town. meeting of ruins without a moderator." Hillard.

"They now present an immense mass of frowning and roofless ruins abandoned to decay; and their fallen grandeur, their almost immeas. urable extent, the tremendous frag ments of broken wall that fill them, the wild weeds and brambles which wave over them, their solitude and their silence; the magnificence they once displayed and the desolation they now exhibit, are powerfully calculated to affect the imagination." Eaton.

"There is nothing with which to compare its form, while the line it describes on the sky is unique. You enter, and it seems as if you had never seen any thing in the world so grand. The Colosseum itself is no approach to it, so much do a multiplicity and irregularity of ruins add to the vastness of the vast enclosure." Taine, Trans.

"From these stately palaces [the Therma, or Baths of Caracalla] issued fo th a swarm of dirty and ragged plebeians, without shoes and without mantle, who loitered away whole days in the streets or Forum to hear news and to hold disputes; who dissipated in extravagant gaming the miserable pittance of their wives and children, and spent the hours of the night in the indulgence of gross and Gibbon. vulgar sensuality."

"This poem [the Prometheus Unbound was chiefly written upon the mountainous ruins of the Baths of

Caracalla, among the flowery glades and thickets of odoriferous blossoming trees which are extended in ever-widening labyrinths upon its immense platforms and dizzy arches." Shelley.

Baths of Diocletian. A vast collection of ruins in Rome, covering, it is said, a space of 440,000 square yards. The construction of these baths was begun under the Emperors Diocletian and Maximian about A.D. 302; and 40,000 Christians, it is related, were employed upon them. The Thermæ are said to have had twice the capacity of the Baths of Caracalla, and the ruins with the surrounding buildings cover a space which is nearly a mile in circumference. The great central hall was converted by Michael Angelo into a church (Sta. Maria degli Angeli), which was, however, altered by Vanvitelli in the last century.

"We drove this morning to the Baths of Diocletian, which are scatered over the summit of the Quirina! and Viminal Hill, and which in extent as well as splendor are said to have surpassed all the Thermæ of ancient Rome. Though they do not stand in the same imposing loneliness of situation as those of Caracalla, the wide space of vacant and grass-grown ground over which their ruins may be traced tells a melancholy tale of departed magnifi

cence."

Eaton.

Baths of Titus. The ruins of celebrated baths built by the Emperor Titus (A.D. 79-81) upon the southern slope of the Esquiline Hill in Rome, overlooking the northern side of the Coliseum. They occupy an area of about 1,150 feet by 850 feet. The Baths of Titus and those of Trajan occupy part of the site of the palace of Nero, which in turn was erected on that part of the Esquiline covered by the house and gardens of Mæcenas. Merivale says that the Golden House of Nero "was still the old mansion of Augustus and the villa of Mæcenas connected by a long series of columns and arches;" and as Titus in constructing his baths made use of the works of his predecessors, parts of the ruins now to be seen

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