operations, had to contend with prejudices as to the use of her anthracite-prejudices which experience has conquered, and you will not have to overcome.

In eight years from the opening of the Pennsylvania mines, she had sent to market less than two hundred and fifty thousand tons. A greater amount can be sent from Deep River in two years from the opening of her navigation. It was twenty-two years before Pennsylvania had sent to market in any one year a million of tons. Deep River can send that amount within five years. If capital and enterprise will do for North Carolina what they have done for Pennsylvania, then will the future progress of North Carolina be more rapid than has been the past progress of Pennsylvania. In Pennsylvania the soil and climate are against her; in North Carolina they are in her favor.

The navigation of Cape Fear and Deep Rivers is never interrupted with ice. The canals of Pennsylvania are frozen up four months in the year. During that period, the bituminous coals of Deep River can go north, or seek the more profita ble markets of Charleston, Savannah, Texas, Mexico, and the West India Islands. Another advantage in favor of North Carolina, is the natural fertility of her soil, while the coal regions of Pennsylvania are sterile and unproductive in agricultural products. Deep River and the adjacent country, with the aid of the fertilizing manures, lime, plaster, and guano, which will form the return cargoes of coal vessels from the North, will become, in a few years, the NILE OF THE SOUTH. Its products will quadruple, and will find a HOME MARKET on the spot which produces them.

The iron ore of Deep River forms an important item in this estimate. Iron of as good quality, and in as great abundance as in any country, is found in North Carolina. On Deep River it is in immediate contiguity with the coal. On the land of Peter G. Evans, Esq., the coal is overlaid by a stratum of iron ore, three feet in thickness, which yields fifty per cent. of iron. The coal which underlies it, is six feet thick, and of that kind best adapted for the manufacture of iron.. The iron, when manufactured, can be transported to New-York at a less cost than it can be sent to the same market from the celebrated works at Danville or Northumberland, on the Susquehanna. It can be also manufactured at less expense, as those establishments pay a higher price for their coal than it can be procured at on Deep River. At Danville and Northumberland, the coal cost $250 a ton. On Deep River it can be had for the price of mining it, as those who own the iron own the coal. But the iron need not be sent abroad for a market. There is a better market at home. The time will undoubtedly come, when the manufactures of iron on Deep River will supply the wants of a large extent of country beyond the limits of North Carolina.

The water-power on Deep River is scarcely equalled in any part of our country. In cheapness, it is unrivalled. Dams which, on most situations, are expensive structures, are here already built without charge to the owners of the adjacent lands. Eighteen of these are already constructed by the navigation company of Deep River. Such are the prospects of the valley of Deep River.-And in view of them, can the most skeptical doubt of the magnificent future of that favored region? Or that the progress of population and improvement will advance with a more rapid pace than it has ever done in Pennsylvania? Should foreign capitalists hereafter be induced to associate with your people in developing the treasures of Deep River, its coal, iron, and other minerals, the present holders of the land will part with their interests upon the full knowledge of their value; and the capital that may find its way hither, from other regions, will form part of that fund which is to contribute to the support of your state government; and the laborers, mechanics, and tradesmen who may accompany or follow it, will mingle with your people, become identified with your interests, and add to the wealth, population, and strength of your native state.

the following establishments for the education of the children of the miners and newsettled residents: Six private schools, numbering 479 pupila; eight public schools, num bering 472 pupils; eight Sunday schools, numbering 1,137 pupils; teachers, 166; total, 2,254, with a library of 1,659 volumes. Pottsville now contains a population of nearly fifteen thousand.

ART. II.-MANUFACTURES IN SOUTH CAROLINA AND THE SOUTH.

[We present with great pleasure to our readers the following paper, which was read by William Gregg, Esq., before the South Carolina Institute for the promotion of Art, Mechanical Ingenuity and Industry, and a corrected copy sent to us by the author. Mr. Gregg is known to be one of the most practical and valuable citizens of the South, and has done more, perhaps, than any man in it towards exciting a spirit of broad and liberal manufacturing enterprise. We noticed this in a biographical sketch which appeared in our March number. Will not such men be raised up in Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, Arkansas, and Tennessee? Alabama has already her Pratt, Georgia her Winter, and Kentucky her Hamilton Smith! A single resolute, determined spirit among us in the South-West, could effect an industrial revolution through all our limits. Who will be the man to lead, direct, and concentrate public opinion upon this subject? Truly, the harvest is plentiful, but the laborers are few!]-ED.

THE object of the Institute which I address to-night, is to enlighten public opinion-stimulate industry-encourage efforts of mechanical ingenuity-to bring men together to exchange ideas on practical subjects; more particularly to produce a harmonious connection between the working artisan and the capitalist, that a combined effort may be made to promote that diversity in the domestic pursuits of the people of South Carolina, which we think necessary to preserve her position in the scale of civilized nations, and to establish in her behalf a fair competition in the onward strife for physical, political and moral greatness.

Industry is the foundation of all human happiness-without it, we can be neither good nor great.

To cherish national industry, and, consequently, national virtue, intelligence, comfort and happiness, has been the object of the great philosophers of all ages of the world. It is a theme which has engaged the attention of the enlightened of every nation. But unfortunately for the people at large, they have, until modern times, had very little to do with the direction of public affairs. Sages, philosophers and politicians have not been content with making laws and devising means for controlling the evil passions of men and for the protection of property, but have undertaken to direct how individuals should proceed in order to its accumulation. Their efforts have more frequently proved a blight than a benefit to the general prosperity of the people-sophisticated, as most politicians are, biased in many instances by sinister motives, always on hobbies-mischief has been wrought where good was intended. Such is the frailty of man, that there are but few, even of the most distinguished, who have not set out with preconceived notions of national policy which time and investigation failed to overcome. They remained special pleaders, advocates for a particular code of dogmas, right or wrong. Hence it is, that the greatest intellects the world has ever produced, have, from a wrong direction of their powerful efforts, done the greatest mischief. If we follow back the history of human society to its foundation,

we find that men everywhere and at all times have been led away by sophisms, each entertaining a different opinion as to the fundamental principles which ought to govern nations, not only in their civil and religious polity, but in their industrial pursuits.

Fortunately for us, modern times and modern improvements have wrought a wonderful change, and thrown the power of governments more or less into the hands of the people; and the great restraining power-community of interest and public opinion among the peopleis now being felt throughout the civilized world, and crowned heads and despotic rulers are fast losing the power, which once existed, to plunge nations into war, or stop the wheels of commerce at pleasure. Books have been written and arguments exhausted,-protected industry, free trade, excessive agriculture and encouragement to manufactures, have each had their advocates. No one can doubt for a moment that agriculture is the foundation of all human thrift, a natural and blessed pursuit. The common instincts of the natural man lead to this occupation: but to stop at the mere feeding the animal, is but one step in advance of the savage. Man has been endowed with faculties which fit him for a higher destiny; his nature is becoming every day better understood. The science of government has been tempered and moulded to suit the changes which are going on, and it must be left to future ages, unincumbered by party feelings and personal interests, and the various wire-drawn notions of the day, to decide who have been the real benefactors of mankind. Let the decision be what it may, no one can doubt the fact, that we are in the road to a state of perfection not yet fully conceived. All are now willing to admit, that man has hitherto fallen far short of filling the destiny which nature has allotted to him. The onward course of science, aided by the mechanic arts, has opened a new era in the history of his existence. The developments of the last century, and particularly of the last fifty years, have opened new fields for philosophical research-new sources of speculation for political economists --and shown that man, in his animal and physical nature, has as yet only shadowed forth and prefigured his future destiny. But it remains for the progressing advance of science and the arts to place him on the elevated platform that he is finally destined to occupy. Each successive year brings with it new discoveries and new combinations, and gives us clearer lights as to his nature and powers. The ball of science is now in rapid motion, and the affairs of man are in such a train as to give scope to all his powers. When the talent which nature has given is in all instances properly cultivated, and each person placed where he can do his full share, the car of progress will advance with the power and rapidity of steam, and our onward speed be accelerated ten-fold. Where the next century is to bring us, or even the coming fifty years, the wisest cannot predict; none will attempt to say what our children are to witness a half century hence. All the great minds of the world are now engaged in scientific researches, and every day adds to our knowledge of the physical world, and furnishes the means of still further progress. Every individual seems to be born with a talent to fit him for useful occupation in life;

hence we see some preparing themselves from choice for the most ordinary labors of life, and seem to take pleasure in menial occupations; others again we find disposed to betake themselves to mechanics; others have a natural talent for mathematics and a taste for engineering; some are led by natural bent of mind to pursue the study of natural history, others geology, botany, medicine, law, divinity, commerce, navigation; in fact, there is no employment appertaining to the various ramifications of civilized society, which individuals will not be found whose inclinations predispose them to adopt. Thus it would seem that the elements of society are founded in diversity of pursuits; and no community can expect long periods of prosperity, which becomes so engrossed in a single pursuit, that the various orders of talent may not be put to profitable use. plough, the anvil and the loom, will be found to be necessary, in some shape or other, in every country, to render it independent and prosperous. Diversity of pursuits I then hold to be indispensable. Its tendency is to vivify the intellect of the people, and render them, as a body, energetic, active and powerful.

The

Modern history teaches us, that in proportion to the encouragement given to mechanic arts, have nations prospered and become elevated in the scale of intelligence. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Spain stood pre-eminent among the nations of Europe for intelligence and social refinement, and Great Britain equally so for ignorance and barbarism--she was proverbially ignorant. Even in London, her emporium of refinement, the common people were so ignorant that shopkeepers did not use lettered sign-boards, because the mass of the people would not be able to read them; for the same reason, houses were not numbered. In the early part of the sixteenth century, religious persecution in Spain drove from that then prosperous country, famed for her arts and manufactures, most of her skilful artisans, who found refuge and encouragement in England, under the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The intelligence of the artisans of France and Germany, who had given character to those countries, united with their religious opinions, caused also their expulsion from their native land, and many of the Huguenots, constituting the working-class, took refuge in England, and contributed to lay the foundation of her industrial eminence. It may be said that the exiled from Spain, France, and Belgium, were the founders of England's greatness. She has been regularly advancing, commencing with that period, and now stands pre-eminent for intelligence, wealth, and power, among the nations of the earth.

The plough, the anvil, and the loom, grouped together, would be considered, in any enlightened country, to present an emblem of civilization, thrift, and comfort. Their proper combination has never failed to produce prosperity and wealth. They are the great civilizers of the world; they were in use from the earliest periods, though without much advance. It has been reserved for the present day to do the work of setting them in motion. By the aid of science and mechanic art, they have been made to perform the work for which they were designed; and the rapid strides which have been witnessed in the last fifty years, lead us into utter amazement when we attempt to draw a picture of the future.

The art of printing relieved the world of a great clog, by enlightening the masses. It was performing its work, however, two hundred years before the year of progress commenced; it was reserved for the days of Watt and Arkwright, when a combination of chemistry and mechanic art was brought into use. This produced a power which set the whole to investigating the subject. Science points out the elements to be controlled. She blows the blast and fuses the ball, mechanic art puts it in shape, and prepares it to be distributed to the various uses of society.

Science is daily pointing out new elements of power, hitherto thought to be beyond the control of man. The active intellect and iron-grasp of the mechanic, has found means to put these powerful elements into practice. Each day brings with it new inventions; each year, as it rolls around, becomes a marked era from which some great discovery takes date.

Time was when the world was ready to make war on any improvement calculated to dispense with animal or manual labor. Not two hundred years ago, the agricultural products of England were transported on pack-horses from one point to another, and while the products of one district were suffered to rot for the want of a market, the inhabitants of neighboring districts were actually suffering from starvation. Yet we learn that the first efforts to improve and cheapen the modes of transportation were met with resistance and violent clamor from the owners, drivers and breeders of pack-horses. The first efforts to make Macadamized roads were resisted by the populace of England to the shedding of blood, and so it has been with all great inventions up to the present day. Man seems to have gained wisdom by experience. He is now able to perceive that anything which abridges labor adds to the amount of human happiness, and that the embarrassing effects on particular communities and branches of industry, although in many instances distressing, are but temporary. Things soon adjust themselves, and it is equally soon found that every material advance in saving labor tends to cheapen the necessaries of life, encourage the growth of towns and cities, and affords more leisure for mental cultivation, thus increasing our rapidly accumulating powers of progression.

As I have observed, about three hundred years ago the mechanic arts commenced to flourish in England. Their introduction marks the period when her onward progress commenced. Previous to that time, her population had increased very little in a thousand years-it was at that time less than 5,000,000. She has since become the great patron of the arts and sciences, and her strides in greatness are unparalleled in the annals of history. She has founded nations, peopled continents, and increased her own population five fold; and it is a singular and striking fact worthy of notice here, that the first 225 years after the introduction of the mechanic arts into Great Britain, she only added two millions and a half to her population: while the last seventy-five years, since the invention of Whitney's Saw Gin, Arkwright's Spinning Jenny, and Watts's Steam Engine, notwithstanding the millions of people with which she has supplied other coun