ADULTERATION of wine, i. 245; an-
cients clarified their wine with gypsum,
i. 250; potters-earth used for clarifying
wine, ib.; Jacob Ehrni beheaded for
adulterating wine, i. 253; arsenical liver
of sulphur used for detecting metal in
wine, ib.; fumigating with sulphur,
i. 255; adulteration with milk, i. 256;
adulteration of wine in England, ib.
Air-chamber, when first applied to the
fire-engine, ii. 252.

Alum, i. 180; alum of the ancients was
vitriol, ib.; places where they procured
it, i. 182; use of the ancient alum to
secure buildings from fire, i. 184; in-
vention of the modern alum, i. 185;
alumen rocca, i. 186; the oldest alum-
works in the Levant, i. 187; the oldest
in Europe on the island of Enaria,
i. 188; origin of those at Tolfa or Civita
Vecchia, i. 190; at Volterra, i. 193;
Popes' exclusive trade in alum, i. 194;
oldest alum-work in Germany, i. 195;
the first in England, i. 196.
Apothecaries, i. 326; Greek and Roman
physicians prepared their own medi-
cines, i. 327; their employment in the
13th and 14th centuries, i. 329; phar-
macy first separated from medicine by
the Arabian physicians, ib.; medical
establishments in Europe formed after
that at Salerno, i. 331; English apo-
thecaries, i. 333; French, ib.; German,
i. 333-338; portable apothecary's shop
at the Byzantine court, i. 339; first
dispensatory, ib.

Aquafortis, first intelligible account of, i.
506.

Archil, i. 35; known to the ancients, i. 36;
art of dyeing with, brought, in 1300,
from the Levant, i. 38; account of the
family of the Oricellarii or Rucellai,
who made that art known in Italy, ib.;
trade of the Canary islands with, i. 39;
of the Cape de Verde islands, i. 40;
invention of Lacmus, 41.

Artichoke, i. 212; cinara of the ancients

the same with the carduus, i. 213;
Scolymus described, i. 215; not our
artichoke, i. 216; Cactus, what parts of
it were eaten, i. 219; our artichoke
known in the fifteenth century, i. 220;

origin of the name, ib., opinions respect.
ing the country from which it was first
brought, i. 221.

Artificial ice, ii. 142; preserving snow for
cooling liquors, known to the ancients,
ib.; ice preserved for the same use. ii.
143; Nero's method of cooling water.
ib.; how cooled in Egypt, ii. 144; water
made to freeze in summer, ii. 146; art
of making ice at Calcutta, ib.; method
of cooling water mentioned by Plutarch,
ii. 147; earthen vessels used in Portugal
for cooling water, ib.; use of snow known
at the French court under Henry III.,
ii. 149; trade carried on with snow and
ice in France, ii. 150; cooling property
of saltpetre, when discovered, ii. 151;
drinking-cups of ice used in France, ii.
155; ice extensively used for œconomi-
cal purposes, ii. 158; machinery em-
ployed for cutting it, ii. 159.
Aurum fulminans, i. 509; of what com-
posed, ib.; invention of it obscure, ib.;
said to have been discovered by a Ger-
man monk, i. 510; Valentin's receipt
for preparing it, ib.; deprived of its
power by means of vinegar, i. 511.
Bankers, the oldest at Rome, ii. 5.
Bellows, wooden, i. 63; whether first in-

vented by Anacharsis, i. 64; bellows at
the oldest melting-houses driven by
men, ib.; leather and wooden bellows
compared, ib.; description of the latter,
i. 65; advantages of them, i. 66; in-
vented in Germany, ib.; the inventor
supposed to be Hans Lobsinger, Shell-
horn a miller, or a bishop of Bamberg,
i. 66, 67; introduction of them at the
mines of the Harz Forest, i. 67.
Bills of exchange, ii. 203; account of the
oldest, ib.; ordinance issued at Barce-
lona respecting them, ii. 204.
Black lead, ii. 388; names by which it is
known, ib.; ancient manuscripts ruled
with lead, ii. 389; plumbago, by whom
first mentioned, ii. 390; black lead pits
in Cumberland, ii. 392; in commerce,
called potloth, ii. 393; first pencils used
for drawing, ib.; black and red chalk,
ii. 394.
Bologna stone, ii. 429; description of, ii.
429-430; how rendered capable of

shining in the dark, ii. 431; discovery of this, by whom made, ib.; preparation of the stone concealed by the Italian chemists, ii. 432; taught by Poterius, a French chemist, ib.; luminous stone from India mentioned by De Thou, ii. 433; other kinds of pyrophori, ii. 434. Book-censors, ii. 512; reason of their being established, ib.; books forbidden and burnt before the invention of printing, ii. 513; books of the Jews and Christians burnt, ii. 514; works of Arius and Nestorius burnt, ib.; earliest instance of books published by permission of government, ib.; mandate respecting book-censors, ii. 516; bull of Alexander VI. prohibiting books unless previously examined, ii. 517; book-censors established in France, ib. Book-keeping, history of, i. 1. Buckingham, duke of, the first person in England who used six horses to his carriage, i. 76.

Buck-wheat, i. 425; not known to the ancients, i. 426; introduced into Europe the beginning of the 16th century, ib.; said to have been brought from Asia, ib; conjectures respecting other names given to it, i. 428; when cultivated in England, ib.; account of a new species, ib.; sows itself in Siberia, i. 429; difficult to be cultivated, i. 430. Butter, i. 499; whether known to the Hebrews, i. 500; passage in Proverbs respecting it wrongly translated, ib. ; oldest mention of it in Greek writers, ib.; known to the Scythians, ib.; used by the Lusitanians instead of oil, ib.; elephants drank it, ib.; anecdote related by Plutarch, i. 503; invention of butter ascribed by Pliny to the Germans, i. 504; uses to which butter was applied by the ancients, i. 506, 507; butter of the ancients was fluid, ib.; scarce in Norway during the ages of paganism, i. 508.

Camp-mills, ii. 55; invention ascribed to the Germans, ii. 56.

Canary-birds, i. 32; when known in Europe, ib.; flew from a ship wrecked on the coast of Italy to Elba, where they multiplied, ib.; trade with them, i. 33; Canary seed, where first cultivated, i. 34; use of, might be extended, i. 35. Carp, history of, ii. 46; Cassiodorus the oldest author who uses the term carpa, ii. 51; origin of the name, ii. 52; carp supposed to have been first found in the southern parts of Europe, ib.; known in England, ii. 53.

Catalogues of books, ii. 522; first printers printed books at their own expense, ib.; when bookselling. became a distinct business, ib.; catalogues first printed, ii. 523; account of some of the earliest,

ii. 524; rapid increase of catalogues, ii. 527; Bohn's guinea catalogue, ib. Cauliflower, brought from the Levant to Italy, ii. 345.

Cheese known earlier than butter, i. 502. Chemical names of metals, ii. 23; given

first to the heavenly bodies, ib.; nomination of metals after the heathen deities, ii. 24; astrological nomination known to the Brachmins in India, ii. 26; origin of the characters by which the planets are expressed, ii. 27; those by which the metals are signified, ii. 28; list of metals known at the present day, ii. 31.

Chimneys, i. 295; no traces of at Herculaneum, i. 296; principal writers on their antiquity, i. 296, 297; passages in Greek authors supposed to allude to them, i. 297-299; in Roman authors, i. 299-301; houses of the ancients had no chimneys, ib.; in what manner they warmed their apartments, i. 305; deseription of the stoves used in Persia, ib.; derivation of the word chimney, i. 308; houses of the ancients kept warm by pipes, i. 309; Winkelmann's description of stoves found in a ruined villa, ib.; no chimneys in the 10th, 12th and 13th centuries, i. 312; oldest account of chimneys in an inscription at Venice, i. 313; first chimney-sweepers in Germany came from Savoy and Piedmont, í. 314; chimney-sweeps at Paris Savoyards, ib.

Clocks and watches, history of, i. 340; clocks known in the eleventh century, i. 346; first public clock at Padua, i. 351; when in use among private persons, i. 354; first mention of watches, ib.; history of clocks and watches, by Barrington, i. 355; Queen Mary's watch, i. 362; Sir Richard Burton's, ib.; letter on the watch said to have belonged to Robert Bruce, i. 364; Harrison's invention, i. 368; Arnold's chronometer, i. 370.

Coaches, i. 68; covered carriages at Rome, ib.; women only rode in carriages at the beginning of the 16th century, i.70; use of covered carriages forbidden, ib.; order of Julius duke of Brunswick, forbidding his vassals to ride in carriages, i. 72; French monarchs rode on horseback in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, i. 74; citizens' wives at Paris forbidden to use carriages, ib.; Henry IV. had only one coach, i. 75; whirlicotes, the oldest carriages used by the English ladies, ib.; coaches first known in England, i. 76; when introduced into Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Russia, ib.; origin of the word coach, i. 77; berline, invention of, i. 78; first coaches let out for hire at Paris, i. 79; hackney-coaches first established

at London, i. 81; number of coaches in some of the principal cities of Europe, ib. Cobalt, i. 478; is melted with siliceous earth and potashes to a blue glass called smalt, ib.; ground smalt, or powderblue, ib.; cobalt not known to the ancients, ib.; reason why Lehmann and others think that the ancients used smalt, i. 481; Gmelin's experiments on the blue of the ancients, ib.; origin of the name cobalt, i. 483; first colourmills in Germany for grinding smalt, i. 481; smalt not mentioned in books till a later period, i. 486; the oldest description found in the works of Biringoccio, ib.

Cock-fighting, ii. 473; reflections on, ib.; antiquity of, ib.; quail-fighting among the Romans, ii. 474; cock-fights and quail-fights mentioned by Solon, ii. 475; Romans employed partridges for fighting, ib.; cock-fighting instituted by Themistocles, ib.; ascribed to Miltiades, ii. 476; mentioned by ancient authors, ii. 477-479; oldest information about cock-fighting in England, ii. 481; this pastime forbidden, ib.

Cork, i. 318; properties of, ib.; account of the cork-tree, i. 319; known to the Greeks and Romans, ib.; cork used by the ancient fishermen as floats to their nets, i. 321; anchor-buoys made of it, ib.; Romans made soles of it, i. 322; cork jackets, antiquity of, ib.; ancient methods of closing up winecasks and other vessels, i. 323; cork stoppers, i. 324; various substitutes for corks, i. 325, 326.

Corn-mills, i. 147; earliest methods of grinding corn, ib,; the oldest handmills, ib.; cattle-mills, i. 148; watermills, i. 151; mills constructed at Rome by Belisarius, i. 154; invention of fleating-mills, i. 155; of wind-mills, i. 158; difference between German and Dutch wind-mills, i. 160; bolting-machinery, when invented, i. 161; bolting-cloth, i. 162; invention of barley-mills, i. 168; anecdote of a feudal lord, i. 170. Cryptography, when invented, i. 106. Diamond, when first used for writing on glass, ii. 87.

Diving-bell, i. 111; ancient divers, ib. ; principles explained, i. 113; earliest use in Europe, ib.; described by Lord Bacon, i. 115; cannon fished up by it from the wreck of the Spanish Armada, ib.; old inventions, i. 117; Dr. Halley's divingbell, i. 118; Triewald's improvement, i. 119; when employed in civil engineering, i. 121; apparatus for walking at the bottom of the sea, i. 122. Embroidery, antiquity of, i. 415. Enamel, i. 132.

Etching on glass discovered by Henry

Schwanhard, ii. 88; process which he employed, ii. 89.

Etruscan vases, colours of, produced by calx of iron, ii. 239. Exclusive privilege for printing books, i. 518; oldest privilege known, granted in 1490, ib.; account of some granted in different countries, ii. 519, 520; pnvileges granted in England, ii. 520; in Spain, ii. 521.

Falconry, i. 198; not a modern inventie. i. 199; birds of prey used in India and Thrace, i. 201; employed also in Italy, ib.; forbidden to the clergy in the sixth century, i. 203; ancients bred other npacious animals besides hawks, ib.; falconry common in the twelfth century, ib.; Frederick II. wrote a book upon it, ib.; ladies formerly fond of falconry, i. 204; oldest writers on this art, ib. Fire-engines, ii. 245; idea borrowed from the common pump, ib.; sipho mentioned by Pliny, a fire-engine, ii. 246; fire-engines at Rome, ii. 247; in the East,engines employed to produce fires, ii. 249; Greek fire, ib.; fire-engines introduced into Germany uncertain, ii. 250; first mentioned in the building accounts of Augsburg, ib.; fire-engines at Nuremberg, ii. 251; fire-engines very imperfect in the seventeenth century, ii. 252; air-chamber, when added, ib.; improved engines made by Leupold, ii. 253; Dutch improvements, ii. 255-256; pipes for conveying water not unknown to the ancients, ii. 256; fire-engines, when introduced at Constantinople, ii. 257. Floating of wood, i. 454; what gave rise to this invention, i. 455; wood floated by Solomon for the temple at Jerusalem, i. 456; wood transported on water by the Romans, ib.; earliest account of floating wood in Germany, i. 458; in France, i. 459, 460.

Forks, ii. 407; Greeks and Romans had no name for them, ii. 408; Romans often used ligula instead, ii. 409; forks not employed by the ancients, ib.; meat cut by a carver, ii. 410; forks not in use among the Chinese, ib.; forks supposed to be found among the ruins of a Roman town, ii. 411; when first known in Italy, ib.; forks and spoons still rarities in some parts of Spain, ii. 413; table knives, when introduced among the Highlanders, ib.; English, Dutch, and French have adopted the Italian names forca and forchetta, ib.; German word gabel of great antiquity, ii. 414. Foundling hospitals, ii. 434; reflections on child-murder, ib.; no law against it formerly in Christian states, ii. 436; children exposed by the ancients, ii. 437; permitted in Greece but not at Thebes, ii. 438: when prohibited by the Romans,

1.439; humane decrees of Constantine the Great, ii. 440; public orphan-houses at Athens and Rome, ib.; foundlings declared to be free by Justinian, ii. 441; oldest establishments for orphans in Germany,ii. 442; similar establishments in France, ii. 444, 445; one of the same kind at Einbeck, ii. 445; hospital at Nuremberg, ii. 446; institution for foundlings at Venice, ib.; foundling hospital in England, ib.; inefficiency of such institutions, ii. 448.

Fowls said to thrive near smoke, i. 303. Fur dresses, ii. 296; raw skins first used for clothing, ii. 297; fur clothing little used by the Romans, ib.; introduced by their northern invaders, ii. 301; seal-skins, ii. 302; rein-deer skins, used by the ancient Germans, ib.; furs, considered by the Getæ objects of magnificence, ii. 304; forbidden by Honorius, ib.; Gothic breeches adopted by the Romans, ii. 305; furs employed by the Persians instead of mattresses and bolsters, ii. 308; origin of the fur trade to the southern parts of Europe, ii. 309; riches of the northern nations consisted in furs, ii. 310; skins counted by decuria or decher, ii. 311; skins of the Pontic mouse, ii. 312; ermine, various names of, ii. 315; the sable, ib.; marten, ii. 316; grauwerk, meaning of, ii. 317; cats and rabbits' skins, ib.; beaver skins, ii. 318; furs, when they began to be dyed, ii. 319; Charlemagne, anecdote respecting his dress of sheep's skin, ib.; fur gloves, ii. 320; use of furs forbidden, ii. 321, 322; not used at the court of Byzantium, ii. 322; fur trade in modern times, ii. 323.

Garden-flowers, history of, i. 512; modern taste came from Persia and Constantinople, ib.; tuberose, when first brought to Europe, ib. ; auricula carried to Brussels, i. 513; ranunculus brought from the Levant, i. 516; fondness of Mahomet IV. for this flower, ib.; favourite flowers of the present day, i. 517. Gilding, ii. 290; mentioned in the books

of the Old Testament, ib. ; art of goldbeating at Rome in the time of Pliny, ii. 291; process of gold-beating in the twelfth century, ib.; pellicle first used by the German gold-beaters, ii. 292, art of gilding facilitated by the inven tion of oil-painting, ii. 294; gold-lear affixed to metals by quicksilver in the time of Pliny, ii. 295; false gilding, ib.; gilding leather, ii. 296.

Glass-cutting, ii. 84; known to the ancients, ib.; revived by Caspar Lehmann, ii. 85; figures engraved on glass with a diamond, ii. 86; etching on glass, ii. 88; history of sparry fluor, ii. 90; its property of emitting light discovered, ib. ;

ornaments of, made in Derbyshire, ii. 92.

Guns, gun-locks, ii. 533; first portable fire-arms discharged by a match, ib.; when flints were used, ii. 534; pistols, when brought into use, ii. 535, derivation of the word, ib.; muskets, whence they received their name, ib.; gun-lock, when invented, ib.; how gun-flints are prepared, ii. 538.

Honey used by the ancients for preserving natural curiosities, i. 286.

Hops, ii. 376; whether known to the ancients, ii. 377; known in the time of the Carolingian dynasty, ii. 380; in Egypt bitter things added to beer, ii. 382; when hops were used in the Netherlands, ib.; when in England, ii. 384; sweet gale employed for beer in Sweden, ii. 385; Chinese hops, how prepared, ii. 387; cultivation of hops in England, ib.

Horse, burnt as being possessed by the devil, ii. 118.

Horse-shoes, i. 442; writers on their an

tiquity, i. 443; methods employed by the ancients to preserve the feet of cattle, ib.; mules shod with silver and gold, i. 444; hoofs of the ancient cavalry soon worn out, i. 446; ancients unacquainted with horse-shoes such as ours, ib.; horses not shod in Ethiopia, Japan and Tartary, i. 449; horse-shoe said to have been found in the grave of Childeric, i. 451; first mentioned in the ninth century, i. 452; mentioned by Italian, English and French writers of the same century, i. 453; shoeing horses, when introduced into England, i. 454.

Hungary water, i. 315; method of preparing it, ib.; fabulous origin of the name, ib.; receipt for making it first mentioned in a small book by John Prevot, i. 316; copy of the receipt, ib. Hydrometer, ii. 161; earliest mention of it occurs in the fifth century, ib.; description of the hydrometer by Synesíus, ii. 163; Hypatia not the inventress of the hydrometer, ii. 168; revived in the sixteenth century, ii. 169; improvements in, ii. 171.

Indigo, ii. 258; brought first from the

East Indies, ib.; medicinal properties of, ii. 261; cultivated in Malta in the seventeenth century, ii. 262; the Indicum nigrum of the ancients was China mk, ii. 264; authors in which this term occurs, ii. 267; indigo, as well as Indian ink, procured from India, and named indicum, ii. 270; indigo mentioned by Arabian physicians, ib.; indigo substituted in dyeing for woad, ii. 273; when introduced into Germany, ii. 274; great importation into Hol

land, ib.; American indigo, ib.; indigo prohibited in Germany, ii. 277; dyers obliged to take an oath not to use it, ii. 278; first mention of it in the English laws, ii. 279.

Infirmaries, hospitals, lazarettos, ii. 454; no hospitals for sick at Rome, ib.; pilgrimages gave rise to their erection, ii. 456; brotherhoods established to provide for sick pilgrims, ii. 457; first hospitals built close to cathedrals, ii. 458; mad-houses, where first established, ii. 461; attention paid by the Romans to their invalids, i. 462; first establishment for invalids at Constantinople, ii. 465; Hôtel des Invalides, at Paris, ib.; regular surgeons, when appointed to armies, ii. 468-471; establishment of field hospitals in Germany, ii. 471. Ink, sympathetic, history of, i. 106. Ink, in what manner it acquires a superior quality, ii. 266.

Insurance, i. 234; not known to the Romans, ib.; Puffendorf and others endeavour to prove the contrary ib.; does not occur in the Hanseatic maritime laws, ib.; policies drawn up in 1523, still used in Leghorn, i. 237; insurance-laws of the 16th and 17th centuries, i. 238; invention of insurance against fire, i. 240; insurance companies in England, i. 242-244.

Jackets, cork, of the ancients, i. 322. Jugglers, ii. 115; who comprehended under that title, ib.; observations on their employment, ii. 115-119; breathing out flames very ancient, ii. 119; how performed, ib.; deceptions with naphtha, ii. 120; feats of Richardson with burning coals and melted lead, ii. 121; feat with melted copper, ii. 122; ancient Hirpi could walk through burning coals, ii. 123; ordeal, a juggling trick of the priests, ib.; secret of it disclosed, ii. 124; exhibition with balls and cups mentioned by the ancients, ib.; Von Eckeberg suffered large stones to be broken on his breast, ii. 126; ancient rope-dancers, ib.; feats of horsemanship came from the East, ii. 128; performers at the Byzantine court, ib.; Romans taught elephants to walk on a rope, ii. 129; Sybarites taught horses. to dance, ii. 130; Wildman's exhibition with bees, ib.; puppets, ii. 132; antiquity of automata, ii. 133; tripods of Vulcan, ii. 134; moving statues of Dædalus, ib.; pigeon of Archytas, ii. 135; wooden eagle and iron fly of Regiomontanus, ib.; automata of Vaucanson and Du Moulin, ii. 136, 137; of De Gennes, ii. 137; speaking machines, ii. 138141; Chinese shadows, ii. 141. Kermes and cochineal, i. 385; belong to the same genus, i. 386; three kinds de

scribed, ib.; places where the ancienta collected them, i. 387; still found in the Levant, i. 388; French and Spanish kermes, ib.; name given to them in the middle ages, i. 399; how preserved at those periods, ib.; when this dye was known in Germany, i. 391; origin of the name kermes, i. 392; discovery of American cochineal, i. 396; disputes whether cochineal was insects or berries, i. 398; real cochineal brought to St. Domingo,i. 399; kermes early employed in the East to dye red, ib.; derivation of the word scarlet, i. 400; Drebbel dis covered that a solution of tin produced with cochineal a beautiful scarlet colour, i. 402; Gobelin improved the art of dyeing scarlet in France, i. 403; firs dye-house for scarlet in England esta blished by a Fleming, ib.; three kinds of cochineal in the English market, i.

404.

Kitchen vegetables, ii. 336; bulbous roots, favourite dishes among the ancients, i 338; some vegetables, formerly culti vated, now little esteemed, ib.; borage not known to the ancients, ii. 339; spinage, no traces of in the works of the ancients, ii. 340; its native country unknown, ib.; broccoli, known to the ancients, ii. 342; species of the cabbage according to Linnæan system, ii. 343— 348; whether the Greeks and Romans were acquainted with our carrots, i 349-351; shallots brought from Ascalon in Palestine, ii. 353; our shallots obtained only by the bulbs, ib.; potatoes, when introduced into Europe, i.

354.

Kircher, whether the inventor of the speak ing-trumpet, i. 97; read the litany

through one to a congregation from two to five Italian miles off, i. 99. Knitting, stocking-loom, ii. 355; fishing and hunting-nets mentioned in the Scriptures, ii. 357; nets, in modem times found among very rude nations, ii. 358; mantles of the clergy in the middle ages covered with silk nets, ii. 359; stocking-knitting, when invented, ii. 360; when known in England, ii. 361; breeches and hose, when worn in Scotland, ii. 362; stockings of cloth, in the time of Queen Mary, ii. 364; knitting, when common throughout England, ii. 365; art of knitting stockings in Germany, ib.; terms which relate to knitting older than the art itself, ii. 366; wire-screens of curious workmanship, ii. 367; stocking-loom, invention of, ii. 368-373; stockinglooms at Venice, ii. 373; invention claimed by the French, ib.; brought to Germany, ii. 375; present state of the hosiery manufacture, ib.