The third and fourth Lamps are those of "Power" and "Beauty," or the expression in architecture of the sublime and the delightful; the sublime, indicating man's power to govern; the delightful, man's power to gather. The former ability shows itself in form, situation, and line, and the latter in ornamentation.

Then follows the "Lamp of Life," which is the spirit of originality that seizes upon substances, alike in use and outward form, and endows them with its own energy, passion, and nobility, until rough stones come to life. This spirit of Life is distinguished from the spirit of death by its power to animate. The spirit of death may act and imitate, but it is powerless to inspire.

The last two Lamps are those of "Memory" and "Obedience"; the one ever burning brightly and steadily among those peoples who reverence the past, and flaming forth in buildings erected to commemorate national achievements; while the other, the "Lamp of Obedience," reveals strict conformity in architecture to its laws, which should be no more disregarded than the laws which govern religion, politics, or social relations.

Ruskin affirms that "the architecture of a nation is great only when it is as universal and established as its language, and when provincial differences in style are nothing more than so many dialects.»

Stones of Venice, by John Ruskin, in

three volumes, appeared in the years 1851 and 1853. This work treats of the archæology and history of Venice, and unfolds the causes of her strength and glory, her downfall and decay. The author aims to show that the Gothic architecture of Venice was the expression of a state of national virtue and pure domestic faith, while its Renaissance architecture had arisen from a condition of concealed national infidelity and domestic corruption.

The first volume, entited (The Foundations,' presents the principles of all noble building and describes the virtues of architecture as threefold; first, the end should be accomplished in the best way; second, it should say that which it was intended to say, in the best words; and third, it should always give pleasure by its presence. Ruskin next considers his subject in its two great divisions of

Strength and Beauty, or as constructive and ornamental architecture. The vol ume is prefaced with an outline of the history of the city and her Doges, and concludes with a brilliant description of the drive from the gates of Padua Mestra, and thence by gondola along the dark waters to Venice.

The second volume, entitled 'Sea Stories,' is devoted to a study of the buildings marking the Byzantine and Gothic periods; the one characteristic of the earlier, the other of the crowning era of Venetian life.

The third volume, entitled The Fall offers an analysis of Renaissance architecture, or that of Venetian decline. This era is divided into three periods, distirguished as the Early, the Roman, and the Grotesque, each marking a distinct phase of degeneracy in Venetian life. I the last two volumes of this work Ruskia shows how Venetian architecture was ever subject to the temper of the State. rising and receding with the growth of the moral or the immoral dispositions of the people. The last period of decline, styled by Ruskin "Grotesque Renaissance," was the outcome of an unscrupulous love of pleasure, and its features were the worst and basest of all preceding styles; with it closed the career of the architecture of Europe. In the 'Stones of Venice, its author demonstrates the truth that a nation's history, though ur written by any historian's pen, is yet inscribed distinctly and lastingly on the blocks of stone that tell of her home life, her manufactures, and her religion

Eter

'ternal City, The, by Hall Caine was published in 1901. The story opens in London, where Prince Volonna, who has been exiled for conspiracy against the Italian government, lives a life of charity under an assumed name, being known as Dr. Roselli. He rescues from the snow, a street waif, David Leone, who is one of the many who are brought to England yearly from the south to play and beg in the streets. This lad grows up in the household of the good doctor and his English wife and little daughter Roma, imbibing his foster father's theories and becoming his disciple. Prince Volonna is finally tricked back to Italy, where he is captured and transported to Elba, and David Leone is likewise condemned as a conspirator; the latter escapes, and as David Rossi

D

ti enters Rome and preaches his principle of the brotherhood of man. After the death of her father, Roma is discovered by the Baron Bonelli, Secretary of State, and a man of cunning and duplicity, who brings her to Rome where she becomes the reigning belle of the capital, but one whose name has not remained untarnished. The author recounts her meeting with David Rossi, her recognition of her foster brother, their love and the various obstacles which beset their path. In The Eternal City Mr. Caine has presented a sociological study with a strong element of love-making in it. Through the

efforts of a humanizing socialism, the principles of which are based upon the Lord's Prayer, the Pope resigns all temporal power and the young King is brought to abdicate his throne, and an ideal republic is born, whose creed is the brotherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. The story, with its background of Rome the Eternal city, is thrilling in detail and holds the reader's attention by the intricacies of its plot and the brilliancy of its author's dramatic style.

Right of Way, The, by Gilbert Parker,

The

was published in 1901. In this powerful story the author has set forth with a master's touch the study of a man's soul. «Beauty Steele," the brilliant barrister, who is thought to have been wiped out of existence in a drunken brawl, awakens in absolutely new surroundings and as Charles Mallard begins a new life, which, though unhampered by previous ties and associations, is ever menaced by old tendencies to vice. metamorphose from the drunken fop to the well-loved tailor is attained through a sequence of natural events, none of them beyond the pale of possibility, and the working out of the story to its unexpected conclusion is natural, just what might have happened under the same circumstances in real life. The atmosphere of a quaint little Canadian village, with its simple folk and simple ways, is a pleasing background for the story of this man's duplex life, filled as it is with its tragic problems of love and sorrow. The character of Rosalie Evanturel, the lovely daughter of the village postmaster, is delightfully fresh and original. In her, Charles Mallard finds his real affinity, and his love for her becomes the

ruling motive in his second existence. The story, while psychological, is full of dramatic interest and yet carries to the end a perfect sense of proportion and a wonderful resemblance to nature. Mr. Parker handles his problem of presenting this double existence with the greatest skill, and, with a true artistic touch, does not, even at the end, lift the curtain which separates the new life from the old. Kathleen, once the wife of "Beauty Steele," whose arrival on the scene gives her an opportunity to enter the chamber of death and recognize the erstwhile brilliant barrister, goes away unenlightened as to his prolonged existence, leaving Rosalie Evanturel kneeling by his bier. In this strong and convincing piece of work, Mr. Parker has surpassed all his previous productions.

Truth Dexter, by Sidney McCall, was

published in 1901, and was one of the popular books of the year. The scene of the story is laid principally in Boston, which is the home of A. Van der Weyde Craighead, the hero of the tale. In the opening chapters he is on the verge of an affair with a fashionable and fascinating married woman whose name Orchid serves as an index to her character. Craighead, who is a lawyer, is summoned to the South to settle some legal business for Colonel Dexter, an old-time Southern gentleman, whose spirit towards the North is just as bitter, in spite of the thirty odd years which have passed. The Colonel's wife is an exquisite and refined woman, and the grand-daughter Truth, a young and lovely girl, though crude and uncultivated, completes the family circle. The Colonel dies while Craighead is their guest, leaving the family very poor unless they will consent to accept a fortune from the estate of his brother who fought for the Union. This blood money" they at first refuse and Craighead, in order to protect two helpless women, suggests making Truth his wife. The plan is carried out, and Truth is transplanted from her Southern home and introduced to her husband's Boston friends. Orchid, whose passionate nature is aroused by Craighead's sudden marriage, does everything in her power to win him back and make his wife unhappy. She finally accomplishes the latter purpose and Truth, in a fit of jealousy, leaves her husband and returns to the South. In course of time a rec

onciliation takes place, consuminated by the birth of their child, and the story comes to a satisfactory conclusion. The book is full of sharp contrasts, and portrays with much vividness the frailties as well as the virtues of human nature.

Helmet of Navarre, The, by Bertha

Runkle, was published in 1901, and was one of the successful novels of the year. The scene is laid in France at the time that Henry of Navarre is about to ascend the throne, and deals with the adventures of Felix Broux, a youth whose family had for centuries faithfully served the Dukes of St. Quentin. At a time when his master, as an open enemy of the League, is in great danger, Broux goes to Paris to join him and immediately finds himself involved in all sorts of intrigues and difficulties. The Duke of St. Quentin and his son, the Comte de Mar, have become estranged through the villainies of one Lucas, who is employed as the Duke's secretary, but, who in reality is a spy of the League. Young Broux is the means of bringing about a reconciliation between father and son, and of exposing the evil machinations of Lucas, and afterwards serves De Mar with unfailing loyalty and ingenuity. He proves to be an invaluable aid in the love affair of the Comte and Lorance de Montluc, the ward of Monsieur de Mayenne, and helps to bring the lovers together in spite of the many difficulties placed in their way. Lucas, the evil genius of the story, weaves plot after plot to bring the St. Quentins to ruin, and time after time when on the very brink of destruction they are saved by chance or strategy. The book is full of adventures and hairbreadth escapes, has snares and secret passages, mysterious inns and rascally landlords, and plenty of sword play. The action of the romance extends over only four days but it is most spirited, and includes many exciting incidents which the young author has woven into her charming whole with surprising ease and skill.

Crisis, The, by Winston Churchill, was

published in 1901, and, like its predecessor Richard Carvel,' met with overwhelming popularity.

The story is of keen dramatic interest and has for its background the incidents of the Civil War. Its hero Stephen Brice, a young New England lawyer seeking his fortune in the Southern States, is

Ste

naturally opposed to slavery and fri his small capital purchases a young sa for the sole purpose of freeing and restoring her to her mother. T episode brings him to the notice of Ve ginia Carvel, the heroine of the tale, aristocratic beauty and descendant = Richard Carvel, whose heart is all the South and whose attitude toward abolitionists is most unrelenting. phen falls deeply in love with her, but s stifles her love for him on account : her prejudices, and becomes engaged her cousin Clarence Colfax, who joins Southern army. Brice fights for North and the reader is given mar graphic pictures of his experience through all of which he shows ge nobleness and courage, and, when he ha the opportunity, saves the life of rival. After many trials, and tribulations Stephen and Virginia are at leng united, at the moment when she is s ing President Lincoln for the pardon her cousiu, who has been sentenced t death. The book has many dramati situations and its characters are strong drawn. Among the latter may be me tioned Eliphalit Hopper, who fige prominently in the book as an unscr pulous carpetbagger; Judge Whipple, ardent abolitionist, who, in spite of eccentricities, would sacrifice everything to his convictions; Colonel Carvel, a t Southern gentleman; and Mrs. B whose charm and strength of charact are felt by all who come in contact w her. The love-story is well told and the historical flavor is enhanced by thei troduction of Lincoln and Grant.

Ebe ben Holden, by Irving Bacheller, pub lished in 1900, was the author's firs book and met with great success. It is a simple and homely tale of the life and sayings of "Eben Holden," a "hired man," whose affectionate and honest nature endears him to all who know him. In the opening chapters a description is given of his long and hard journey of foot carrying the orphaned boy of his late employer to some place where he can find a home for them both. At last a shelter is found at the farm of David Brower in the "northern country," where they obtain a permanent abiding-place. David and his wife Elizabeth, who are good and kindly people, become greatly attached to the orphan boy; they event ally adopt him and he is called William

Brower. He grows up with Hope Brower, the daughter of the house, a charming girl who is his early sweetheart and later his wife. William goes to college, works for Horace Greeley on the Tribune, and fights in the Civil War, where he is severely wounded and wins commendation for his bravery. Through all his experiences Eben Holden is his staunch friend and does everything in his power to bring about his happiness and prosperity, his unselfishness and kindliness being shown on every occasion. Eben is also instrumental in bringing about the union of David Brower and his son Nehemiah, who had left his home in his youth and had been mourned as dead for many years; he returns to his parents a rich man, able to make them comfortable in their declining years. The quaint and original stories and sayings of Eben Holden make up a large part of the book, and the creation of his character is a distinct contribution to American fiction.

D'ri and I, by Irving Bacheller, was

published in 1901, and like the author's first book, Eben Holden,' met with popular favor. Darius Olin, nicknamed "D'ri," is a brawny, raw-boned Northwoodsman, who goes out to fight the soldiers of King George in the War of 1812, accompanying Ramon Bell, the son of his employer. The opening of the tale shows Mr. Bell and his family leaving their Vermont home and working their way over rough trails to the valley of the St. Lawrence. Ramon, then a sturdy boy of ten, and D'ri, the hired man, are the central figures of the story. They settle in their new home in the North, and the years pass quickly till Ramon becomes a man and the second war with Great Britain breaks out. D'ri and Ramon enlist and enter the service of Commodore Perry, where they get more than their share of the blows and have many perilous adventures and hairbreadth escapes. Young Bell becomes a frequent visitor at the house of a French nobleman, a refugee from the Reign of

Terror, and falls in love with his two lovely daughters, Louise and Louison de Lambert. This is quite a predicament, but he finally extricates himself and with unerring judgment chooses the sister who has the finer character of the two. interesting scene is the rescue of Ramon, on the night before his execution, by

An

Lord Rowley, whom Mlle. Lambert has promised to marry, but she is subsequently released from him, and her romantic roadside marriage with Ramon follows. The loyal and brave D'ri is always ready to lend his strong arm for Ramon's aid or protection, and his surprise at receiving the medal for bravery in the terrible sea-fight on board the Lawrence on Lake Erie, is characteristic of his simple and unassuming nature. His quaint sayings enliven the pages and add to the interest of the tale.

Quir

uincy Adams Sawyer, by Charles Felton Pidgin, was published in 1900. This novel recounts the experiences of Quincy Adams Sawyer of Boston, the son of a millionaire and a graduate of Harvard College, who spends two years in the country town known as Mason's Corner, where he finds many quaint country personages. Sawyer, while recuperating his health, enters into the life of the place and attends the singing-school, husking-bees, and surprise-parties with various village belles, finally falling in love with Miss Alice Pettengill, who develops into a talented poet and author. The book breathes the atmosphere of familiar country scenes and quaint characters, among whom may be mentioned Obadiah Strout, the singing-master of the town, who has composed a new national air which he prophesies will be sung when the StarSpangled Banner' and 'Hail Columbia "are laid upon the shelf and all covered with dust." Hiram Maxwell, another original character, blessed with a great appetite, remarks, “I've got only one way of tellin' when I've got enough,- I allus eats till it hurts me, then I stop while the pain lasts."

Sawyer marries Miss Alice Pettengill, who for a time becomes blind, but whose sight is in the end restored. The object of Mr. Pidgin in the production of this story is twofold — to give a realistic picture of New England life of twenty-five years ago and at the same time to paint the portrait of a true American gentle

man.

Lazarre, by Mary Hartwell Catherwood,

was published in 1901. This romantic novel is founded upon the legend that at the time of the French Revolution, the Dauphin was spirited away to America by the court painter Bellenger. In the story, the young Prince grows up among the Indians of the Northwest under

the name of Eleazer Williams- softened by them to Lazarre. Having been reduced almost to imbecility by previous harsh treatment, the child at first believes himself to be the son of the Indian chief in whose care he has been placed. Under the healthful influence of the climate, he regains both mental and physical strength and, attracting the notice of the settlers, gains an education. While studying at the manor house, he falls in love with Eagle, Madame De Ferrier, who recognizes him as the Dauphin, seen by her years before in St. Bat's Church, London. When news is received from France of the death of Eagle's husband, Lazarre confesses his love and asks her hand in marriage. Though deeply attached to him, she tells him she cannot marry a King, and starts for France to reclaim her estates. He follows her to France and mingles in the brilliant court of Napoleon, making an unsuccessful plea for recognition to Louis XVIII. After various thrilling adventures he returns to his beloved wilderness in America, where, after years of waiting and searching, he finds Eagle, for whom he renounces the crown, which is offered him by an envoy of the Bourbons, who turn to him as a last resource. The story is one of sustained interest and displays the author's knowledge of the wild country in the old time, as well as her fertile imagination. The character of the Prince is an interesting study and that of Eagle is drawn with remarkable charm and skill.

History of Sir Richard Calmady, The,

by Lucas Malet, was published in 1901. This powerful story opens with a picture of the ancestral home of the Calmady's, in which the hero's father seems destined to enjoy, with his young wife, complete and lasting happiness. Then follows an accident in the hunting field and Sir Richard is brought home mangled; he dies despite the efforts of the surgeons to save him by amputating his injured legs. A few months later the hero of the book is born, a beautiful healthy child in all respects save onethe lower part of each leg is missing, the feet being attached at the point where the knees should be. As child and young man, Sir Richard Calmady behaves in the most exemplary manner, despite his misfortune and the constant reminders of it, from which his wealth and position cannot shield him. Lady Calmady's life is

devoted to her son, and some of the scenes between the two are the best in the book. The young man wishing to marry, selects a sweet but stupid little scion of the nobility, who at the eleventh hour begs to be released in order to marry another. Sir Richard now undergoes a moral revolution and gives himself up to dissipation. He succumbs to the wiles of a fair and wayward cousin, only to be afterward insulted and mal-treated at the hands of one of her cast-off lovers. Nursed back from the resulting fever by his neglected mother, who hastens to his bed-side in Naples, he at last returns home, a confirmed misanthrope and misogynist. Becoming convinced, however, of the wrongfulness of this attitude of mind, he turns his attention to charity and founds a home for cripples, and as a reward wins the heart and hand of a handsome and admirable woman, with whom his acquaintance has hitherto been a superficial one. The book abounds in epigram, allusion, and vivid character-painting, but there is much that is repellent in its unshrinking realism of treatment and it is painful in its presentation of elaborately invented agonies.

ives of the Hunted, by Ernest SetonThompson, was published in 1901, and has added a companion volume to his former successful book, 'Wild Animals I Have Known. It is a collection of eight short stories and each one bears its underlying message of the kinship be tween man and animals, and shows that the enduring interests and passions, mother love, pride, and the desire of liberty, are shared alike by all living creatures. Five of the stories relate to the four-footed race and three to the birds, and they are all vital with interest and display the author's keen observation and his sympathetic knowledge of his subject. In the snowy ranges of the Northwest, we are shown Krag, the mighty Kootenay ram, delighting in his strength and beauty, who at last falls victim to man's desire for "trophies of the chase." In the guarded forests of the Yellowstone Park we see little "Johnny Bear » borne down in his struggles for existence, and Chink, the trembling little pup, who rises to the heights of dog-like fidelity and courage. In the sage-brush deserts of New Mexico, we follow the Kangaroo rat to the fairylike labyrinths of his underground king