ROBISON, JOHN, was born in 1739, at Boghall in the county of Stirling. His father, who had been a merchant at Glasgow, but who then resided on his estate, intended that he should enter the clerical order, and accordingly he sent him, at eleven years of age, to the university of that city. Here the youth studied the classics under Dr. Moore, and moral philosophy under Dr. Adam Smith; and at the same time he received instructions in mathematics from Dr. Robert Simson. He took his degree of M.A. in 1756; but he declined the Church as a profession.

Being thus compelled to seek an occupation in some other line, he went to London in 1758, with a recommendation from Dr. Simson to Dr. Blair, a prebendary of Westminster, who was then desirous of obtaining some person to instruct the young Duke of York in navigation, and to accompany his royal highness in a voyage to sea, an intention being entertained that the prince should serve in the royal navy. The project was afterwards abandoned, but Mr. Robison consented to embark on board the Neptune with a son of Admiral Knowles, who had just then received his appointment as a midshipman. This ship was one of a fleet destined to co-operate with the land-forces under General Wolfe in the reduction of Quebec; and during the voyage Mr. Knowles being promoted to the rank of lieutenant on board the Royal William, Robison, who was then rated as a midshipman, accompanied him. In May 1759 the fleet arrived in the St. Lawrence, and Mr. Robison was employed in surveying the river and the neighbouring country; at the same time he had an opportunity of making observations concerning the effects produced by the aurora borealis on the magnetic needle. The success of the expedition is well known; and on the return of the Royal William to England, Mr. Robison accepted an invitation from Admiral Knowles to reside with him at his seat in the country.

script, of which two, 'De Culminatione Stellarum Fixarum,' and 'De
Ortu et Occasu Stellarum Fixarum,' are preserved in manuscript
(Digby, 143) in the Bodleian Library. According to Wood, Sir
Kenelm Digby also possessed three other tracts by Robyns, viz.: 1,
'Annotationes Astrologica,' lib. iii.; 2, 'Annotationes Edwardi VI.;'
3, 'Tractatus de Prognosticatione per Ecclipsin;' and Wood adds that
these were also in the Bodleian Library. We suspect Wood is here in
error; for in the sale catalogue of the library of George, Earl of Bristol,
sold by auction in April 1680, a copy of which is in the British Museum,
we find an account of several manuscripts said formerly to have be
longed to Sir Kenelm Digby, and among these (No. 49) is 'Johannis
Robyns Annotationes Astrologicæ.' We are inclined to think that
Wood may have taken the titles from the catalogue of Thomas Allen's
library, in the Ashmolean Museum, nearly the whole of which came
into the hands of Kenelm Digby, and that the two titles of 'Anno-
tationes' do in reality belong to the same book. We are not aware
that any copy of this work of Robyns's is now in existence, although
there are some extracts from it in manuscript (Bodl. 3467), and the
loss of it is perhaps not much to be regretted. Wood slightly refers
to a book by Robyns, under the title of De Portentosis Cometis,' but
he says that he had never seen a copy. Bale however mentions having
seen one in the Royal Library at Westminster, and this copy is now
in the British Museum. Sherburne, in the appendix to his Manilius,'
mentions another in the possession of Gale, and this is now in the
library of Trinity College,—O. i. 11. We find also that there is still
another copy in the Ashmolean Museum, manuscript, No. 186. The
preface to this latter work, which is partly plagiarised from Cicero, is
printed in Halliwell's 'Rara Mathematica,' pp. 48-54.
*ROBINSON, REV. EDWARD, D.D., was born at Southington,
Connecticut, U. S., in 1794. He studied at Hamilton College at
Clinton in New York, where he graduated in 1816, and subsequently
became teacher of Greek and mathematics. He resigned this office in
1818, and in 1821 entered the theological seminary at Andover in
Massachusetts, in which he was in a short time appointed assistant
instructor in the department of sacred literature. In 1826 he came
to Europe, and studied the oriental languages at Paris and at Halle in
Prussia. He then, after a careful course of preliminary study, along
with Mr. Eli Smith spent the whole of 1838 in the Holy Land; and
the result of their inquiries was given to the world in 1841 in 'Biblical
Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai, and Arabia Petræa;' a work
which has done more than any other to fix the sites of places and
events recorded in Scripture, and in dissipating the legends which had
been erroneously associated with them; and though some of Dr.
Robinson's positions have been contested, the learned world has
accepted his work as the most reliable that has been yet produced, and
for it the Royal Geographical Journal of London bestowed on him
their gold medal. In order to decide the controverted points which
had arisen as to some of the matters in his former book, Dr.
Robinson returned to Palestine in 1851, and has since published
"The Holy Land,' a work which well sustains his previous repu-
tation. On his return to his native country, after the publication of
his first work, he was appointed assistant professor and librarian in the
theological seminary at Andover, whence he removed to be professor
of Biblical literature in the Union Theological Seminary at New York,
an office which he yet holds. Besides the works above-mentioned Dr.
Robinson has written on various geographical and philological subjects,
chiefly in relation to sacred literature. Of these the principal are a
translation of the Hebrew Lexicon' of Gesenius (1836, fifth edition
1855); a translation of Buttmann's 'Greek Lexicon,' 1845, new and
enlarged edition 1851; Commentary on the Apocalypse,' 1845;
Critical History and Defence of the Old Testament Canon; Har
mony of the Four Gospels in English;' 'Harmony of the Four Gospels
in Greek;' 'Dictionary of the Holy Bible;' and 'Historical View of
the Languages and Literature of the Slavic Nations,' by Talvj (pseudo-a
nym), 1850. He also for a time edited and has largely contributed
to the Bibliotheca Sacra,' 1843, &c.

* ROBINSON, JOHN HENRY, R.A., line engraver, was born about 1796 at Bolton, Lancashire. A pupil of James Heath, Mr. Robinson adopted somewhat of that engraver's manner, but he has in his later plates made good his claim to originality as well as refine ment of style. Among the best known of his works are the admirable head of Sir Walter Scott from the fire picture by Sir Thomas Lawrence; Wilkie's Napoleon and Pope Pius VII.;' Landseer's Little Red Riding-Hood,' 'Twelfth Night,' and 'The Mantilla;' Mulready's 'Wolf and Lamb;' and Leslie's 'Mother and Child,' of its kind one of the richest in tone and colour and most delicate in expression of recent English engravings. In our notice of Mr. Doo [Doo, G. T., col. 632] by a slip of the pen we ascribed to that gentleman the fine engraving of the Queen from the portrait by Mr. Part ridge: we should have said that he executed the portrait of Prince Albert by Partridge; the companion portrait of the Queen is from the burin of Mr. Robinson, and it is as admirable for high finish and refinement of execution, as that of the Prince is for breadth and vigour; they are unquestionably the finest pair of engravings which have yet been executed of the Queen and her consort. Mr. Robinson has also executed some prints from the old masters, including the well-known Flower Girl,' by Murillo. He was elected Associate engraver in 1856, and Academician in 1867.

In 1762, Lieutenant Knowles being appointed to the command of a sloop of war, Robison accompanied him in a voyage to Spain and Portugal; but after being absent six months he returned to England, and quitted entirely the naval service. His friend and patron the admiral however recommended him to Lord Anson as a person qualified to take charge of Harrison's timekeeper, which, after the labour of thirty-five years, was considered fit to be used for the important purpose of determining the longitude of a ship at sea, and which it was proposed by the Board of Longitude to try during a voyage to the West Indies. In consequence of this recommendation, Mr. Robison, accompanied by a son of Mr. Harrison, sailed to Jamaica, where, on January 26, 1763, the chronometer (whose rate had been determined at Portsmouth, November 6, 1762) was found, after allowing for that rate, to indicate a time less by 5" only than that which resulted from the known difference between the longitudes of the two places; and on his return to England, 2nd of April 1763, that is, after an absence of 147 days, the whole error was found to be but 1′ 54′′.

Mr. Robison, being disappointed in his expectations of promotion from the Admiralty, set out for Glasgow in order to resume his studies. Here, enjoying the friendship of Dr. Black and Mr. Watt, the former of whom was on the point of developing his theory of latent heat, and the latter of bringing forward his great improvements on the steam-engine, he felt himself irresistibly impelled towards the pursuit of the physical sciences. On the removal of Dr. Black to Edinburgh, Mr. Robison was appointed to succeed him, and for four years he gave lectures on natural philosophy at Glasgow; but at the end of that time he accepted (1770) the appointment of secretary to Admiral Sir Charles Knowles, who had been invited by the Empress of Russia to superintend the improvements which that sovereign contemplated making in her navy. Two years after his arrival at St. Petersburg Sir Charles became president of the Board of Admiralty, and Robison was made inspector of the corps of maritime cadets at Cronstadt, with liberal salary and the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the Russian service. He gave no instructions, but his duty was to receive the reports of the masters, and to class the cadets in the order of their merits; this he performed for four years, but finding Cronstadt a dreary place of residence during the winter, he accepted the professorship of natural philosophy at Edinburgh, which had become vacant by the death of Dr. Russel. He arrived in that city in June 1774, bringing with him two or three of the Russian cadets, whose education he had undertaken to superintend; and in the same year he gave a series of lectures on mechanics, optics, electricity, astronomy, &c. This course he continued to deliver annually during the rest of his life, except when ill health obliged him to appoint a substitute for the purpose, improving each subject from time to time by the introduction of every important discovery which it received from the researches of his contemporaries. The lectures aro said to have been distinguished by accuracy of definition and clearness as well as brevity of demonstration; and the experiments by which they were illustrated, to have been performed with neatness and precision. But it has been objected to them that they were delivered with a rapidity of utterance which made it difficult for the students to follow him; that he supposed his pupils to possess a higher degree of preparatory information than they had in general attained, even when they had gone through the university course of study, and that the experiments were too few in number to serve the purpose intended by them.

On settling in Edinburgh, Mr. Robison became a member of the

Philosophical Society of that city. In 1785 he was attacked by a dis-
order which was attended with pain and depression of spirits, but he
was only occasionally prevented from performing his duties and
following his literary avocations. In 1798 he was made Doctor in
Laws by the University of New Jersey, and in the following year by
that of Glasgow; and in 1800 he was elected a foreign member of the
Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg. In 1785 he wrote a paper,
which was published in the first volume of the 'Philosophical Trans-
actions of Edinburgh,' on the determination, from his own observa-
tions, of the orbit and motion of the Georgium Sidus; and he
afterwards wrote one which appeared in the second volume of the
same work, on the motion of light as affected by reflecting and
refracting substances which are themselves in motion. But his most
important works are the numerous articles which, in 1793 and the
following years, he contributed to the third edition of the Encyclo.
pædia Britannica and its Supplement;' a series of treatises which
may be considered as forming a complete body of physical science for
that time.
Mr. Robison was prevailed upon to superintend the publication of
Dr. Black's lectures on chemistry, and they came out in 1803; but that
science had undergone so great a change since the death of the learned
lecturer, that the work excited little interest. In the following year
he published a portion, containing dynamics and astronomy, of a book
entitled 'Elements of Mechanical Philosophy; but the substance of
it, together with that of some MSS. which had been intended by the
author to form part of the second volume, and also the principal
articles which had been written for the Encyclopædia Britannica,'
were collected by Dr., now Sir David, Brewster, under the title of 'A
System of Mechanical Philosophy,' and published in 1822, with notes,
in 4 vols. 8vo.
While Mr. Robison was on his journey to Russia in 1770, he was
hospitably entertained by the Bishop of Liège, who, with all his
chapter, constituted a lodge of freemasons; and into this society our
traveller was induced to enter. It is unknown from what source he
obtained his information respecting its proceedings, but twenty-nine
years afterwards he published a remarkable work containing A History
of the German Illuminati,' whom he describes as the agents in a plot
formed by the freemasons to overturn all the religions and govern-
ments of Europe. The work met with little attention, and Robison
was charged with a degree of credulity scarcely to be expected in a
person so well acquainted with the laws of philosophical evidence.
Having taken a slight cold, and suffered an illness of only two days'
duration, Mr. Robison died on the 30th of January 1805, in the sixty-
sixth year of his age, leaving a widow and four children. He is stated to
have been a person of prepossessing countenance, a good linguist, a
draughtsman, and an accomplished musician; and it is added that his
conversation was both energetic and interesting.

ROBORTELLO, FRANCIS, was born of a noble family, Sep. tember 9th, 1516. He was educated at Bologna under the celebrated Romulo Amasco, and he began about 1538 to teach the belles lettres at Lucca. Five years afterwards he went to Pisa, where he lived during the next five years, and laid the foundation of his fame, which was soon spread over the whole of Italy. In 1549 the senate of Venice elected him successor to Battista Egnazio, professor of rhetoric there, whose advanced age obliged him to retire from public duties. In 1552 Robortello was promoted to the chair of Greek and Latin literature in the University of Padua, in the place of Lazaro Buonamici, who died in that year. Thence he removed in 1557 to Bologna, in order to undertake a similar office in that city. Having been appointed to pronounce here the funeral oration in honour of the Emperor Charles V., who died in 1558, he is said to have forgotten the exordium, and to have been incapable of proceeding, which brought him into some disrepute. About this time he had violent disputes with Sigonius, in which Robortello appears to have been the aggressor, and which did not terminate till the senate of Venice employed their authority in imposing silence upon both. Robortello died at Padua, March 18, 1567, in the fifty-first year of his age, so poor that he did not leave enough to defray the expenses of his funeral, which however was celebrated by the university in a style of great magnificence.

Robortello seems to have been naturally pugnacious, and he was continually involving himself in disputes with men superior to himself. He could not refrain from attacking such writers as Erasmus, Paulo Manuzio, Muretus, and Henry Stephens. He was however a man of considerable talent and learning, and he published several books of great utility. The following are his principal works:-1, 'Variorum Locorum Annotationes tam in Græcis quam in Latinis Auctoribus,' 8vo, Venice, 1543; 2, 'De Historicâ Facultate,' &c., 8vo, Florence, 1548, being several treatises on Greek and Roman literature, all of which are inserted by Gruter in his "Thesaurus Criticus;' 3, 'De Convenientiâ Supputationis Livianæ Annorum cum Marmoribus Romanis quæ in Capitolio sunt; De Arte sive Ratione corrigendi Veteres Auctores Disputatio,' folio, Padua, 1557; 4, De Vitâ et Victu Populi Romani sub Imperatoribus Cæs. Augustis, folio, Bologna, 1559. Besides these he published editions of Aristotle's Poetics,' the Tragedies' of Eschylus, the 'Tactics' of Ælian, and Longinus 'On the Sublime.'

noble family of France, was born in 1613. He appeared early at the court of Louis XIII., and showed some talents and ambition, but was kept out of employment and favour by the jealousy of Cardinal Richelieu. In the early part of the subsequent reign of Louis XIV. he figured in the civil war of La Fronde. He attached himself to the party of the Duchess of Longueville, whose avowed admirer he was, and he was severely wounded at the siege of Bordeaux, and in the battle of St. Antoine at Paris. After Louis XIV. had firmly established the monarchical authority, La Rochefoucauld withdrew to private life. In this second part of his career he exhibited private virtues which atoned for the folly and violence of his younger years. He was intimate with Madame de la Fayette, and with Madame de Sévigné, who speaks of him in her correspondence in terms of real esteem. He died in 1680, with calm and Christian-like resignation. The Cardinal de Retz, his contemporary and fellow-partisan, in his 'Mémoires,' says of him, that he was always irresolute in his temper; a good soldier, with no military talent; a bad courtier, though ambitious of figuring and meddling in intrigue; but at the same time he praises "his natural good sense, the ease and mildness of his manners," and says that "he was a very upright man in private life." La Rochefoucauld left several works, the principal of which are-'Mémoires de la Régence d'Anne d'Autriche;' and his 'Maximes,' or 'Pensées,' for which he is best known as an author. This book has made much noise in the world; it has been abused, criticised, controverted, and yet no one can deny that there is a great deal of truth in it, though it generalises too much. La Rochefoucauld attributes all the actions of men, good or bad, to the moving-spring of self-interest. Friendship is an exchange of good offices, generosity is the means of gaining good opinion, justice itself is derived from the fear of suffering from the oppression of others. This may be all true, but still there are actions in which men can have no self-interest in view, in which they act from enthusiasm, or a strong sense of duty, or from benevolence, or some motive other than selfinterest; such are, for instance, the self-devotedness of the patriot, the perseverance of the upright man through good and evil report, the sacrifice made by pure love, and, above all, the calm resignation of the Christian martyr. These and other similar instances La Rochefoucauld has not taken into account, because probably he had seen no specimen of them. La Rochefoucauld has accounted for most actions of a great proportion of mankind, perhaps by far the greater, and for so doing he has been abused, because, as a French lady observed, he has told everybody's secret. He has placed himself, with regard to private morality, in the same predicament as Machiavelli with regard to political morality. [MACHIAVELLL] J. J. Rousseau, who was certainly not free from selfishness, has abused La Rochefoucauld's 'Maximes; and yet in his Emile' he observes that "selfishness is the main-spring of all our actions," and that "authors, while they are for ever talking of truth, which they care little about, think chiefly of their own interest, of which they do not talk." La Fontaine, in his fable (b. i., 11) L'Homme et son Image,' has made an ingenious defence of La Rochefoucauld's book.

La Rochefoucauld's 'Maximes' have gone through many editions. The Euvres de La Rochefoucauld,' 1818, contain, besides his already published works, several inedited letters and a biographical notice. Several other individuals of the same family have acquired an historical name, among others, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE LA ROCHEFoucauld, peer of France, who embraced the popular part at the beginning of the great French revolution, and displayed considerable violence in his sentiments, notwithstanding which, after the 10th of August, he was massacred by the Jacobins as an aristocrat.

ROCHESTER, LORD. [WILMOT.]

ROCKINGHAM, CHARLES WATSON WENTWORTH, MARQUIS OF, was the only son of the first Marquis of Rockingham, and was born on the 13th of May 1730, two years after the title of Baron of Malton had been conferred upon his father, who, in 1734, was advanced to the dignity of Earl of Malton, and, having succeeded to his cousin in the barony of Rockingham in 1746, was created Marquis of Rockingham the same year. The Watsons, barons, and for some time earls of Rockingham, had originally acquired importance by the marriage of one of them with the sister of the great Earl of Strafford, whose vast estates they in this way came to inherit.

In September 1750, while his father was still alive, the subject of the present article was created Earl of Malton in the Irish peerage; but before the end of the year his father's death left him in possession of the marquisate. Young as he was when he thus entered the House of Lords, he did not wait long before beginning to take a share in debate. Horace Walpole, in his 'Memoirs of the Last Ten Years of the Reign of George II.,' notices one or two of his earliest appearances in not very complimentary terms. When what was called the Scotch Bill (for planting colonies of foreign Protestants on the forfeited estates in Scotland) was under discussion in March 1752, he says, "The young Marquess of Rockingham entered into a debate so much above his force, and partly applied the trite old apologue of Menenius Agrippa, and the sillier old story of the fellow of college, who asked why we should do anything for posterity, who had never done anything for us!" Again, in his account of the debates in the following February, about the charge of Jacobitism brought against the solicitorgeneral Murray (Lord Mansfield) and other persons connected with ROCHEFOUCAULD, FRANÇOIS, DUC DE LA, of a distinguished the court, he notes, in the same sarcastic style :-"Lord Northum

ROBUSTI, JACOPO. [TINTORETTO.]

fleet was rather more in number, but much less in weight of metal.
The general action commenced on the 12th of April 1782, at seven
o'clock in the morning, and lasted till half-past six in the evening.
Rodney, in the Formidable, broke through the French line, and
engaged the Ville-de-Paris, De Grasse's flag-ship, and compelled her
to strike. The result was, that seven ships of the line and two
frigates were taken by the British.
About this time the Whigs had come into office, and Rodney having
been always opposed to them, an officer was appointed to succeed him,
who had only just sailed when the news of this great victory reached
England, and the Admiralty immediately sent an express to overtake
and bring back the officer, but it was too late. Rodney reached
England, September 21, 1782. He was raised to the peerage with
the title of Baron Rodney, and received an additional pension of 20007.
a-year. He lived chiefly in the country, till May 24, 1792, when he
died, in his seventy-fifth year. He was twice married, and left a
numerous family. A monument was erected to his memory in
St. Paul's Cathedral, London, at the national expense. His portrait
by Reynolds was in the royal collection at St. James's Palace, but has
since been sent to Greenwich Hospital.

(Mundy, Life and Correspondence of Lord Rodney, London.) RODRIGUEZ, VENTURA, the most eminent Spanish architect of the eighteenth century, was born at Cienpozuelos, July 14, 1717, and commenced his first studies in his profession under Esteban Marchand, who was then employed on the works carrying on at Aranjuez. After the death of Marchand, in 1733, he still continued at Aranjuez, until Juvara engaged him as his assistant in making drawings for the design of the new palace at Madrid; and after the death of Juvara, he was similarly engaged by his successor Sachetti, with whom he was subsequently associated in the execution of that vast pile, as aparejador, or principal clerk of the works, 1741. In 1747 he was made honorary member of the Academy of St. Luke at Rome; and on that of St. Fernando being established at Madrid, in 1752, he was appointed chief director or professor of architecture in it, an office for which he was peculiarly fitted, not only by his talents, but by his zeal for his art, and his solicitude for the improvement of the pupils. Commissions poured in upon him from every quarter; for there was scarcely a work of any importance throughout the country on which he was not either engaged or consulted. He was employed on various cathedrals, ❘ churches, colleges, hospitals, and other structures at Zaragoza, Malaga, Toledo, Granada, Valladolid, and numerous other places; and a mere list of the works designed or executed by him would be one of considerable extent. We can here merely point out, as being among the more remarkable for their design, the sanctuary at Cobadonga, the church of San Felipe Neri at Malaga, that of the hospital at Oviedo, and the palace of the Duque de Liria at Madrid.

These multiplied engagements, and the frequent journeys which they occasioned him, prevented his visiting Italy; but he collected all works of engravings relative both to its ancient and modern buildings. He also carefully studied the various monuments of Roman, Moorish, and Gothic architecture in his own country. He died at Madrid in 1785, in his sixty-eighth year, and was buried in the church of San Marcos, the only one in that capital erected by himself. Rodriguez has been honoured with an Elogio by the celebrated Jovellanos, to which we must refer those who wish for a more detailed notice of his character and works. He is also repeatedly mentioned with high commendation by Ponz, in his Viage de España;' and he doubtless deserves the title he received from his contemporaries, of the Restorer of Architecture in Spain.

ROEBUCK, JOHN, M.D., the son of a Sheffield manufacturer, was born in 1718. He received a liberal education at Northampton under Dr. Doddridge, and subsequently in the University of Leyden, and settled in Birmingham as a physician. Pursuing an early taste for chemistry, he introduced some improvements in the processes of refining gold and silver, and established, in connection with Mr. Samuel Garbet, an extensive refinery and chemical manufactory at Birmingham. He there effected such improvements in the manufacture of sulphuric acid (formerly called vitriolic acid, or oil of vitriol), by the use of leaden instead of glass vessels, and by other modifications of the process, as enabled him to reduce its price from sixteenpence to four-pence per lb., and thus to render it available for many new and important purposes in connection with manufactures; and, in conjunction with Mr. Garbet, he established, in 1749, vitriol-works at Preston-pans for the purpose of bringing these improvements into practice, thereby rendering a great service to our rising manufactures, and securing to himself and his partner a handsome return. He is said to have tried bleaching with sulphuric acid, but the subsequent introduction of this valuable process does not appear to be traceable to his experiments. Abandoning his medical practice, Roebuck henceforward resided chiefly in Scotland, where he perfected improved methods of smelting and manufacturing iron with pit-coal instead of charcoal, and founded the great iron-works at Carron, for which he chiefly designed the furnaces and machinery, calling in the aid of Smeaton, and subsequently of Watt. The first furnace at this great establishment, the formation of which constitutes an era in the history of British manufactures, was blown on the 1st of January 1760. Unfortunately for himself, Roebuck subsequently became the lessee of extensive coal and salt-works at Borrowstowness, belonging to the

BIOG. DIV. VOL, V.

Duke of Hamilton. For the carrying on of these works, on which he employed nearly a thousand persons, he was obliged to withdraw his capital successively from his other undertakings, and ho nevertheless became so involved as to derive only a bare subsistence from the collieries, although his improved modes of working were highly beneficial to the country. While engaged in this speculation he became connected, as stated under JAMES WATT, with some of the early experiments of the author of the modern steam-engine, in the first patent for which he had a share. He died on the 17th of July 1794. In a copious memoir in the fourth volume of the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,' of which he was a Fellow, he is stated to have been the author of a few papers read before that and the Royal Society of London, and to have published two political pamphlets. *ROEBUCK, JOHN ARTHUR, M.P., was born at Madras in 1801. He was the son of E. Roebuck, Esq., of that place, who was the son of the eminent Dr. Roebuck of Birmingham, the subject of the preceding article. Mr. Roebuck can also trace his descent from the poet Tickell. When very young Mr. Roebuck went to Canada, whence he came over in 1824 to become an English barrister. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1831, and went on the Northern circuit. He is now a Queen's Counsel and a bencher of the Inner Temple. In 1832 he was returned as member for Bath to the first Reformed House of Commons; and since that time he has been known as one of the 'advanced liberals' of that House, and as one of the most resolute and effective advocater of the various measures which from time to time have formed or still form the policy of the party so designated. He sat for Bath till 1837, having in the meantime (1834) married a daughter of the Rev. Thomas Falconer of Bath, who is known as an author, and as having been Bampton lecturer at Oxford. During this early part of his parliamentary career, Mr. Roebuck made his reputation as one of the chiefs of what has been called the 'school of philosophical radicalism,' in which capacity he was also a contributor to the 'Westminster Review' in its early days. He was agent in England for the House of Assembly of Lower Canada in the actual time of the Canadian rebellion, and zealously defended the interests of the colony in her dispute with the executive. At this time also he won that character for independence and incorruptibility, touched with something of asperity, which he has ever since retained. As a Radical he was very severe on the Whigs, both in parliament and out of it; and he had a quarrel which led to a duel with Mr. Black, editor of the Morning Chronicle,' the Whig journal. His hostility to the Whigs cost him his seat in 1837; but he was again elected for Bath in 1841, and continued to represent it till the general election of 1847, when he was again thrown out. He was first returned for Sheffield-which constituency he still represents-in May 1849, and then without opposition. As member for Sheffield, Mr. Roebuck has kept up his peculiar character as an independent critic of the proceedings of all parties from the point of view of an extreme patriotic liberalism. Occasional ill-health has interfered with his parliamentary labours; but he has taken a prominent part in many important debates, and he almost always brings a large amount of valuable and suggestive information to bear upon the subject in hand, and he enforces it, notwithstanding his feeble physical powers, with much energy. He has also on one or two occasions originated important motions. It was he who, in January 1855, moved for inquiry into the conduct of the Russian war, and by carrying the motion against the Aberdeen government by a large majority, forced that government to resign. Mr. Roebuck acted as chairman of the celebrated committee of inquiry appointed in pursuance of his motion. In December 1855 Mr. Roebuck was a candidate for the office of chairman of the new Metropolitan Board of Works, but he was third in the list of candidates when the final vote was taken. He has since then become chairman of the Administrative Reform Association, founded by some merchants of London and others after the exposures of the state of our administrative machinery to which the inquiry into the Russian war led. The association, after starting with great promises, was thought to fail in accomplishing its aspirations; and Mr. Roebuck has recently been trying to re-invigorate it and give it distinct practical aims. Mr. Roebuck is also chairman of the Western Bank of London, and also of the Acadian Charcoal-Iron Company of Nova Scotia. Mr. Roebuck, besides his scattered letters, manifestoes, &c., and his contributions to the 'Westminster' and 'Edinburgh' Reviews, &c., is the author of the following separate works:-'Pamphlets to the People,' 1835; 'The Colonies of England: a Plan for the Government of some portion of our Colonial Possessions,' 1849; and 'The History of the Whig Ministry of 1830 to the passing of the Reform Bill,' 2 vols., 1852. ROEʼLAS, JUAN DE LAS, one of the most distinguished of the Spanish painters, commonly known among Andalusian artists as El Clerigo Roélas, was born at Seville of a distinguished family, about 1558 or 1560: his father, Pedro de las Roélas, was a Spanish admiral, and died in 1566. Roélas is styled in documents and in books el licenciado Juan,' which signifies probably merely that he was a graduate of the University of Seville. Little is known about his education: he is supposed to have studied in Italy, and from his style with some of the scholars of Titian in Venice. In 1603 he painted four pictures for the college of Olivares. From 1607 until 1624 he lived chiefly at Seville and Madrid; and in 1616, after the death of

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