miles to Bloody Fall, from which point the river ceases to be navigable upwards, owing to the large number of shoals and rapids. Leaving their boats, they then travelled on foot along the banks of the river and across the country till they joined Captain Franklin and his party, who had returned to Fort Franklin on Great Bear Lake. Captain Franklin and Dr. Richardson arrived in London on the 29th of September 1827. In 1828 was published a 'Narrative of the Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea in the Years 1825, 1826, and 1827, by John Franklin, Captain R.N., F.R.S., &c., and Commander of the Expedition; including an Account of the Progress of a Detachment to the Eastward, by John Richardson, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., Surgeon and Naturalist to the Expedition; illustrated with numerous Plates and Maps,' 4to. during the years 1845-51, 4to, 1852; 'Notes on the Natural History,' to The Last of the Arctic Voyages, being a Narrative of the Expe dition of H. M. S. Assistance, under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, C.B., in Search of Sir John Franklin, during the years 1852-53-54,' 2 vols. 8vo, 1855. [See SUPPLEMENT.] RICHARDSON, JONATHAN, a portrait-painter, was born about 1665. His father dying when he was only five years old, his mother's second husband articled him to a scrivener; but as his master died in the sixth year of his clerkship, he followed the bent of his inclination, and at the age of twenty became a pupil of John Riley. After leaving this instructor, with whom he studied four years, and whose niece he married, Richardson commenced the practice of portrait-painting, in which, even during the lives of Kneller and Dahl, he obtained great employment, and upon their decease he was considered as the head of his profession in England. The profits of his business enabled him to retire from practice many years before his death, which happened suddenly at his house in Queen-square, Westminster, on the 28th of May, 1745. Hudson, the preceptor of Sir Joshua Reynolds, was his pupil and son-in-law. As an artist, Richardson was one of the best there his merit ended. He had strength, roundness, and boldness in his colouring; but his attitudes, draperies, and backgrounds are insipid and unmeaning, and the disposition of his subjects shows that he was wholly devoid of imagination. There are a few etchings of portraits by his hand, among which are his own, prefixed to his work on Criticism; John Milton; Alexander Pope (two plates, one of them a profile); and Dr. Mead. In 1829 Dr. Richardson_published the First Part of the 'Fauna Boreali-Americana, or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America, containing Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History collected on the late Northern Land Expeditions under the Command of Sir John Franklin; by John Richardson, M.D., F.R.S., &c., assisted by William Swainson, Esq., F.R.S., &c., and the Rev. William Kirby, M.A., F.R.S., &c.' 4to. Part II., The Birds,' by Swainson and Richard-painters of a head that this country had at that time produced, but son, was published in 1881. Part III., The Fishes,' by Richardson, in 1836; and Part IV., 'The Insects,' in 1837. Dr. Richardson's first wife died in 1831, and in 1833 he married a second, who was the only daughter of John Booth, Esq., of Stickney. In 1838 he was appointed Physician to the Fleet, and went to reside at the Royal Naval Hospital at Haslar, near Gosport. In 1840 he was appointed an Inspector of Hospitals. His second wife died in 1845; he was created a Knight in 1846; and in 1847 he married a third wife. the youngest daughter of Archibald Fletcher, Esq., of Edinburgh. Sir John Franklin, who had left England in May 1845, with the ships Erebus and Terror, on his last expedition to the Arctic Seas, not having been heard of at the end of the autumn of 1847, the British government resolved to send out three distinct searching expeditions one to Lancaster Sound, under Sir James Clarke Ross; another down Mackenzie River, under Sir John Richardson; and a third to Behring's Straits, under Captain Kellett. The main object of the expedition under Sir John Richardson was to search the coast between the mouths of the Mackenzie River and the Coppermine River, and the shores of Victoria Land and Wollaston Land lying opposite to Cape Krusenstern. Dr. Richardson, accompanied by Mr. Rae, left Liverpool by steamer on the 25th of March 1848. On the 18th of April they were at Montreal, on which day the steamers commenced running on the river St. Lawrence. They embarked on the following day; and, passing across the Canadian lakes in steamers, afterwards travelled with canoes along the northern series of lakes and rivers to the Great Slave Lake, where boats and all necessary stores having been provided, they commenced the descent of the Mackenzie River on the 24th of July 1848, and reached the sea on the 6th of August. Having traced and examined the shores as far as Cape Krusenstern, they advanced to Cape Kendall, but were prevented by the ice from reaching the mouth of the Coppermine River. They were consequently obliged to leave their boats, and travel overland till they reached Fort Confidence, on Dease River, where log-houses had been constructed for their use, and where they passed the winter of 1848-49. In the summer of 1849 Mr. Rae attempted to reach Wollaston Land in a boat, but the quantity of ice and stormy state of the weather rendered all his efforts unavailing. The party then proceeded to Great Bear Lake, and afterwards to Great Slave Lake, whence they returned by their former route, and arrived safely in Canada. Sir John Richardson left Montreal in October, and landed at Liverpool on the 6th of November 1849. In 1851 he published the Arctic Searching Expedition: a Journal of a Boat-Voyage through Rupert's Land and the Arctic Sea, in Search of the Discovery-Ships under command of Sir John Franklin; with an Appendix on the Physical Geography of North America; by Sir John Richardson, C.B., F.R.S., Inspector of Naval Hospitals and Fleets,' &c., 2 vols. 8vo. This work, besides the journal of the progress of the expedition, contains a very large amount of information on the geology, geography, and natural history of the northern part of the American continent, as well as concerning the various tribes of Indians and Esquimaux who inhabit it. Sir John Richardson retired from service as a naval medical officer in 1855. It is however as a writer on art that the fame of Richardson must depend. In 1719 he published two discourses, entitled 'An Essay on the whole Art of Criticism as it relates to Painting, and an Argument in behalf of the Science of a Connoisseur,' in 1 vol. 8vo. This work contains the rules of painting and of pictorial criticism laid down with judgment and precision, and expressed in language both forcible and just. In it he shows a just appreciation of the excellences of Raffaelle, and makes many admirable remarks upon the various styles of this great painter-his Perugino, his Florentine, and his Roman manner. He also refers with pride to our national treasures at Hampton Court -the Cartoons of Raffaelle-and pronounces as to them and 'The Transfiguration' that as they were the last, so they are the best productions of his hand. The Essay and Argument with The Theory of Painting,' by Richardson, were published together in an octavo volume by his son in 1773. This latter composition also contains an able criticism on the style of Raffaelle, acute observations on the Cartoons, and some valuable notices of the paintings by him in the Vatican: they were unquestionably the best original critical essays on painting which had appeared in the English language. In 1722, in conjunction with his son, he published 'An Account of some of the Statues, BasReliefs, Drawings, and Pictures in Italy, &c., with Remarks by Mr. Richardson, sen. and jun.;' and in 1734 they published together Explanatory Notes and Remarks on Milton's 'Paradise Lost,' with a Life of the Author and a Discourse on the Poem.' In 1776 the son published a volume of poems by his father, but they possess very little literary merit. RICHARDSON, SAMUEL, the inventor of the modern English novel, was born in Derbyshire in 1689. His father had been a joiner in London, but had retired to the country, and fixed himself at Shrewsbury, after the execution of the Duke of Monmouth, with whom it appears he had been in some way or other connected. It is stated that both his father and mother had been born in a superior station to that in which they had come to move. At one time the joiner hoped to have been able to educate his son for the church; but a decline in his circumstances forced him to forego this ambition, and young Richardson was in his seventeenth year bound apprentice to Mr. John Wilde, a printer of London, after having had merely the education in reading and writing to be obtained at a common village school. He has informed us however, that long before this the peculiar talents which he afterwards displayed in his novels had begun to show themselves. He was noted while at school, he relates, for his flow of invention; his schoolfellows used to make him tell them stories, and were always most pleased with those he made out of his own head. "All my stories," he characteristically adds, "carried with them, I am bold to say, a useful model." But already, as throughout his life, his most delighted listeners, and the associates who best drew forth his powers, were of the other sex. "As a bashful and not forward boy," he says, "I was an early favourite with all the young women of taste and reading in the neighbourhood. Half-a-dozen of them, when met to work with their needles, used, when they got a book they liked, and thought I should, to borrow me to read to them, Sir John Richardson has contributed to the natural history of the their mothers sometimes with them; and both mothers and daughters following voyages:- The Mammalia,' to 'The Zoology of Captain used to be pleased with the observations they put me upon making. Beechey's Voyage to the Pacific and Behring's Straits, in H.M.S. I was not more than thirteen when three of these young women, Blossom,' 4to, 1839; 'The Fishes,' to 'The Zoology of the Voyage of unknown to each other, having a high opinion of my taciturnity, H.M. S. Erebus and Terror, under the command of Sir James Clarke revealed to me their love secrets, in order to induce me to give them Ross, during the years 1839 and 1843,' 4to, 1845; 'The Fishes,' to copies to write after, or correct, for answers to their lovers' letters; 'The Zoology of the Voyage of H. M. S. Samarang, under the com- nor did any one ever know that I was the secretary to the others." mand of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, during the years 1843-46,' 4to, This was an employment well suited to nourish and strengthen 1848; Fossil Mammals,' to 'The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Richardson's wonderful faculty of entering into the feelings of other Herald, under the command of Captain Henry Kellett, R.N., C.B.,hearts, and giving them true and natural expression. Sir John Richardson, as part of his official duty, had the superintendence of the museum established at Haslar Hospital through the exertions of Sir William Burnett, inspector-general. Many specimens of rare fishes were deposited there, and in 1842 he published in 4to the first part of Icones Piscium, or Plates of Rare Fishes.' The work however was discontinued. 95 RICHARDSON, SAMUEL. RICHELIEU, CARDINAL DE. 96 tioned are, a paper in the 'Rambler' (No. 97); an edition of Esop's He was so punctual and industrious during the seven years of his apprenticeship that Wilde used to call him the pillar of his house; yet he did not neglect his private studies, finding time, by stealing it from the hours of rest and relaxation, both for much reading and a good deal of letter-writing. He remained five or six years as foreman in Mr. Wilde's printing-office after his apprenticeship expired, and then set up for himself in Salisbury-court, Fleet-street. Soon finding himself in possession of a good business, he married Miss Allington Wilde, his old master's daughter, whom however he lost in 1731, after she had borne him five sons and a daughter, all of whom he likewise survived. He afterwards married Miss Leake, sister of Mr. James Leake, bookseller, by whom he had five daughters and a son: of these four daughters, with their mother, survived him. Richardson first became an author in the year 1740. He had been in the habit of occasionally furnishing prefaces and dedications for the works which he printed, at the request of the publishers, and had been often importuned by his friends Mr. Rivington and Mr. Osborne to draw up for them a small collection of familiar letters on subjects of general interest in common life; a task, they conceived, well adapted to his style and turn of mind. Many years before he had been greatly interested by a story of real life that had been told him-the same in its general outline with that of 'Pamela;' he now thought of making it the topic of a letter or two in the proposed little volume; but when he began to reflect on the subject, its capabilities gradually unfolded themselves to him, and "I thought," says he, "the story, if written in an easy and natural manner suitable to the simplicity of it, might possibly turn young people into a course of reading different from the pomp and parade of romance-writing, and, dismissing the improbable and marvellous, with which novels generally abound, might tend to promote the cause of religion and virtue." The result was the composition of the first part of 'Pamela,' the two large volumes of which were written between the 10th of November 1739, and the 10th of January 1740. It was published in the latter year, and became immediately so popular that five editions of it were called for within the twelvemonth. So refreshing and exciting were mere nature, truth, and simplicity, even under many disadvantages and indeed positive offensiveness of style and manner, found to be in a species of composition fitted above all others to amuse and interest the popular fancy, but which had hitherto been cultivated in our language only in a spirit and after a mode of working with which the taste of the most numerous class of readers was the least formed to sympathise. The first part of 'Pamela' was soon followed by the second part, which was felt at the time by most people to be a great falling off, and which it has since been generally agreed is an attempt at improving the original story that might very well have been spared. The author was led to write it by the appearance of a sequel to his book by another hand, under the title of 'Pamela in High Life'-the wretched speculation of some needy scribbler to turn to his own profit the interest and curiosity which Richardson's work had excited. It ought to be mentioned that Richardson also completed and published the 'Collection of Familiar Letters' out of the project of which his novel had arisen. Another incident connected with the publication of Richard-retire into a Carthusian convent, young Armand was looked upon as son's first novel is the circumstance of its having been the means of impelling his celebrated contemporary Fielding into the same line of writing: Fielding's first novel, properly so called-his 'Joseph Andrews' which appeared in 1742, was an avowed burlesque of 'Pamela,' for which Richardson never forgave him. It was not till after an interval of several years that 'Pamela' was followed by The History of Clarissa Harlowe.' The first four volumes of this greatest of Richardson's novels appeared in 1748, and immediately raised his reputation as a master of fictitious narrative to the highest point. The admiration it excited was not confined to his own country; the work, translated into the French and German languages, soon acquired for him a European name. So strong was the hold which the story took of the imaginations of its readers, that, as if the events and characters had all been real, and the author's pen had a power of actual creation and embodiment, many persons, during the progress of the work, wrote to him in the most urgent terms to gratify them by such a winding up of the plot as they had set their hearts upon, declaring that their own happiness depended upon the extrication of the heroine from the miseries in which he had involved her. But Richardson obeyed his own genius, and was not to be persuaded to turn the deep and noble tragedy of unconquerable and triumphant endurance which he had so finely conceived, into a mere common-place stimulant for sentimentalism. Richardson's next and last great work, his 'History of Sir Charles Grandison,' appeared in 1753. This is of all his works that in which he has most frequently deserted the true field of his genius, and ventured farthest upon ground on which he was not qualified to appear with advantage; and accordingly it contains much more that is tedious and uninteresting than either of his other novels; the plot too has little that excites curiosity or sympathy; and the conception of the principal personage sins against all the principles both of poetical art and of probability and the philosophy of human nature. Yet with all its faults this novel too is full of its author's most graphic and dramatic genius; the whole picture of Clementina, in particular, is perhaps surpassed by nothing in either 'Pamela' or 'Clarissa.' The only publications of Richardson's that have not been men RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS, CARDINAL DE, a younger son of François du Plessis, Lord of Richelieu, was born at Paris, in 1585. He studied at the college of Navarre, and was at first intended for the military profession, but his elder brother Alphonse, bishop of Luçon, having resolved to withdraw from active life and his successor in his see. Accordingly he applied himself to the study of divinity, in which he took a doctor's degree at the age of twenty. The pope objected to his being consecrated bishop of Luçon on account of his youth; but Armand repaired to Rome, and succeeded in convincing the pope of his aptitude for the episcopal office, and he was consecrated in 1607. Having taken possession of his see, he applied himself sedulously to the discharge of his pastoral duties, and in preaching and converting the Calvinists. In 1614 he sat as deputy of the clergy of Poitou in the assembly of the States-General, on which occasion he harangued the young king Louis XIII., and so pleased the queen-mother Marie de' Medici, that she made him her almoner, which was the beginning of his fortune. He was soon made secretary of state, but in consequence of a quarrel between the king and his mother, Richelieu was banished to his diocese. He afterwards acted as mediator between those two personages, and acquired a permanent influence over both. In 1622 he was made a cardinal, soon after which the queen-mother obtained for him a seat in the council in 1624, when he became the chief minister of the crown, and continued such for the remaining eighteen years of his life. The history of his political career forms an important period in the history of the French monarch. Richelieu had three great objects in view: 1, to render the power of the crown absolute, and to humble the feudal nobility; 2, to annihilate the Calvinists as a political party; 3, to reduce the power of the house of Austria, both in its German and Spanish branches, and to extend that of France. Unscrupulous about the means, he succeeded in breaking down the political influence of the nobles, many of whom he sent to the scaffold on various pretences. He put to death Marshal de Marillac, the duke of Montmorency, Cinq Mars, and De Thou, and many more in a cruel manner. shut in dungeons during the cardinal's life. His great political opponent was Gaston d'Orléans, the king's brother, who conspired against the cardinal. The conspiracy failed, and was the cause of the death of Gaston's friends. Gaston then openly revolted against the king, being assisted by the Duke of Lorraine, whose sister he had married. He was not more successful in this attempt, was obliged to seek an asylum in the Spanish Netherlands, and the Duke of Lorraine lost his Others were dominions, which were seized by the French. The queen-mother, who had quarrelled with the cardinal and supported his enemies, was obliged to quit France. She retired to Cologne, where she died, in 1642. in great distress. Richelieu accomplished the second object which he had in view, namely, the extirpation of the Calvinist party, by besieging in person and taking La Rochelle, the stronghold of the Calvinists, in 1628. But the motives of Richelieu appear to have been more political than religious at all events he did not show himself after his victory a fanatic or a persecutor. He secured religious tolerance to the Calvinists by a royal edict in 1629; and when the faculty of theology of Montauban, which was then, as it is now, the Calvinist university of France, went to visit the cardinal, he told them courteously that he could not receive them as a body of divines, but that he should always be willing to see them as men of learning. : The third great object of Richelieu was that of humbling the House of Austria, which, since the time of Charles V., had been the preponderating power in Europe. For this purpose, 'setting aside all clerical scruples, he supported, first secretly and afterwards openly, the Protestants of Germany against the emperor. His almoner, a Capuchin friar named Père Joseph, was his confidant and trusty agent in all his diplomatic intrigues. The history of this singular character has been published, 'Histoire du véritable Père Joseph,' and is a most curious biography. The friar repaired to Germany, to the camp of the Protestant princes and of Gustavus, and also to that of Wallenstein. After the death of the two great leaders, Gustavus and Wallenstein, the French troops carried on the war on the Rhine in concert with the Swedes against the emperor. At the same time Richelieu was assisting the Protestant Grisons against the Roman Catholic insurgents of Valtelina, who were supported by the Spaniards. He also allied himself with the States-General of the Netherlands to attack the Spanish dominions in Belgium, which he had in view to annex to France as far as Antwerp, a scheme in which however he failed. On the side of Spain the French took Roussillon, and supported the Catalonians in their revolt against Philip IV. Richelieu is also said to have meddled, by means of Père Joseph and the French ambassador in London, in the first stirring of the Covenanters and Puritans which led to the great revolution. Charles I., ever wavering in his foreign policy, had disappointed Richelieu in his proposal of a defensive league between France and England, and seemed to lean towards a Spanish alliance. "The king and queen of England," said Richelieu, "will repent the rejection of the treaty before the year is over." (Père Orléans; D'Estrade; President Hénault.) In 1639 arms and ammunition were sent from France to Leith for the use of the disaffected. In Italy the French invaded Piedmont, which however they evacuated by a treaty with the princes of Savoy. The principal result of all these wars was to circumscribe the imperial power in Germany, and to weaken the influence of Spain in the general politics of Europe. In 1642 Richelieu fell ill, and died in December, at his house at Paris, at the age of fifty-eight. The king repaired to his bedside shortly before his death, when the cardinal recommended to him Mazarin and others, and told his majesty that he left the kingdom at the highest pitch of glory, and protested to him that all his "doings as a minister had been for the good of religion and of the state," an assertion rather startling from such a man, but which he may possibly have believed. His funeral was magnificent; but the people of Paris made bonfires in token of rejoicing. He had become unpopular of late years, on account of the fresh burdens which he had laid on the people. A splendid mausoleum, by Girardon, was raised to his memory in the church of La Sorbonne. He left a considerable property, which however had not been altogether accumulated at the expense of the state, but was in great part the proceeds of his vast church preferment. Mary de' Medici had died at Cologne a few months before Richelieu, and Louis XIII. died five months after his minister. Richelieu established the royal printing-presses; he was the founder of the French Academy; he built the Palais Royal, which was then called Palais Cardinal; and he rebuilt La Sorbonne. He was well informed for his age, and has left several works, some on religious and controversial subjects, and others on politics. His 'Testament Politique' has been considered by some as apocryphal, but Foncemagne has defended its authenticity in the edition of 1764, by his Letters to Voltaire, and apparently upon sufficient grounds. The 'Mémoires du Cardinal de Richelieu, written by himself, have been published in several volumes, in 1822-25, by Petitot, from a manuscript corrected in the cardinal's own hand, which existed in the archives of the department of Foreign Affairs at Paris. Cardinal Richelieu ranks among the greatest ministers of the old French monarchy. He had extended views, great perseverance and acuteness, and a lofty mind; but he was also revengeful, cruel, and unprincipled. He laboured strenuously to make the authority of the crown absolute, and by so doing he paved the way for the subsequent despotism of Louis XIV. Montesquieu says that Richelieu made his master the second man in the monarchy, but the first in Europe; that he depressed the king, but ennobled his reign. His grand-nephew, LOUIS FRANÇOIS DU PLESSIS DE RICHELIEU, marshal of France, figured under Louis XV., and acquired a name for his bravery in war and some ability in negociation, and also for BIOG. DIV. VOL. V. his libertinism, court intrigue, and overbearing disposition. He died in 1788, at a very advanced age. A grandson of Marshal Richelieu entered the Russian service during the French revolution, was made governor of Odessa, a town which he greatly improved, and became, after the Restoration, minister of Louis XVIII. He was known by the title of Duc de Richelieu. He died in 1821, with the reputation of an honourable and loyal statesman. RICHTER, JEAN PAUL FRIEDRICH, commonly called JEAN PAUL, was born on the 21st of March 1763, at Wunsiedel, in the neighbourhood of Baireuth, where his father held the office of tertius or under-schoolmaster and organist. Shortly after the birth of his son, he was made pastor of the village of Jodiz, whence he was transferred to Schwarzenbach on the Saale. Owing to the very limited circumstances of his parents, as well as to the want of a good schoolmaster, the boy had hitherto been educated and taught at home by his father. At Schwarzenbach however he was sent to school, and continued the study of Latin and Greek, to which Hebrew and some other branches of learning were added. His stay at this school was short, and he was sent to the gymnasium at Hof, where he continued his studies for two years, notwithstanding the death of his father, which happened shortly after his arrival there, and left his family almost in a state of destitution. The young scholar however was in some degree supported by his grandfather on his mother's side. In 1781 he went to the University of Leipzig; for his family wished that he should follow the example of his father, and study theology. He hoped to obtain some support from the university, but he found the difficulties greater than he had anticipated; and he was thrown entirely on his Own resources. He had to contend with extreme want, and was sometimes even unable to obtain necessary food and clothing. The circumstances of his mother likewise grew worse, and she was unable to supply him with any money. Notwithstanding this painful situation, he persevered in his studies, and he remained cheerful. Soon after his arrival at Leipzig he had given up the study of theology, which he found ill-suited to his taste, and now seeing no other possibility of satisfying his most urgent wants, he wrote a book called Grönländische Processe,' 2 vols., Berlin, 1783. The pittance which he received for his work, small as it was, determined him henceforth to try to support himself by writing. A second book, 'Auswahl aus des Teufels Papieren,' was soon written, but no publisher could be found, as his first work had not met with a favourable reception. After many disappointments, he quitted Leipzig in 1785, and went to Hof to reside with his mother, who, with her family inhabited a house containing one apartment. All that he possessed was a number of manuscripts containing extracts from the various works which he had read. At Hof his poverty rather increased than diminished, but the unconquerable vigour of his mind and the benevolence of a few friends kept him up. He engaged himself as a tutor in a family, and in 1788 he succeeded in finding a publisher for his 'Auswahl aus des Teufels Papieren.' The little income which he thus gained was however not sufficient to support him and his family. In 1793 several families of Schwarzenbach united to invite him to come and undertake the education of their children, an offer which he gladly accepted. Here he tried and developed the principles of education which he afterwards (1807) published in his Levana.' His circumstances now began to improve, especially after 1793, when, through the mediation of a friend, he found a publisher for a new work called 'Die Unsichtbare Loge,' 2 vols., Berlin. This work attracted the attention of the public and brought the author into notice. A fair prospect of success as a writer being thus opened to him, he left Schwarzenbach (1794) and returned to Hof, where in the course of a few years he wrote some of his most admired works: Hesperus,' 4 vols., Berlin, 1794; 'Quintus Fixlein,' Baireuth, 1796 (this work was the first which appeared under his full name, for in the preceding ones he had only called himself Jean Paul); Biographische Belustigungen unter der Gehirnschale einer Riesin,' Berlin, 1796; 'Siebenksäs, oder BlumenFrucht-und Dornenstücken,' &c., 4 vols., Berlin, 1796-97, and 'Der Jubelsenoir,' ibid., 1797. In this year his mother died, after having for a short time enjoyed the happiness of seeing her son appreciated, and Jean Paul now returned to Leipzig. His name was now favourably known, and the most distinguished among his countrymen, such as Gleim, Herder, Schiller, Wieland, and others, esteemed the man no less than his works. In 1798, in which year his work called 'Das Campanerthal, oder die Unsterblichkeit der Seele,' was published at Erfurt, he was induced by Herder, whom he revered more than any other of his friends, to take up his abode at Weimar. It was about this time that he became acquainted with the Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen, who afterwards honoured him with the title of councillor of Legation (Legationsrath). In 1801 he married Charlotte Maier, the daughter of a distinguished physician of Berlin. He first settled at Meiningen, which in 1803 he exchanged for Coburg; but after a short stay in this town he took up his permanent residence at Baireuth. During this period of wandering he wrote Briefe und Bevorstehender Lebenslauf,' Gera, 1799; Titan,' 4 vols., Berlin, 1800-3; Die Flegeljahre,' 4 vols., Tübingen, 1804-5. At Baireuth he enjoyed the well deserved fruits of his indefatigable zeal-the esteem and admiration of the most illustrious and best among his countrymen. In 1809 the Prince Primate, Carl von Dalberg, granted him a pension of 1000 florins per annum. H In 1815 the prince was obliged to resign his secular sovereignty of Regensburg, Aschaffenburg, Frankfurt, Witzlar, &c., which he had before possessed, together with his archbishopric and primacy of Regens burg, but the pension was continued by Maximilian, king of Bavaria. In 1817 the university of Heidelberg honoured Jean Paul with the diploma of doctor of philosophy, and three years afterwards he was elected an ordinary member of the Academy of Sciences of Munich. From the time of his settlement at Baireuth, Jean Paul pursued his literary occupations as zealously as ever, and only now and then made either little excursions into the neighbouring country, or short journeys to Heidelberg, Munich, Berlin, and Dresden. Among the works which belong to this last and happiest period of his life, we shall only mention Vorschule der Aesthetik,' 3 vols., Hamburg, 1804; Katzenbergers Badereise,' 2 vols., Heidelberg, 1809; Des Feld prediger Schmelzle Reise nach Flätz,' Tübingen, 1809; Der Komet, oder Nicolaus Markgraf,' 3 vols., Berlin, 1820-22. During the last years of his life he was attacked by a complaint in the eyes, which at the beginning of the year 1825 terminated in complete blindness. His physical powers also began to decline, and he died on the 14th of November 1825. Some time before his death he had made preparations for a complete edition of his works. This plan was executed by his friend Dr. Otto, who edited the works of Jean Paul in 60 small Svo volumes, Berlin, 1826-28. Other editions have since appeared. Whether we consider Jean Paul as a man or as an author, he is one of the most wonderful phenomena that Germany has ever produced. He was simple-hearted as a child, and his kindness, benevolence, and purity of conduct were unparalleled; yet with all this he had courage enough to struggle fearlessly with a world of adversity, without losing one particle of his cheerful and humorous temper. His works, which are all written in prose, and most of which may be called humorous novels, evince the deepest and most intense feeling, a most profound knowledge of human nature, and an intimate acquaintance with almost every department of science. His earliest writings are sometimes of a satirical nature, and show that he had not yet reached the height of pure humour which appears in his later works. Some of his works, such as the Levana and Vorschule der Aesthetik,' are not novels, but philosophical discussions full of profound thought; but even here his humour sometimes gushes forth and enlivens the abstruseness of philosophical inquiry. Notwithstanding these great qualities of Jean Paul, there are some circumstances which prevent his writings from being as popular as they deserve to be. His ideas and conceptions are too profound to be understood and appreciated by the many, and his thoughts are expressed in a language which presents considerable difficulties even to a Gerinan. His sudden transitions, his associations of ideas, the frequent distortions of his sentences, in which parenthesis is put into parenthesis, cause such difficulties to the ordinary reader, as will at first deter him from undertaking the task of searching for the sterling matter which is concealed under such a disguise. Jean Paul moreover possessed an inexhaustible stock of knowledge on all subjects, and his works abound in allusions which can only be understood by those who have made such subjects their study. The number of those who fully appreciate the merits of Jean Paul is, even in Germany, comparatively few; but these few are the best and most enlightened of the nation, and the power which his works exercise over them is greater than that of any other writer. The time when Jean Paul shall be fully appreciated is yet to come. The best key to his writings is a work called 'Wahrheit aus Jean Paul's Leben,' in 8 vols., Preslau, 1826-33, which was commenced by Jean Paul himself, and after his death continued and completed by Dr. Otto. Another very useful work in this respect is, R. O. Spazier, ‘Jean Paul Friedrich Richter, ein biogra: hischer Commentar zu seinen Werken,' 5 vols, Leipzig, 1833; H. Döring's Leben und Characteristik Richters,' in 2 vols., Gotha, 1826, is a very indifferent work. English translations of some and extracts from others of the works of Jean Paul have appeared in various magazines, and as separate publications; but the choicest specimens, which are also most faithfully translated, are those given in German Romance,' by T. Carlyle, who has also written some excellent essays on the life and writings of Jean Paul. (See Carlyle's 'Miscellanies,' vols. i. and ii.) RICKMAN, THOMAS, a distinguished writer on gothic architecture, was born at Maidenhead on June 8th 1776, and brought up by his father, a member of the Society of Friends, who was a surgeon and apothecary in that town, to the same profession. He went in 1797 to London, where he became for a while assistant, first to Mr. Stringer, chemist to the royal family, and next to Mr. Atkinson, in Jermynstreet; but disliking the confinement, he changed not his situation only but his vocation also, and entered into the employment of Messrs. Day and Green, exten-ive grocers, at Saffron Walden. His residence at Saffron Walden was not however of very long continuance, for in compliance with the wishes of his father, who was anxious that he should complete his medical education, he went again to London, and "walked the hospitals;" after which he returned in 1801 to his father, who was then settled at Lewes, but did not remain with him above two years, when he repaired again to the metropolis, and engaged himself as clerk to a corn-factor. Little likely as this seemed to be to lead him nearer to his ultimate destination, it nevertheless proved a stepping-stone to him, so far that he became a partner in the business. In 1808, about the time of the death of his first wife (his cousin Lucy Rickman, to whom he had not been married above a year), he removed to Liverpool, where he made another change, for he took a situation in the counting-house of one of the principal insurance-brokers there. Uncongenial and unpromising as it apparently was in itself, this new situation proved the making of his fortune and fame; for as the attention to business it required occupied him only a few hours in the day, he devoted his leisure to the study of architecture. Having once taken up this study, he pursued it zealously; examined ancient buildings with diligence-in a word, educated himself; and perhaps saw all the clearer because he was not trammeled in his inquiries by the prejudices and conventionalities of a professional education. He was also industrious with his pencil, and carefully noted all those distinctions in the different modes of the pointed style on which he founded his valuable system of classification for it. About this period he married his second wife, Christiana Horner, sister to Thomas Horner, the artist who painted the large panorama of London in the Colosseum, in the Regent's Park. On the grant of a million for additional churches being made by parliament, Rickman, who had previou-ly made attempts at original design, became a competitor, and a design sent in by him being accepted, he determined to establish himself as an architect: he quitted Liverpool and removed to Birmingham, as being in his opinion a likelier situation for obtaining practice from various quarters. Having no practical experience at that time himself, and being unacquainted with the business routine of the profession, he engaged Mr. Henry Hutchinson as his managing assistant in all matters of business, and after his death (1830) entered into partnership with Mr. Hussey. In 1835 he married his third wife, Elizabeth Miller of Edinburgh, by whom he had a son, and who survived him. Some years previous to his decease he had had an apoplectic attack; but his naturally strong constitution prevailed against its effects, and he continued to exercise his profession up to the time of his death, which happened on the 4th of March 1841. Had Rickman been known only as a writer, his 'Attempt to discriminate the Styles of Architecture in England' (originally written for a publication called 'Smith's Panorama of Science and Art,' but greatly extended as a separate work, and improved in each fresh edition), would have obtained for him celebrity, for it became a standard work, and is still one almost indispensable to the student. The work however having attracted general attention beyond the limits of the profession, recommended him to all lovers of gothic architecture, opened the road to extensive practice, and procured him patronage in very influential quarters, where as a sectarian he could hardly look for direct countenance and employment. It is to be observed however that by the time his profession brought him much into contact with the clergy, he had withdrawn from the Society of Friends. The following churches-all of them being in one or other of the gothic styles-were designed and erected by him :—Oulton, near Leeds; Hampton Lucy, near Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire; St. Philip and St. Jacob, and St. Matthew, King's-Down, Bristol; St. George, Birmingham; St. George, Chorley; St. George, Barnsley; St. Peter's aud St. Paul's, Preston; Mellor, Over Darwen, Lower Darwen, and Tackholes, in the parish of Black buru; two churches in Carlisle; St. David's, Glasgow; St. Jude's, Liverpool; Lower Hardress, Canterbury; Grey Friars, Coventry; Whittle-le-Woods, Lanca-hire; Ombersley, Worcestershire; Stretton-on-Dunsmoor, Warwickshire; and Loughborough, Leicestershire; he also built the Chapel and Asylum for the Blind, Bristol, and the Roman Catholic chapel at Redditch, besides several private resi dences, in which he applied the principles he had acquired from his study of gothic structures. At Cambridge he executed the new court and buildings (begun in 1827) of St. John's College; Rose Castle, the palace of the Bishop of Carlisle, was restored by bim. Perhaps hardly any individual in the profession had been employed upon so many churches as Rickman; and his churches are certainly superior to the so-called gothic edifices of his predecessors. But none of them that we have seen show evidence of much original inventive or constructive genius; and his work is one that suggests rather diligence and good practical common-sense than philosophic power. But after every abatement is made, it must be granted that to Rickman more than any other man is due the great advance which has within the past few years been made in the knowledge and appreciation of gothic architecture in this country. RIDINGER, JOHN ELIAS, was born in 1695 at Ulm in Suabia, and was instructed in drawing by his father, who was a schoolmaster, and in the rudiments of painting by Christopher Rasch. His genius led him to animal painting. "He was," according to Fuseli, "one of the greatest designers of animals of every denomination whom the annals of painting can produce." His biographer in the Conversations Lexicon' says:-"No painter ever represented with such truth the characters of wild animals. His delineations of them are, as it were, their natural history. They take the spectator into the recesses of the forest, amidst lions, tigers, and other wild beasts, whose figures, dens, and modes of life, are represented by him with the accuracy of a naturalist. His landscapes are always suited to the animals. He was less happy in the representation of the human figure and of tame animals, for instance, horses. His paintings are rare, for he painted but little, his time being almost wholly taken up by his numerous drawings, which are executed with great accuracy and taste. The largest and most choice collection of them (about 1400) are in the possession of Mr. Weigel at Leipzig. His copper-plates or etchings are very numerous, of which the following are considered as the best -eight plates of wild animals; forty plates of observations of wild animals; fables of animals, sixteen plates; hunting of animals of the chase by dogs, twenty-eight plates; Paradise, in twelve plates. The coppers are in the possession of Schlossin, repository of arts at Augsburg. Old impressions are scarce, and pretty high in price." Ridinger was chosen in 1757 director of the Academy of Painting at Augsburg, where he died in 1767. His sons, Martin Elias and John Jacob, followed their father's profession. The first, and Ridinger's son-in-law, John Gottfried Seuter, had some share in the execution of his copper-plates. The latter engraved in mezzotinto. RIDLEY, NICHOLAS, was born in the county of Northumberland, near the beginning of the 16th century. He was educated first at Newcastle, and aftewards at Pembroke College, Cambridge. He rec-ived further instruction in France, and having gained some reputation for learning, returned to Cambridge, took orders, and became master of his college. His knowledge and power of preaching having attracted the attention of Cranmer, he was presented with clerical preferment, became one of the king's chaplains, and in 1547 was nominated Bishop of Rochester. His denunciations from the pulpit of the use of images and of holy water soon showed him the strenuous supporter of Protestant doctrines, and his abilities caused him to be associated with the principal reformers both in their chief undertakings and discussions. He frequently disputed on transubstantiation and other doctrines; and he sat as a member of the commission appointed to examine into charges brought against Bonner, bishop of London. The commission deprived Bonner of his dignities, and after some time had elapsed, Ridley was appointed his successor in the see of London. Soon after his appointment he commenced a visitation of his diocese, actively endeavouring to diffuse Protestant doctrines, for the better understanding of which he assisted Cranmer in framing forty-one articles, which were subsequently promulgated. He was nominated Bishop of Durham, but his appointment was never completed. Three instances are mentioned in which he attempted great ends by the force and power of his preaching: he aimed at the conversion of the Princess Mary, went to her residence at Hunsdon, and requested permission to preach before her. This permission she peremptorily refused, and so offended Ridley, who afterwards showed considerable generosity and a ready sense of forgiveness, by interceding with Edward VI. on Mary's behalf that she should be allowed the free exercise of her religion. Secondly, he endeavoured through his preaching to direct the young king's mind to works of charity, describing three sorts of poor-such as were so by infirmity, by accident, or by idleness. Edward, deeply impressed by this sermon, ordered Grey Friars' church, with its revenues, to be a house for orphans; St. Bartholomew's, near Smithfield, to be an hospital; and gave his own house of Bridewell to be a place of correction and work for such as were wilfully idle. (Burnet.) Thirdly, at the instigation of the supporters of Lady Jane Gray, whose case he espoused, he set forth her title in a sermon at St. Paul's, warning the people of the dangers they would be in, and the ruin that would befal the Protestant cause, if the Princess Mary should come to the throne. On Mary's accession, Ridley was immediately imprisoned. Her detestation of his opinions was aggravated both by the services he had rendered to the Protestant cause and his opposition to her accession. She committed him to the Tower in July 1553, and did not suffer him to be removed until complaints were made that the most learned Protestants were restrained from attending the discussions maintained by the Catholics and the Reformers on different disputed points. In April 1554 a convocation was appointed at Oxford, at which the doctrine of the real presence was to be discussed; and since Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer were esteemed the most learned men of their persuasion, the queen granted a warrant for removing them from the Tower to the prisons at Oxford. Each disputed in his turn amidst great disorder, shoutings, tauntings, and reproaches; all were considered to be defeated, and all were adjudged obstinate heretics. Ridley never again left Oxford. He was reconducted to prison, and after resisting many efforts to induce him to recant, was led with Latimer to the stake on the 16th of October 1555. The place of his execution was in front of Baliol College. Gunpowder was hung to his neck, but it was long before the flames penetrated the mass of fuel, and explosion did not terminate his miserable sufferings until his extremities were consumed: he bore his tortures with undaunted courage. Burnet says that for his piety, learning, and solid judgment, he was the ablest man of all that advanced the reformation. A list of his works is given in Wood's Athens Oxonienses.' RIDOLFI, CARLO, an eminent Venetian painter of the 17th century, was born at Vicenza about the year 1594. He learned his art at Venice, but subsequently studied both at Vicenza and Verona. When Ridolfi began the practice of his art the Venetian school was already rapidly declining from its original eminence, the manner of Caravaggio and the naturalisti having supplanted that of Titian and Giorgione. Ridolfi however adhered to the better style, and produced works of real excellence. His Visitation,' painted in the church of the Agnissanti, is especially praised by Lanzi for its colour and correct drawing and composition. But Ridolfi was not a man of genius like the great founders of the Venetian school, and his example was insuffi cient to arrest its decay. Besides historical pieces he painted numerous portraits, chiefly half-lengths. He was a man of information and literary attainments, and a member of the Della Crusca Academy. He is now best known as the author of the lives of the Venetian painters, Le Maraviglie dell' Arte, ovvero le Vite degli illustri Pittori Veneti e dello Stato,' 2 vols. 4to, Venice, 1648-a work less naïve and amusing than that of Vasari, but greatly superior in erudition and precision, and altogether perhaps the best work of the kind which had up to that time been produced in Italy. In his epitaph, given by Sansovino, a contemporary, and by Zanetti. Ridolfi is said to have died in 1658; but Boschini, La Carta del Navegar Pittoresco,' published at Venice in 1660, speaks of him as then alive. It is not unlikely however, as Lanzi suggests, that Boschini may have written the passage two or three years earlier, and neglected to alter it. RIES, FERDINAND, an eminent composer of the German school, was born at Bonn on the Rhine, in 1785. He was at first educated under his father, afterwards received instructions from Bernhard Romberg, and finally had a few lessons in composition from Albrechtsberger, the celebrated theorist, to whom he was recommended by Beethoven, the great composer candidly confessing that he possessed not the talent for teaching, which he considered a "particular gift." But the young musician was studious and industrious, and acquired from books more knowledge than he obtained from oral communication. His first professional attempts were made at Munich; his next at Vienna, where he remained till 1805, when he was drawn as a conscript for the French army, which then occupied the capital of Austria, but having early lost the use of one eye, he was declared disqualified for military service. He afterwards went to Paris, and composed much, but not successfully. The Beethoven school, to which he belonged, was then but little understood out of Germany. He afterwards proceeded, through Hamburg, Copenhagen, and Stockholm, to St. Petersburg, where fortune began to smile on bis efforts, and was preparing to set out for Moscow, but the French army again deranged all his plans, and he finally determined to visit England, in the hope that he might there at least pursue his peaceful art undisturbed. He arrived in London in 1813, and was immediately received by the liberal violinist Solomon, who procured his admission into the Philharmonic Society, where his symphonies were performed with great applause, and he exhibited his talents as a first-rate pianoforte player. He now was most actively engaged, both as a composer and teacher, and by his unwearied exertions amassed a handsome independence. In 1824 he returned to his native country, continuing however to exercise his talents as a composer, and, besides many works for the pianoforte, produced two German operas, and an oratorio, David,' a work of more than ordinary merit. He died at Frankfurt in 1838. RIGAUD, HYACINTHE, an eminent French portrait-painter, was born at Perpignan on the 25th of July 1659. He was the son of Matthias Rigaud, an artist, from whom he learned the rudiments of painting, and upon whose death he was sent by his mother to Montpellier, and placed under various masters, among whom was Ranc, a portrait-painter. In 1681 he returned to Paris, and in the following year gained the chief prize given by the Academy. He intended to follow historical composition, but was advised by Charles le Brun to practise portrait-painting, and the same artist dissuaded him from visiting Italy. In 1700 he was admitted a member of the Academy of Paris, and presented as his admission-picture a portrait of the sculptor Desjardins-a performance which gained him a high reputation. His success as an artist was now most brilliant; he frequently painted the portrait of Louis XIV., those of the royal family, the principal nobility of the court, and many of the most illustrious personages of Europe. In 1727 he was pensioned and decorated with the order of St. Michael. He was successively professor, rector, and director of the Academy. Grief for the loss of his wife, who died in 1742, coupled with his advanced age, hastened his own death, which happened on the 19th of December in the following year. He left no issue, and no pupil of note except Jean Ranc, who married his niece, and who became principal painter to the king of Spain. Works by Rigaud are contained in most of the collections of Europe. In the Louvre, besides others, are the portraits of Le Brun, Mignard, and Bossuet. His pictures have been engraved by Edelinck, the Drevets, J. Audran, and other eminent artists, and consist of two hundred historical portraits. Rigaud is considered one of the best portrait-painters of the French school; his heads display much character and expression, his touch is bold and free, yet delicate, and his colouring, though gay, generally speaking free from gaudiness. In his draperies however he was too apt to express a fluttering effect inconsistent with the repose of the other parts of his work, and the attitudes of his figures frequently exhibit unnecessary violence of action. With regard to the title given him of the French Vandyck,' it seems difficult to reconcile it with truth, for simplicity and purity of style-one of the most prominent merits of that great painter-is entirely wanting in the works of Rigaud; nor do the two more resemble each other in their style of colouring and in their management of chiaroscuro. RIGHINI, VINCENZO, a composer of great merit, whose works deserve to be better known, and will probably ere long be rescued from the ill-deserved neglect into which they have fallen, was born at |