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Seven Joys of Mary. [Ger. Die sieben Freuden Maria.] A noted picture by Hans Memling (d. 1499?). In the Gallery at Munich, Bavaria.

Seven Pines. A locality a few miles from Richmond, Va., on the Williamsburg road, so called from seven large pines. At this spot, on the 31st of May, 1862, a severe but indecisive battle was fought between the Union and the Confederate armies, under the command of Gen. McClellan and Gen. Johnston respectively. Seven Sacraments. A picture by Roger van der Weyden (d. 1464), the Flemish painter. It was executed for Jean Chevrot, Bishop of Tournai, and is now in the Museum of Antwerp, Belgium. Seven Sacraments. A series of pictures by Nicholas Poussin (1594-1665), the French painter, and among his most important works. Now in England."

Seven Towers. A state prison in Constantinople, Turkey, near the former palace of the Sultan, the Seraglio.

But then they never came to the Seven Towers. Byron. Seven Wonders of the World. The seven wonders of the ancient world have been differently enumerated, but the following list is that generally received: the Pyramids of Egypt, the Pharos of Alexandria, the walls and hanging gardens of Babylon, the temple of Diana at Ephesus, the statue of Jupiter by Phidias at Olympia, the Mausoleum built by Artemisia at Halicarnassus, and the Colossus of Rhodes.

Seven Works of Mercy. A picture by David Teniers the Younger (1610-1694?), the Belgian genrepainter. Now in the Louvre, at Paris.

Seven Years of Famine. A fresco painting illustrating the history of Joseph, by Friedrich Overbeck (1789-1869). In the villa

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A "Shadwell

. is close at hand; by the vastness of its distress and by its extent, it is in keeping with the hugeness and wealth of London. I have seen the bad quarters of Marseilles, of Antwerp, of Paris: they do not come near to it." Taine, Trans. Shaftesbury House. A noble mansion, formerly the residence of the Earl of Shaftesbury, still standing in Aldersgate Street, London.

Shakespeare and his Contemporaries. A picture by Thomas Faed (b. 1826), well known by numerous repetitions. The original is in the Corcoran Gallery, Washington.

Shakespeare Tavern. A wellknown theatrical tavern which was situated in Covent Garden, London. It is said to have been the first tavern in Covent Garden, and the first in the metropolis that had rooms. There was another of the same name opposite Drury-lane Theatre. Shakespeare's Cliff. A bold cliff of chalk at Dover, England, so

called from the description in

"King Lear," which it is thought to have suggested.

There is a cliff whose high and bending head

Looks fearfully in the confined deep. Shakespeare. Shakespeare's House. 1. The famous house in which the poet was born, situated in Henley Street, Stratford-on-Avon, England. It has recently been purchased by subscription, with a view to the careful preservation of it and of its contents for the inspection of future generations.

"It is a small, mean-looking edifice of wood and plaster, a true nestling-place of genius, which seems to delight in hatching its offspring in by-corners. The walls of its squalid chambers are covered with names and inscriptions in every language, by pil. grims of all nations, ranks, and conditions, from the prince to the peasant; and present a simple but striking instance of the spontaneous and universal homage of mankind to the great poet of nature." Irving.

"The part of the house which is shown consists of a lower room which is floored with flat stones very much broken. It has a wide, old-fashioned chimney on one side, and opens into a smaller room back of it. From thence you go up a rude flight of stairs to a low-studded room, with roughplastered walls, where the poet was born. . . . Though scrupulously neat and clean, the air of it is ancient and rude. The roughly-plastered walls are so covered with names that it seemed impossible to add another. The name of almost every modern genius, names of kings, princes, dukes, are shown bere; and it is really curious to see by what devices some very insignificant personages have endeavored to make their own names conspicuous in the crowd." Mrs. H. B. Stowe.

"Neglect, subdivision, and base uses had reduced this house at the beginning of the present century to a very forlorn and unsightly condition. But as late as 1769 it preserved enough of its original form to show that William Shakespeare was born and passed his childhood and his adolescent years in a home which was not only pretty and picturesque, but very comfortable and unusually commodious for a man in his father's station in the middle of the sixteenth century. . . . In 1847 the Shakespeare house passed into the

hands of an association, under whose care it has been renovated; but unfortunately, like some of the Shakespeare poetry, not restored to a close resemblance to its first condition; though that was perhaps impossible."

Richard Grant White.

Coleridge was singularly destitute of sympathy with local associations, which he regarded as interfering with the pure and simple impression of great deeds or thoughts, denied a special interest to the pass of Thermopyle; and, instead of subscribing to purchase Shakespeare's House." would scarcely have admitted the peculiar sanctity of the spot which enshrines his ashes. T. N. Talfourd.

2. An old house still standing in Aldersgate, London, to which Shakespeare's naine has been affixed without any apparent warrant. It was formerly, under the name of the Half Moon Tavern, a great resort of literary

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TERRA TEGIT, POPVLVS MÆRET, OLYMPVS HABET.

Stay Passenger, why goest thov by so fast?

Read if thov canst, whom enviovs Death hath plast,

With in this monvment, Shakspeare with whome

Quick natvre dide, whose name doth deck ys Tombe

Far more then cost: Sich all yt He hath writ it,

Leaves living art, but page, to serve his witt.

Obiit ano Dó. 1616
Etatis, 53, Die 23 A D.

"The last line of this inscription, and a tradition unheard of unul Oldys wrote his notes in Langbaine, have raised the question whether Shakespeare died on the same day of the month on which he is supposed to have been born. ... Dugdale tells us that

his monument was the work of Gerard Johnson, an eminent sculptor of the period; others have attributed it to Thomas Stanton, and experts have sup posed that the face was modelled from à cast taken after death. Be that as it may, the bust must be accepted as the most authentic likeness that we have of Shakespeare. It was originally colored after life. The eyes were light hazel, the hair and beard auburn, the complexion fair; the doublet was scarlet; the tabard, or loose gown without sleeves thrown over the doublet, black; the neck and wristbands white; the upper side of the cushion green, the under, crimson; its cord and tassels, gilt. The colors were renewed in 1749; but in 1793 Malone, tastelessly and ignorantly classic, had the whole figure painted white by a house paintRichard Grant White.

er."

Shakespeare's

Tomb. In the church at Stratford-on-Avon. The grave, which is just in front of the chancel rail, is covered by a flat stone, bearing the inscription:

Good frend for Jesvs sake forbeare, to digg the dvst encloased heare: Bleste be ye man yt spares thes stones, and cvrst be he yt moves my bones. Shane's Castle. A ruined castle in the county of Antrim, Ireland, the seat of the O'Neils, which "for centuries has been the chosen realm of the Banshee."

The Banshee mournful wails In the midst of the silent, lonely night: Plaintive she sings the song of death. Shanklin Chine. A curious and celebrated ravine on the Isle of Wight, not far from Ventnor, much visited by tourists. Shannon, The. A British warship which engaged in a duel with the American ship Chesapeake, off the coast of Marblehead, Mass., in June, 1813, and captured her. See CHESAPEAKE. Shanter. A farm near Maybole, Scotland, where formerly lived Douglas Grahame, the original of Burns's Tam O'Shanter. Sheepshanks Collection. A collection of 234 oil-paintings, etc., gathered by the late John Sheepshanks, and by him presented to the British nation. The collec

tion is valued at £60,000, and is now in the South Kensington Museum, London.

Shelton Abbey. The seat of the Earl of Wicklow, in the county of Wicklow, Ireland.

Shelton Oak. A famous oak in the parish of Shelton, near Shrewsbury, England, measuring 44 feet and 3 inches in circumference.

Shenandoah, The. A Confederate privateer in the War of the Rebellion. During her cruise she destroyed a great part of the United States whaling fleet in the Pacific. She surrendered to the British government at Liverpool, Nov. 9, 1865.

"The Shenandoah was another active English-Confederate sea-rover that sailed from England. She went around Cape Horn, crossed the Pacific Ocean, and sailed up the eastern coast of Asia to Behring Strait, to spread havoc among the New England whaling ships engaged in fishing in those waters. These vessels held a sort of convention in that high latitude (June 28, 1865), when the Shenandoah, disguised as a merchantman, and flying the American flag, ran in among the ships unsuspected. Then she revealed her true character, captured ten of them, placed eight of them in a group before midnight, and set them on fire, lighting up the ice-floes of the Polar Sea by the incendiary flames. This was the last act of hostility in the American Civil War in 1861-1865."

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Shepherd's Bible. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803–1873), the celebrated English painter of animals.

Shepherd's Chief Mourner. See OLD SHEPHERD'S CHIEF MOURNER.

Sherwood Forest. An ancient forest adjoining the town of Mansfield, near Nottingham, in England. It is famous as having been the scene of Robin Hood's chief exploits. At the present time the region is for the most part bare of trees.

"A few solitary and battered oaks standing here and there, the last melancholy remnant of these vast and ancient woods, the beautiful springs, swift and crystalline brooks, and broad sheets of water lying abroad amid the dark heath, and haunted by numbers of the wild ducks and the heron, still remain. But at the Clipstone extremity of the forest, a remnant of its an. cient woodlands remains, unrifled, except of its deer, a specimen of what the whole once was,

extending

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Shipwreck of the Medusa. A noted picture by Jean Louis Theodore André Géricault (1790-1824), and regarded as his masterpiece. In the Louvre, Paris.

"Géricault died, they say, for want of fame. He was a man who possessed a considerable fortune of his own, but pined because no one in his day would purchase his pictures, and so acknowledge his talent. At present a scrawl from his pencil brings an enor mous price. All his works have a grand cachet: he never did any thing mean. When he painted the Raft of the Medusa,' it is said he lived for a long time among the corpses which he painted, and that his studio was a sec ond morgue. If you have not seen the picture you are familiar probably with Reynolds's admirable engraving of it. A huge black sea; a raft beating upon it; a horrid company of men dead, halfdead, writhing, and frantic with hideous hunger or hideous hope; and far away, black against a stormy sunset, a sail. The story is powerfully told, and has a legitimate tragic interest."

Thackeray.

"His [Géricault's] picture has come to be regarded as one of the principal attractions' of the French portion of the gallery. The results of the terrible shipwreck, with its living and dead victims, are only too signally effective, and seem made to shake, if not to overthrow, traditional art. They are like the rough expression of the living present, beside the most scholarGéricault ly fruit of the dead past. was not thirty when he painted the Raft of the Medusa." Sarah Tytler. Shobeck. An ancient stronghold in Arabia Petræa, near the city of Petra. It is in a very fair state of preservation, and affords a refuge for several hundred Arabs. It was an important castle in the time of the Crusades.

Shockhoe Hill. An eminence in Richmond, Va., surmounted by the State Capitol and other buildings. Also a cemetery. Shoreditch. A district of immoral reputation in London. The name is traditionally derived from Jane Shore, as shown by the ancient ballad entitled "Jane Shore's Lament;" but Pennant says that it was originally Soersditch, from its lord, Sir John Soerditch, a learned lawyer trusted by EC

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Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham. The chapel and image of the Virgin in the priory of Walsingham, England, of great renown throughout Europe in the Middle Ages, and a favorite resort of pilgrims. It was even more frequented than the shrine of St. Thomas à Becket at Canterbury. See WALSINGHAM PRIORY. Shrine of St. Cuthbert. This shrine at the Cathedral of Durham, in England, was visited by multitudes for more than 500 years, in consequence of the belief that the incorruptible body of the patron saint was miraculously preserved during all this time. The shrine was splendidly adorned with gold, silver, and precious stones. The body being disinterred in 1827, it was discoyered that a fraud had been practised, as it was plain that the wrappings had been wound around a skeleton.

He kneel'd before Saint Cuthbert's shrine,
With patience unwonted at rites divine;
He abjured the gods of heathen race,
And he bent his head at the font of grace.
Scott.

a

Shrine of St. James [at Compostella]. This shrine at Santiago de Compostella, Spain, was favorite resort of pilgrims in the Middle Ages, on account of the legend that the body of St. James was discovered there in the ninth century, and placed in a chapel under the altar of the cathedral. St. James is held in the highest veneration by the Spaniards, since they believe that in the battle of Clavijo, in the year 841, he appeared in the field armed with a sword, and mounted on a white

horse, whose housings were adorned with scallop shells, and that he slew 60,000 of the Moorish infidels, thus gaining the day for Christianity. It is said that over 2,000 persons left England for Santiago in one year in the fifteenth century.

A stupendous metamorphosis was performed in the ninth century, when from a peaceful fisherman of the Lake of Gennesareth, the apostle James was transformed into a valorous knight, who charged at the head of Spanish chivalry in battles against the Moors. The gravest historians have celebrated his exploits, the miraculous shrine of Compostella displayed his power; and the sword of a military order, assisted by the terrors of the inquisition, was sufficient to remove every objection of profane criticism Gibbon.

Shrine of St. John Nepomuck. A gorgeous silver shrine enclosing the body of the saint, in the cathedral of Prague, Austria.

"On each side hang four massive lamps of silver constantly burning. The pyramid of statues, of the same precious metal, has at each corner a richly carved urn, three feet high, with a crimson lamp burning at the top. Above, four silver angels, the size of life, are suspended in the air, holding up a splendid drapery of crimson and gold." Bayard Taylor.

A fa

Shrine of St. Sebaldus. mous work of monumental sculpture in the church of St. Sebald at Nuremberg, Germany, executed by Peter Vischer (1460?1540), the old German sculptor. Regarded as his chef d'œuvre, and as one of the finest works of the plastic art of that period.

"Never has a work of German sculpture combined the beauty of the South with the deep feeling of the North more richly, more thoughtfully, and more harmoniously." Lübke, Trans. Shrine of St. Thomas à Becket. Formerly a famous shrine in the chapel of the Holy Trinity in the cathedral of Canterbury, England. The pavement of the chapel is deeply worn by the knees of the countless pilgrims who have resorted to this shrine.

"It was a national as well as a religious feeling that drew great multitudes to the shrine of Becket, the first Englishman, who, since the Conquest, had been terrible to foreign tyrants."

Macaulay.

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