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walled round, and divided into streets of low detached cells. Each cell consists of two or three naked rooms, built exactly on the plan of the Saint's own tenement, which remains just as Romualdo left it 800 years ago, now too sacred and too damp for a mortal tenant. The unfeeling Saint has here established a rule which anticipates the pains of Purgatory. No stranger can behold without emotion a number of noble, interesting young men bound to stand erect chanting at choir for eight hours a day; their faces pale, their heads shaven, their beards shaggy, their backs raw, their legs swollen, and their feet bare. . . . The sickly novice is cut off in one or two winters, the rest are subject to dropsy, and few arrive at old age." Forsyth.

At Casentino's foot

A river crosses named Archiano, born
Above the Hermitage in Apennine.

Dante, Purgatorio, Longfellow's Trans. Sacro, Monte. See MONTE SACRO and MONS SACER.

Sadler's Wells. A place of amusement for the populace, on the banks of the New River near Islington, England. It contains a medicinal spring, of much repute in old times. The publichouse on the place is represented in the background of Hogarth's print of "Evening." The site is now occupied by a theatre. See SADLER'S WELLS THEATRE.

Sadler's Wells Theatre. One of the oldest theatres in London, named from a mineral spring in the neighborhood. The present house was erected in 1764, and rebuilt in 1876-77. See SADLER'S WELLS.

Her [Mademoiselle Clairon's) hands are not alternately stretched out, and then drawn in again, as with the singing women at Sadler's Wells; they are employed with graceful variety, and every moment please with new and unexpected eloquence. Goldsmith.

Is it the skilfullest Anatomist that cuts the best figure at Sadler's Wells? or does the Boxer hit better for knowing that he has a flexor longus and a flexor brevis?

Carlyle.

Sages, The Chaldean. See CHALDEAN SAGES.

Saidnâya. A convent of great antiquity in Northern Palestine, in the neighborhood of Damascus, containing a shrine of the Virgin

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St. Alban's Abbey. An ancient monastic establishment in the vicinity of St. Albans, in Hertfordshire, England. It was once the wealthiest and most brilliant of all the religious houses of Great Britain. It is now restored, and is one of the finest cathedralchurches in England.

"The surviving ruins convey a more imposing sense of the ancient magnificence than Melrose, or Fountains, or Glastonbury." Froude.

St. Angelo. The celebrated fortress of Papal Rome, anciently the mausoleum of Hadrian, erected by him as his family tomb, the last imperial niche in the mausoleum of Augustus having been occupied by the ashes of Nerva. It derives its present name from the Church tradition, that while Gregory the Great was leading a procession to St. Peter's with the object of offering up a solemn service to avert the plague which followed the inundation of 589, there appeared to him a vision of the Archangel Michael standing on the summit of the mausoleum in the act of sheathing his bloody sword, to indicate that the pestilence was stayed. The pope, in memory of this vision, built a chapel on the summit; but this was afterwards replaced by a statue of the archangel. The history of this fortress during the Middle Ages is almost the history of the city itself during that period. It has suffered much from siege and mutilations, and is now but the skeleton of the ancient mausoleum of the emperors. The tomb of Hadrian is thought to have been first turned into a fortress about A.D. 423,—in the time

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of Honorius. Merivale speaks of the effort of imagination required to transform the present scarred and shapeless bulk into the graceful pile which rose column upon column, surmounted by a gilded dome of span almost unrivalled;" and Procopius says of the original mausoleum, in the sixth century, that it was built of Parian marble, the square blocks fitting closely without cement; that it had four equal sides, each a stone's throw in length, and rising above the walls of the city, while on the summit were statues of men and horses, of admirable workmanship. The castle of St. Angelo has often served as a prison, and part of it is now so used. Benvenuto Cellini was confined here, and the pretended cell of Beatrice Cenci is shown by the custode. For an account of the celebrated display of fireworks formerly exhibited from the castle at Easter, see GIRANDOLA. See BRIDGE OF ST. ANGELO.

"No building in the world has probably lived through a more eventful existence, and none, if there were tongues in stones, could tell a tale of more varied interest."

George S. Hillard.

"This proud fabric is an instance how completely vanity defeats its own ends. It was destined by Hadrian to hold his remains forever. Had he chosen a more humble monument, his imperial dust might probably still have remained undisturbed. As it is, his ashes are long since scattered, his very name has passed away, and the place which was destined to be sacred to the greatest of the dead now serves for the punishment of the vilest of the living." C. A. Eaton.

Turn to the mole which Hadrian rear'd on high,

Imperial mimic of old Egypt's piles,
Colossal copyist of deformity,
Whose travell'd phantasy from the far
Nile's

Enormous model, doom'd the artist's toils
To build for giants, and for his vain earth,
His shrunken ashes, raise this dome! How

smiles

The gazer's eye with philosophic mirth, To view the huge design which sprung from such a birth! Byron.

Think also whether thou hast known no Public Quacks, on far higher scale than this, whom a Castle of St. Angelo could

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St. Angelo, Bridge of. See BRIDGE OF ST. ANGELO.

St. Anna. A picture by Bartholomew Zeitblom (b. 1410-1450), a German painter. It is now in the museum at Berlin, Prussia. St. Anna (and the Virgin). A wellknown picture by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1520), in the Louvre, at Paris. It is thought by some to have been only executed from a cartoon by Leonardo.

St. Anne's. Of several churches of this name in London, one of the oldest and most noted is that in Soho, finished in 1686.

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of Santa Maria Formosa at Ven- | St. Bernard. See HOSPICE of St. ice, Italy. BERNARD and VISION OF ST. BER

"She is no saint, but a blooming young girl, the most attractive and lovable that one can imagine.".

Taine, Trans. St. Bartholomew's Hospital. The first institution of the kind in London. It is in Smithfield, and was originally part of the Priory of St. Bartholomew, founded in 1102 by Rahere. The hospital escaped the Great Fire in 1666, and since that time has been much enlarged. St. Bartholomew's enjoys an excellent reputation as a medical school.

St. Basil. A famous church in Moscow, Russia, built during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. It consists of an agglomeration of towers each enclosing a chapel, so that as many as a dozen or fifteen saints have their shrines under one roof.

"What is it? A church, a pavilion, or an immense toy? All the colors of the rainbow, all the forms and combinations which straight and curved lines can produce, are here compounded. It seems to be the prod uct of some architectural kaleidoscope, in which the most incongruous things assume a certain order and system, for surely such another bewildering pile does not exist. It is not beautiful; for beauty requires at least a suggestion of symmetry, and here the idea of proportion or adaptation is wholly lost. Neither is it offensive; because the maze of colors, in which red, green, and gold predominate, attracts and cajoles the eye. . . . I cannot better describe this singular structure than by calling it the Apotheosis of Chimneys." Bayard Taylor. St. Bavon. A cathedral in Ghent, Belgium, one of the finest Gothic churches, containing celebrated works of art; in particular, the "Adoration of the Lamb," by Hubert and John Van Eyck.

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church in Aldersgate, London.

At Saint Botulphe, and Saint Anne of
Buckstone;

Praying to them to pray for me
Unto the blessed Trinitie.

Heywood. St. Bride's. A church at the foot of Fleet Street, London. It was rebuilt by Wren, after the Great Fire of 1666. Dwellers in London are fond of the bells of St. Bride's. The old church contained the graves of Wynkin de Worde, Sackville the poet, Lovelace, Sir Richard Baker. John Milton lodged in the churchyard of St. Bride, and here wrote several of his treatises, and in defence of the house in which he lived composed his sonnet beginning, "Captain, or colonel, or knight in arms." Richardson the novelist was buried in the present church.

St. Calixtus, Catacomb of. See CATACOMB OT ST. CALIXTUS.

St. Catherine. A Greek convent situated on the slope of one of the peaks of Mount Sinai in Arabia. It is said to have been founded by the Emperor Justinian, and contains interesting MS. and other relics.

"Though the interior presents

a scene of the most hopeless confusion when looked down upon from the guest-chambers, there is not wanting a certain quaint picturesqueness and charm, which is heightened in spring by the bright green of the trellised vines. Two tiers of loopholes are still visible in the west wall; and some few of the vaults and arches within remain intact, but they are for the most part broken down, and filled with all manner of filth. Over, above, and within them are the buildings of after ages, mosques, chapels, bakeries, distilleries, and stables, some themselves gone to ruin, and serving as foundations for still later erections of mud and sundried bricks, which are daily adding their mite to the general confusion. The quadrangle is now completely filled with buildings; and through them, turning and twisting in every direction,

SAI

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now ascending, now descending, ex-
posed to the full force of the sun, or
passing through dark tunnels, is a per-
C. W. Wilson.
fect labyrinth of narrow passages.'

"M. Seetzen has fallen into a
mistake in calling the convent by the
name of St. Catherine. It is dedicated
to the Transfiguration, or, as the
Greeks call it, the Metamorphosis, and
Burckhardt.
not to St. Catherine, whose relics are
only preserved here."

"Before we went, we called
this the Convent of St. Catherine, as
everybody does. We had read of it
under that name, and seen that name
under every print of the place that had
come before our eyes. Our surprise
was therefore great when a monk, who
had taken the vows twenty years before,
declared that he did not know it by
that name. Being asked whether the
convent had nothing to do with St.
Catherine, he replied, only by the
bones of a hermitess named Catherine,
having been found on the mountain
above the convent which bears her
name. Perplexed by this, I was yet
more surprised when I observed a little
Catherine-wheel rudely, carved over
one of the posterns; and a picture of
the saint, leaning on her wheel, in the
library, with her name at length. In
the chapel also her relics lie in state,
-those bones which were found on
the mountain-top, and were brought
hither by the monks a few years after
the establishment of the convent. The
monk, however, stuck to his declara
tion that the convent had no connec-
tion with St. Catherine."

Miss Martineau.
St. Catherine. 1. A picture by
Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). In
the National Gallery, London.
See also MARTYRDOM OF ST.
CATHERINE and MARRIAGE OF
ST. CATHERINE.

2. A picture by Heinrich Karl
Anton Mücke (b. 1806), which has
become popular through engrav-
ings. It represents the saint
borne by four angels over sea and
land to Mount Sinai.

"The floating onward move-
Mrs. Jameson.
ment of the group is very beautifully
expressed."
St. Catherine's House. A house
still standing in Sienna, Italy,
and distinguished as the resi-
dence of St. Catherine of Sienna
(1347-1380), remarkable for her
fervent charity and devotion.

Over the doorway is inscribed in
gold, "Sposa Christi Katharina
domus (the house of Catherine
the bride of Christ).

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was

universal
fame
"Her
throughout Italy before her death;
and the house from which she went
forth to preach, and heal the sick,
and comfort plague-stricken wretches
whom kith and kin had left alone to
die, was known and well-beloved by
all her citizens. From the moment of
her death, it became, and has continued
Symonds.
to be, the object of superstitious vener-
ation to thousands."

And the house midway hanging see
That saw Saint Catherine bodily.
Felt on its floors her sweet feet move,
And the live light of flery love
Swinburne.
Burn from her beautiful, strange face.

nico Zampieri, called Domenichi-
no (1581-1641). In the Louvre,
St. Cecilia. A picture by Dome-
Paris. Another upon the same
subject by this painter, formerly
in the Palazzo Borghese, Rome,
is now in Lansdowne House,
London.

Dolce (1616-1686). In the DresSt. Cecilia. A picture by Carlo den Gallery. There are several repetitions of this picture in other places.

picture by Raphael Sanzio (14831520), representing St. Cecilia, as St. Cecilia. A celebrated altarpatroness of music, standing in the centre, with two saints on each side, instruments of secular music, the pipe, the flute, etc., lying broken and scattered at her feet, she herself raising her eyes to the angels in the clouds above, and apparently listening to the heavenly song. This picture was originally painted for the church of San Giovanni-inMonte, near Bologna, Italy, and is now in the gallery of that city. Raphael's original drawing for this picture, engraved by Marc Antonio, is highly admired.

"The most celebrated of the modern representations of St. Cecilia, as patroness of music, is the picture by Raphael, painted by him for the altarpiece of her chapel in the church of San Giovanni-in-Monte, near Bologna. She stands in the centre, habited in a

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