an exclusive privilege was granted, which he afterwards sold to the manufactory. The glass is cast at Tourlaville, near Cherbourg, and at Saint Gobin, an ancient chateau near la Fere; it is afterwards sent to Paris to be polished, silvered, and cut. Glasses are finished in this manufactory to the value of more than fourteen thousand francs, and are nearly ten feet in height by six and a half in width. A great number of workmen are employed in the establishment. During the revolution mirrors to the amount of fourteen million francs were accumulated upon these premises. MANUFACTURE ROYALE DE PORCELAINE, at Sèvres.-(See Appendix.) MARKETS. The first market-place in Paris was situated in the Cité, between the monastery of Saint Eloi and the street or road which still subsists under the name of the rue du Marché Palud. The increase of the population to the north gave rise to the establishment of a market in the place de Grève, which continued there till the time of Louis VI., surnamed le Gros, by whom it appears to have been transferred to a field or large piece of ground named Campelli, Champeaux, or Petits Champs. This ground formed part of the manors of several lords, viz. the king, the bishop, the chapter of Sainte Opportune, the priory of Saint Martin, and that of Saint-Denis-dela-Chartre, whose rights, defended with all the obstinacy that the feudal system authorised, occasioned great embarrassment to the monarch, who could only surmount the obstacles thrown in his way by granting indemnities, of which traces remained to the seventeenth century. The bishop of Paris was the most difficult to satisfy pro prietor of the greater part of this vast field, the king was obliged to consent to share with him the sovereignty and emoluments of the market. A deed was executed between them in 1136, by which the bishop was to have the third of all the duties collected. The prévôt of the king was bound to swear fealty to the bishop, and the prévôt of the bishop to the king. Philip Augustus, in 1183, formed two markets upon part of the ground Champeaux, where, as has been already stated, one had been established by Louis-le-Gros. The prior and religieux of Saint Lazare enjoyed the privilege of holding a fair in the vicinity of their house. This privilege Philip Augustus purchased and transferred to the markets, which he surrounded with a wall having several gates. These markets were termed Halles, from aller, to go, according to some, because every body goes to market; according to others, its meaning is the same as the English hall, a spacious room or mansion. Rigord, who was physician to Philip Augustus, and wrote his life, relates the foundation of the Halles in these terms: Factum est autem eodem anno, quod idem rex, ad preces multorum, et maximè ad suggestionem cujusdam servientis, qui, eo tempore, fidelissimus in negotiis regiis pertractandis esse videbatur, nundinas sibi et suis successoribus emit, et in civitate transferri fecit, scilicet, in foro quod Campellis vocatur; ubi, ob decorem et maximam institutorum utilitatem, per ministerium prædicti servientis, qui in hujusmodi negotiis probatissimus erat, duas magnas domos quas vulgus Halas vocat ædificari fecit, in quibus, tempore pluviali, omnes mercatores merces suas mundissimè venderent, et in nocte ab incursu latronum tutè custodirent ad majorem etiam cautelam, circa easdem Hálas jussit in circuitu murum ædificari, portas sufficientes fieri præcipiens, quæ in nocte semper clauderentur; et inter murum exteriorem et ipsas Halas mercatorum stalla fécit erigi desuper operta, ne mercatores, tempore pluvioso, à mercaturâ cessarent, et sic damnum incurrerent. In 1550, the Halles were rebuilt, and many houses erected in the neighbourhood. Near the markets there was formerly a lofty octagonal tower called le Pilori, in which convicts sentenced to public exposure were exhibited to the gaze of the populace. It was built of stone, and was surmounted by a lantern of wood, in which the prisoners were placed; this lantern turned upon a 'pivot, so that those undergoing punishment could be exposed to the public on all sides. In the accounts of the city of Paris for the year 1515, we find that Laurent Bazard, exécuteur de la haute justice, having ascended the pillory to inspect some repairs, the populace set fire to it, and the executioner was burned to death. A baker, named Lostière, one of the incendiaries, was apprehended and hung. In 1673, Jean Deve, a procureur, and his associate, Mercier Marchand, being convicted of `mal-practices, stood in the pillory on three successive market-days, two hours each day. Every half hour the exécuteur de la haute justice caused them to make the tour of the pillory. After this they were imprisoned in the Tournelle, and sent from thence to the galleys for life. The punishment of the pillory had not been inflicted in Paris for fifty years before. The pillory of the Halles was rebuilt in 1471; destroyed by fire, as before noticed, in 1515; repaired in 1542, and finally demolished in 1789. Historians attribute to Saint Louis three regulations relative to the sale of fish brought to the markets of Paris. From these it appears that it was necessary to purchase of the king the right of selling fish, and that there were prud'hommes, or jurés des halles, who inspected the markets, and received the fines incurred by the wholesale or retail dealers. The prud'hommes were appointed by the king's cook. Those who sold fish paid the duty of ton lieu for a stall in the market; they also paid the selling duty, the duty of congé, and that of halage, besides the fees of the prud'hommes. The king's cook obliged the prud'hommes, upon their appointment, to swear by the saints that they would select such fish as the king, the queen, and their children might want, and fix the price of it en conscience. MARCHE DES INNOCENS, opening into the rue Saint Denis. -This extensive market was formed in 1784, upon the ancient cemetery attached to the church des Innocens.* The soil was completely renewed, the ground paved, and, in 1813, a wooden gallery was erected. In the centre of this market is a beautiful fountain, which stood originally at the angle formed by the rue Saint Denis and the rue aux Fers. It was erected in 1551, under the direction of Pierre Lescot, abbot of Cluni: the exquisite sculpture was by Jean Goujon. The decoration was divided into three parts, each composed of an arcade, accompanied by Corinthian pilasters surmounted by a pediment, and adorned with bas-reliefs representing Naiades. Difficulties presented themselves in the formation of this fountain into a detached monument, as it required a fourth side to correspond with those wrought by the matchless hand of Goujon. The project suggested by M. Six was entrusted for execution to Messrs. Poyet, Legrand, and Molinos; and M. Pajou was charged with the bas-reliefs and figures of the new front. The lions of the basement and the other ornaments were executed jointly by Messrs. l'Huillier, Mezières, and Daujon. This quadrilateral monument is crowned by a cupola covered with copper, represent * See Church and Cemetery des Innocens, Vol. I., p. 164. ing the scales of fish. The entire height is forty-two feet and a half. On each of the four sides is the inscription, FONTIUM NYMPHIS. The following distich, by Santeuil, placed upon the original fountain, was effaced at its removal, but restored in 1819: Quos duro cernis simulatos marmore fluctus, Hujus nympha loci credidit esse suos.-1689. The site of this market-place having been once the most celebrated burial-ground in Paris, the following appropriate inscription was proposed for it : Quod loca flebilibus squalebant foeda sepulchris MARCHE SAINT GERMAIN, rue de Seine. This market occupies part of the spot originally devoted to the ancient Foire-Saint-Germain. There were formerly five fairs in Paris, viz. la FoireSaint-Germain, la Foire-Saint-Laurent, la Foire-duTemple, la Foire-Sainte-Ovide, and la Foire-aux-Jambons, all of which belonged to ecclesiastics. The two former being kept open for several weeks, attracted a great number of jugglers, mountebanks, rope-dancers, showmen, etc. The abbot and monks of Saint-Germain-des-Prés enjoyed from a remote period the privilege of holding an annual fair. The first mention of it is in a deed of 1176, in which Hugues, abbot of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, ceded to Louis-le-Jeune half the revenue of this fair, which began fifteen days after Easter, and lasted three weeks. In 1278, there was a violent combat in the Pre-auxClercs between the scholars of the university and the |