.

Tors, gathering up its traditions,-ere yet Mrs Bray* had thought of doing so,-I resolved on walking through Cornwall. Thirty-five years since, on a beautiful spring morning, I landed at Saltash, from the very ancient passage-boat, which in those days conveyed men and women, carts and cattle, across the river Tamar, where now that triumph of engineering, the Albert Bridge, gracefully spans its waters. Sending my box forward to Liskeard by a van, my wanderings commenced; my purpose being to visit each relic of Old Cornwall, and to gather up every existing tale of its ancient people. Ten months were delightfully spent in this way; and in that period a large number of the romances and superstitions which are published in these volumes were collected, with many more, which have been weeded out of the collection as worthless.

During the few weeks which were spent on the borders of Dartmoor, accidental circumstances placed me in the very centre of a circle who believed "there were giants on the earth in those days" to which the "old people" belonged, and who were convinced that to turn a coat-sleeve or a stocking prevented the piskies from misleading man or woman. I drank deeply from the stream of legendary lore which was at that time flowing, as from a well of living waters, over

"Devonia's dreary Alps;"+

and longed to renew my acquaintance with the wild tales

Mrs Bray collected her "Traditions, Legends, and Superstitions of Devonshire" in 1835, and they were published in 1838. This work proves to me that even at that time the old-world stories were perishing like the shadows on the mist before the rising sun. Many wild tales which I heard in 1829 appear to have been lost in 1835.

+ Carrington's "Dartmoor."

of Cornwall, which had either terrified or amused me when a child.

My acquaintance with the fairies commenced at an early date. When a very boy, I have often been taken by a romantic young lady, who lives in my memory

"So bright, so fair, so wild,”*

The maiden and

to seek for the fairies on Lelant Towans. the boy frequently sat for hours, entranced by the stories of an old woman, who lived in a cottage on the edge of the blown sandhills of that region. Thus were received my earliest lessons in fairy mythology.

From early youth accidental circumstances have led to my acquiring a taste for collecting the waifs floating upon the sea of time, which tell us something of those ancient peoples who have not a written history. The rude traditions of a race who appear to have possessed much native intelligence, minds wildly poetical, and great fertility of imagination, united with a deep feeling for the mysteries by which life is girdled, especially interested me. By the operation of causes beyond my control, I was removed from the groove of ordinary trade and placed in a position of considerable responsibility, in connexion with one of the most useful institutions of Cornwall.+ To nurse the germs of genius to maturity-to seek those gems "of purest ray serene," which the dark, though not "unfathomed caves" of the Cornish mines might produce and to reward every effort of human industry, was the purpose of this institution. As its secretary, my duties, as well as my inclination, took me often into the mining and agricultural districts, and brought

Coleridge.

The Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society.

me into intimate relation with the miners and the peasantry. The bold shores of St Just-the dark and rock-clad hills of Morva, Zennor, and St Ives the barren regions of St Agnes-the sandy undulations of Perranzabuloe-the sterile tracts of Gwennap-the howling moorlands of St Austell and Bodmin-and, indeed every district in which there was a mine became familiar ground. Away from the towns, at a period when the means of communication were few, and those few tedious, primitive manners still lingered. Education was not then, as now, the fashion. Church-schools were few and far between; and Wesleyan Methodism—although it was infusing truth and goodness amongst the peoplehad not yet become conscious of the importance of properly educating the young. Always delighting in popular tales, no opportunity of hearing them was ever lost. Seated on a three-legged stool, or in a "timberen settle," near the blazing heath-fire on the hearth, have I elicited the old stories of which the people were beginning to be ashamed. Resting in a level, after the toil of climbing from the depths of a mine, in close companionship with the homely miner, his superstitions, and the tales which he had heard from his grandfather, have been confided to me.

To the present hour my duties take me constantly into the most remote districts of Cornwall and Devon, so that, as boy and as man, I have possessed the best possible opportunities for gathering up the folk-lore of a people, who, but a few generations since, had a language peculiarly their own. A people, who, like all the Celts, cling with sincere

*

*"The Cornish dialect, one of the three branches of the old British, bears greater affinity with the Breton or Armorican dialect of Brittany than it does with the Welsh, although it properly forms the link of union between

affection to the memories of the past, and who even now regard with jealousy the introduction of any novelty, and accept improvements slowly.

The store of old-world stories which had been collected under the circumstances described, would, perhaps, never have taken their present form, if Mr Thomas Wright had not shewn the value of studying the Cyclopean Walls of the promontory beyond Penzance, popularly called The Giant's Hedges,"-and if Mr J. O. Halliwell had not told us that his "Rambles in Western Cornwall, by the Footsteps of the Giants," had led him to attempt "to remove part of a veil beyond which lies hid a curious episode in the history" of an ancient people.

In writing of the giants, the fairies, and the spectral bands, I have often asked myself, How is it possible to account for the enduring life of these romantic tales, under the constantly-repressing influences of Christian teaching,

the Celtic dialect of France and that of the Cambrian hills. The nature of its inflexions, both in letters and in tenses and cases, is, generally speaking, alike, allowance being made for dialectic variations arising from the nature of the country in which the dialect is spoken." The above quotation is from the remarkable book, published by Bagster & Sons, "The Bible of every Land: A History of the Sacred Scriptures in every Language and Dialect into which Translations have been made." Preceding the above quotation, I find it stated that "Dolly Pentreath, who died at Penzance in 1778, aged 102, was then said to be the only person in Cornwall who could speak the aboriginal idiom of that province of ancient Britain." This old woman died at Mousehole, and was buried in the churchyard of Paul. Over her grave Prince Lucien Bonaparte has recently placed an inscribed granite obelisk. Polwhele and some others have doubted the statement made by Daines Barrington, that Dolly was the last person who could speak Cornish. As they contend, many other men and women may, a hundred years since, have known the tongue, but no writer has produced good evidence to shew that any person habitually spoke the language, which Barrington informs us was the case with Dolly Pentreath.

and of the advances of civilisation? I have, to some extent, satisfied myself by such a reply as the following::

Those things which make a strong impression on the mind of the child are rarely obliterated by the education through which he advances to maturity, and they exert their influences upon the man in advanced age. A tale of terror, related by an ignorant nurse, rivets the attention of an infant mind, and its details are engraven on the memory. The "bogle," or "bogie," with which the child is terrified into quiet by some thoughtless servant, remains a dim and unpleasant reality to shake the nerves of the philosopher. Things like these,—seeing that existence is surrounded by clouds of mystery, become a Power which will, ever and anon through life, exert considerable control over our actions. As it is with the individual, so is it with the race to which that individual belongs. When our Celtic ancestors—in the very darkness of their ignorance-were taught, through their fears, a Pantheistic religion, and saw a god in every grand phenomenon when not merely the atmospheric changesthe aspects of the starry sky-and the peculiarities apparent in the sun and moon, were watched with fearful anxiety; but when the trembling of a rock-the bubbling of a spring -the agitation of the forest leaves-and the flight of a bird were charged with sentences of life and death :—then was moulded the Celtic mind, and the early impressions have never been entirely obliterated. "There were maddening orgies amongst the sacred rites of the Britons; orgies that, whilst they reminded one writer of the Bacchic dances, reminded another of the worship of Demeter."*

The Romans came and possessed the land. Even to the

* Latham.