in man. RIGVEDA-RING. Sequard shew that over-exertion acts similarly rings have been worn among nations both savage 5. The nutrition of the muscles exerts a modifying influence on rigidity and putrefaction. In cases of death from decapitation, strangulation, sudden hæmorrhage from a wounded artery, &c., cadaveric rigidity does not begin till 16 or 18 hours after death, and lasts from six to eight days; while in a case of death from exhaustion, after a prolonged typhoid fever, rigidity became evident within three minutes after the last breathing, while the heart was still beating; disappeared in a quarter of an hour, and was at once succeeded by signs of putrefaction before the man had been dead an hour. 6. When death follows violent and prolonged convulsions (as in cases of tetanus, hydrophobia, &c.), cadaveric rigidity sets in soon (usually within an hour after death), and ceases before the end of the tenth hour; and when the convulsions were caused by strychnine, similar results were obtained. From these facts this accomplished physiologist deduces the general law, that the greater the degree of muscular irritability at the time of death, the later the cadaveric rigidity sets in; and the longer it lasts, the later also putrefaction appears, and the slower it progresses.' The exact cause of this rigidity is not accurately known. The old view that it depended on the coagulation of the blood is no longer tenable. It most probably results from the spontaneous coagulation of a fibrinous material contained in the muscular juice. and civilised; but the most universal and most famous use of rings is on the finger. Finger-rings are alluded to in the Books of Genesis and Exodus; Herodotus mentions that the Babylonians wore them; and from Asia they were probably introduced into Greece. The rings worn in early times were not purely ornamental, but had their use as signet-rings. The Homeric poems make no mention of rings, except ear-rings; but in the later Greek legends, the ancient heroes are described as wearing finger-rings; and every freeman throughout Greece seems afterwards to have had one. The practice of counterfeiting signet-rings is alluded to as existing in Solon's time. The devices on the earlier rings were probably cut in the gold; but at a later period, the Greeks came to have rings set with precious stones, which by and by passed from articles of use into the category of ornament. Persons were no longer satisfied with one ring, but wore two or three-and their use was extended to women. The Lacedæmonians wore iron rings. The Romans are said to have derived the use of rings from the Sabines; their rings were at first, as those of the Greeks, signet-rings, but made of iron. Every free Roman had a right to wear one; and down to the close of the republic, the iron ring was worn by those who affected the simplicity of old times. Ambassadors, in the early age of the republic, wore gold rings as a part of their official dress-a custom afterwards extended to senators, chief magistrates, and in later times to the equites, who were said to enjoy the jus annuli aurei, from which other persons were excluded. It became customary for the emperors to confer the jus annuli aurei on whom they pleased, and the privilege grew gradually more and more extensive, till Justinian embraced within it all citizens of the empire, whether ingenui or libertini. The signs engraved on rings were very various, including portraits of friends or ancestors, RIMINI (ancient Ariminum), a city of Central and subjects connected with mythology or religion; Italy, province of Forli, in Romagna. It is situated and in the art of engraving figures on gems, the on the river Marecchia, and though the ancient ancients far surpassed artists of modern times. The harbour has been gradually filled up by the sands later Romans, like the Greeks, crowded their fingers brought down by that stream, the port is still the with rings, and the more effeminate among them resort of a large number of vessels engaged in sometimes had a different ring for summer and fisheries, which employ nearly half the population winter. Rings entered into the groundwork of of the town. Pop. 33,272. R. has fine streets, well-many oriental superstitions, as in the legend of built houses, a handsome town-hall with porticoes, many fine churches, among others the cathedral built by Leon Battista Alberti, the interior of which is full of monuments; outside it is adorned with sarcophagi. It has a library, many superior schools, and two orphan asylums. Among its ancient monumental edifices still remaining, may be numbered the marble Bridge of Augustus over the Marecchia, and the marble Arch of Augustus. Its manufactures are glass and sail-cloth. R. was founded by the Umbri; it was conquered by the Romans, sacked by Sulla, plundered and destroyed several times by the Barbarians, then given by Charlemagne to the Church. RIGVEDA, the first and principal of the four Vedas. See VEDA. RIMA-SZOMBATH, a market-town of Hungary, on the river Rima, 23 miles north-east of Pesth. Articles in wood are largely manufactured, and there is a trade in linen and bullock's hides. Pop. 8300. RINFORZA'NDO (Ital. strengthening), in Music, a direction to the performer indicating that the sound is to be given with increased tone and emphasis. The RING (Sax. ring or hring, a circle or circular line), a circle of gold or other material. practice of wearing rings has been widely prevalent in different countries, and at different periods. Rings have been used to decorate the legs, arms, feet, toes, neck, fingers, nose, and ears. The practice of wearing rings suspended from the nose, which is bored for that purpose, has been found among various savage tribes, more particularly the South-Sea islanders. Bracelets, necklaces, and ear Solomon's ring, which, among its other marvels, Various explanations have been given of the connection of the ring with marriage. It would rather appear that wedding-rings were worn by the Jews prior to Christian times. Fig. 1 shews a Jewish marriage ring beautifully wrought in Fig. 1. gold filigree, and richly enamelled, now in the possession of Lord Londesborough. It has been said that as the delivery of the signet-ring to any one RINGBONES-RING MONEY. was a sign of confidence, so the delivery of a ring by the husband to the wife indicated that she was admitted into his confidence. Another explanation is, that the form of the ring symbolises eternity and constancy; and it has been alleged that the left hand was chosen to denote the wife's subjection to her husband, and the third finger, because it thereby pressed a vein which was supposed to communicate directly with the heart. The third finger has always been selected as the finger on which official rings are to be worn. Bishops on their consecration receive a ring to be worn on the third finger of the right hand, in order to indicate ecclesiastical authority, and doctors were formerly in use, for a similar reason, to wear a ring on the same finger. A ring has been much used at betrothal as well as marriage, and in many parts of the continent of Europe a wedding-ring is worn by the husband as well as the wife. In Britain, rings are occasionally worn on all the fingers except the first finger and thumb; the Germans usually wear a signet-ring on the first finger. During the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries it was a very common practice to have mottoes inscribed on rings (fig. 2), including weddingrings, and the motto was called the posy or chanson. The ring was the symbol of the dominion of Venice over the Adriatic; and yearly, on Ascension Day, a ring was thrown by the doge from the ship Bucentaur into the sea, to denote that as the wife is subject to her husband, so is the Adriatic Sea to the republic of Venice. Tet Love Encrease Fig. 2. In pagan times in Europe, the ring seems to have been connected with fidelity or with espousals. Fig. 3 shews a form of betrothal ring called a gimmal, or linked ring, which was used in later times; the upper fig. shews the three parts brought Fig. 3. together; the lower fig., the parts separately. By an ancient Norse custom, described in the Eyrbrygia Saga, when an oath was imposed, he by whom it was pledged passed his hand through a silver ring, sacred to that ceremony; and in Iceland the ceremony of betrothal used to be accompanied by the bridegroom passing his four fingers and thumb through a large ring, and in this manner receiving the hand of the bride, as represented in a woodcut in an old edition of Olaus Magnus. As lately as 1780, the practice existed in Orkney of a man and woman plighting their faith at the Standing Stones of Stennis by joining their hands through the perforated stone of Odin. Rings were greatly used in ancient Egypt. They were called tebh, finger-rings, and khatem, signets, both kinds being represented in the sculptures and mentioned in the hieroglyphs. Besides these two classes, solid rings of gold and silver were used as money. Rings for the fingers are of the most remote antiquity, and were the emblems of rank and power. They were of two kinds; the solid ring, made of gold, silver, copper, or iron, having a square or oval bezel, on which the subject to be impressed was sunk or cut in intaglio. The oldest of these were of gold, iron not having been in use till the Roman rule over Egypt, or about the 1st c. A.D. A remarkably fine specimen is one of a Hemphite priest or flamen of the monarch Cheops, who lived in the time of the 26th dynasty, about the 5th c. B.C. But rings of this class are probably not so old as the other kind, which have a square or oblong plinth of gold, stone, or glass, on which the subjects are engraved also in intaglio. These plinths are pierced through their long axis to admit the metal ring on which they revolve, and are secured to it by wire coiled round the ring at the place of insertion. Scarabæi of glazed steatite, set in frames of gold or silver, were often used for bezels. The bezels have their base engraved with hieroglyphs and other subjects, the names of monarchs, figures of deities, mottoes, and devices. Such rings were used by functionaries; and in the account of the investiture of Joseph in the Book of Genesis, a ring was put on his finger as a symbol of his rank. The poorer classes had rings of ivory or blue porcelain, with solid oval bezels, having in intaglio similar subjects. Rings appear to have been placed on all the fingers, and even the thumb, and the hands of ladies were loaded with these costly ornaments. A cat, emblem of the goddess Bast or Pasht, the Egyptian Diana, was a favourite subject of ladies' rings. The third finger of the left hand was the ring finger. Some remarkable instances of gold rings with revolving bezels have been found, as that of Thothmes III. in the collection of Lord Ashburnham, and another with the name of the monarch Horus, which contained gold to the value of £20. Such rings could give two impressions, like the seal and counterseal of modern times. The counterfeiting of signets was a crime, and the deceased, at the great judgment of the dead, protested he had not done so.— Wilkinson, Mann. and Cust., vol. iii. pp. 370 and foll.; Bonomi, Trans. R. Soc. Lit., New Series, vol. i. p. 108; Prisse, Mon. Egypt., Pl. xlvii. RINGBONES consist of a circle of bony matter round the horse's coronet, are most common in the fore limbs of draught horses with short upright pas terns, and much worked upon the hard roads; but they also occasionally appear on the hind limbs of lighter-bred horses. They seldom cause lameness, except when rapidly and recently formed; but as they are apt to stiffen the neighbouring joints, they constitute unsoundness. Rest should be enjoined, moist by any refrigerant mixture, applied conand cold bran poultices or swabs, kept cool and tinuously until heat and tenderness are removed, when the fetlock is to be fired or dressed with fly-blister, or the ointment of the red iodide of mercury. RING DOVE. See PIGEON. RING MONEY. At an early stage of society, prior to the invention of coinage, but after the inconveniences of direct barter had been discovered, the precious metals, formed into rings, were used as a medium of exchange; these same rings being also serviceable in some cases as personal ornaments. The use of ring money among the Egyptians is proved by representations of gold and silver money in their paintings, an instance of which is to be RING OUZEL-RINGWORM. seen in one of the grottoes in the Hill of Shek Aba at Quorneh, which bears the cartouche of Amunoph II. inscribed on its walls. The gold or silver rings were formed of a wire or bar of metal bent into a circle, but not quite united at the extremities, so that it could be easily made into a chain, from which portions could be detached at pleasure. It seems probable that the individual loops were not adjusted to a particular weight, but that each bundle of loops amounted in the aggregate to a particular weight. A metallic currency of this kind seems to be alluded to in the incident in the Book of Genesis, of the Hebrew patriarchs finding their money in full weight' at the mouth of their sacks. Ring money, both of gold and silver, similar to what is represented in the Egyptian paintings, was brought by Mr Bonomi from Nubia. Some of the silver rings had been worn as bracelets, and were ornamented with engraved work. This kind of currency has probably never gone out of use in some parts of Africa since the remote period when it was employed in paying the exactions of the Pharaohs. Ring money for African traders is regularly manufactured at Birmingham of copper, or an alloy of copper and iron, and known under the name of 'Manillas.' The ring money of the East found its way at an early period to Western Europe, including the British Islands. In Sweden and Norway its use seems to have continued down to the 12th c., or even later. A Norse law made about the year 1220, alludes to an established ring money, of which each ring was of a definite weight. The medieval ring money had so far advanced beyond the Egyptian as to have each ring adjusted to a special weight, for which it might pass without weighing. Cæsar mentions gold and iron rings as used in Gaul and Britain for money; and gold and silver, and occasionally brass, ring money has been dug up in many parts of Britain, consisting of bars of metal bent in a circular shape; the ends in what seem to be the older specimens are left plain; in those of later times, they are flattened and ornamented. One example, found in one of the Weems, or subterranean dwellings of the island of Shapinshay in Orkney, is composed of three bars of gold twisted together like a cord. A remarkable silver chain of 33 rings, weighing above 93 ounces, was dug up in 1805 near Inverness, in the course of the excavations for the Caledonian Canal, and is now in the museum of the Scottish Antiquaries. Some of the larger specimens of gold ring money are very highly decorated. The gold torque worn round the neck of the Gallic warriors, weighing sometimes as much as four pounds, besides being a personal ornament, was adjusted to a certain weight as money. Among the various modifications of ring money in use in different countries, may be mentioned the silver fish-hook money of Ceylon, mentioned by Tavernier, of the form of a flat wire bent into a hook, and issued as late as 1659. Specimens of it have lately been dug up. RING OUZEL (Turdus torquatus, or Merula torquata), a species of thrush, rather larger than the blackbird, which it much resembles. It is a native of Europe, and chiefly of the western parts of it; spends the winter in the south of Europe or in África, and visits more northern regions in summer. It is of frequent occurrence in many parts of the British Islands. It is seldom seen in the more cultivated and thickly-peopled districts, but prefers mountain slopes, heaths, and their vicinity. It makes its nest generally in heathy banks, often under a bush. The nest is of coarse grass, within which is a thin shell of clay, and an inner lining of fine dry grass. The R. O. is a constant visitor gray, the feathers of the wings more conspicuously edged with gray; a crescent-shaped white collar on the throat. The song consists of a few loud, clear, and plaintive notes. RI'NGWORM is a popular term for several distinct forms of skin-disease which occur in patches of a circular or annular form on the body, and especially on the scalp. Thus, a species of Lichen (q. v.), known to dermatologists as Lichen circumscriptus, in which the papules assume a circular arrangement, is commonly regarded as ringworm ; and the two species of Herpes (q. v.), known as Herpes circinatus and H. Iris, in which the vesicles occur in circular patches and in concentric rings, are usually included in the same term. None of these are, however, cases of true ringworm (Tinea tondens), which is a disease dependent on the presence of a special vegetable (fungous) parasite, now known to botanists as the Trichophyton tonsurans, or hair-plant, and discovered in 1845 by Malmsten. Parasitic Fungus from the Root of the Hair in a case of True Ringworm, highly magnified. (Copied from Aitken's Science and Practice of Medicine, 3d ed.) A, isolated spores; B, spores united at their ends; C, C, empty tubes; D, sporular tubes. It consists of oval, transparent spores or globules, about orth of an inch in diameter, for the most part isolated, but sometimes connected by articulated filaments. This fungus is seated in the interior of the hair-roots, and the hairs and the fungi simultaneously increase in size. The diseased hairs lose their elasticity and break, when they have risen a RINNS OF GALLOWAY-RIO DE JANEIRO. line or two above the scalp. In these cases the ointment, composed of lime and carbonate of soda, short stump of hair soon loses all its characteristics. of each 1 part, and 30 parts of lard, may be applied, If the hair breaks before emerging from the scalp, which will soon remove the hair. French dermatoa little prominence is formed, consisting of fungus, logists recommend the application of 'l'Huile de epidermis, and sebaceous matter, and the assemblage Cade,' or oil of pitch,' obtained by the dry distilof such little prominences gives the scalp the lation of the wood of the Juniperus oxycedrus, to rough appearance known as goose-skin. This para- the part from which the hairs are to be removed, site exists, according to Dr Aitken-whose Science believing that it lessens the sensibility, and tends and Practice of Medicine contains an excellent to loosen the attachment of the hair. In order to abstract of all that is known regarding parasitic destroy and remove the plant, lint dipped in a diseases in the Herpes tonsurans of Cazenave, solution of sulphurous acid should be continuously which is the Porrigo scutulata of Willan, the Tinea | applied-sulphurous acid being probably the most tonsurans of Bazin, and the Trichosis furfurans of energetic parasiticide at present known. Amongst Erasmus Wilson and Dr Wood.' There are three the solutions that have been applied with the same varieties of true ringworm, which are described object, may be mentioned that of corrosive sublimate, by Aitken under the following names: (1.) Ring-1 part to 250 of water. The general health must worm of the Body (Tinea circinatus); (2.) Ring- be at the same time attended to, and the internal worm of the Scalp (Tinea tonsurans); and (3.) use of cod-liver oil may usually be advantageously Ringworm of the Beard (Tinea sycosis). combined with the local applications. 1. Ringworm of the Body first appears as a rosecoloured and slightly-elevated spot about the size of a fourpenny-piece, on which a bran-like desquamation of epidermis soon begins, accompanied by slight itching. This spot gradually increases in size, but retains its circular form; and as it extends, the healing process commences at the centre, so that the circular red patch is converted into a ring, enclosing a portion of healthy skin; and a ring thus formed may continue to increase till it reaches a diameter of four inches, or even more. It is apt to affect the face, the neck, the back, and the outside of the wrist. This form of ringworm frequently terminates spontaneously. 2. Ringworm of the Scalp usually occurs in children, and is especially prevalent when the nutrition is defective, or there is a scrofulous taint in the constitution. It appears in the form of round, scaly, irritable patches on different parts of the head; and the irritation often occasions the formation of minute vesicles. The hairs at these spots become dry and twisted, and are easily extracted; and when the disease advances, they break close to the scalp if an attempt is made to extract them. The stumps, and the epidermis surrounding them, become covered with a characteristic grayish-white powder, consisting of the sporules of the fungus. The diseased parts are slightly elevated and puffy, and differ from the healthy scalp in colour, being bluish or slate-coloured in dark persons, and grayishred or yellow in fair patients. The inflammation will last as long as the growth of the fungi continues; and even when they die spontaneously, as sometimes occurs, the affected spots remain permanently bald, in consequence of the hair-bulbs having become obliterated. 3. Ringworm of the Beard is chiefly met with on the chin, hairy part of the cheeks, and upper lips of men; but it occasionally attacks the axilla and pubic region of women. It commences like ringworm of the body, but when the deeper structures become affected, pustular indurations, resembling Acne (q. v.), occur, and the hairs become readily detached. On examining the hairs under the microscope, it is seen that they are thickened; that their bulbs are partially disorganised; and that the medullary portion is atrophied. The essential point in the treatment of all the varieties of true ringworm, is to apply to the roots of the hairs a preparation which will destroy the fungus; but before this can be done, the hair must be removed, if the disease has not already effected the removal sufficiently. This is best effected with small pincers about three inches long, and constructed so that the two extremities, which should be a couple of lines broad, shall come together very exactly. Or, in place of using the forceps, an Ringworm in the lower animals, as in the human subject, consists of the growth of a vegetable fungus on the surface of the skin, is common amongst young animals, is decidedly contagious, and communicable from man to the lower animals, and probably, also, from the lower animals to man. Commencing with a small itchy spot, usually about the head or neck, or root of the tail, it soon spreads, producing numbers of scurfy circular bald patches. It is unaccompanied by fever, and seldom interferes seriously with health. After washing with soap and water, run over the spots lightly every day with a pencil of nitrate of silver, or rub in a little of the red ointment of mercury, or some iodide of sulphur liniment. RINNS OF GALLOWAY. See WIGTONSHIRE RIO BRA'NCO, a river of Brazil, the largest affluent of the Rio Negro, rises near the sources of the Orinoco, in lat. about 3° N., long. about 64° W. It flows first east to long. 61° W., and then southsouth-west to the Rio Negro, which it joins after a course estimated at 700 miles in length. At its junction with the Negro it is upwards of a mile in breadth, and its lower course resembles a string of lakes connected by narrow canals. Its navigation is much impeded by rapids and waterfalls. See BRAVO DEL NORTE RIO DE JANEIRO, a maritime province in the south-east of Brazil, bounded on the south and east by the Atlantic. Area 18,060 sq. m.; pop. 1,200,000. The coast on the north-east is low, lined with lagoons and marshy tracts; but in the south the scenery of the shores is unusually beautiful. Mountain-ranges occupy the middle of the province, among which the peaks of the Organ Mountains, rising to from 6000 to 7000 feet, are conspicuous. Of the rivers the Parahiba is the chief. The soil is fertile, and the principal productions are sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton, rice, and maize. The province is traversed by a railway. The capital is Praia Grande or Netherohy, which, including the district of St Domingo, contains about 16,000 inhabitants. The largest and most important town, however, is Rio de Janeiro (q. v.). RIO DE JANEIRO, generally called Rio, the capital of the Brazilian empire, and the largest and most important commercial emporium of South America, stands on a magnificent harbour, 75 miles west of Cape Frio, in lat. 22° 54' S., long. 43° 15′ W. The harbour or bay of R., said, and apparently with justice, to be the most beautiful, secure, and spacious bay in the world, is landlocked, being entered from the south by a passage about a mile in width. It extends inland 17 miles, and has an extreme breadth of about 12 miles. Of its numerous islands, the RIO GRANDE-RIO GRANDE DO SUL. RIO GRANDE, a river of Senegambia (q. v.). RIO GRANDE, or RIO GRANDE DEL NORTE. See BRAVO DEL NORTE. RIO GRANDE DO NORTÉ, a small maritime province of Brazil, occupies the north-east angle of the country, and is bounded on the N. and E by the Atlantic. Area 16,842 sq. m.; pop. (1856) 190,000. It derives its name from a river, formerly called the Rio Grande, and now called the Potengi, which flows into the Atlantic at Natal; but the principal river is the Piranhas. The surface is flat along the shores, which are skirted by many dangerous shoals, but is hilly and mountainous in the interior. Salt is obtained in large quantity from a number of salt lakes, and building-stone is abundant. The soil, generally sterile, is fertile on the river-banks. The principal crop raised is cotton, and large herds of horses and cattle are reared on the pastures, which are extensive. The capital is Natal (q. v.). largest, Governor's Island, is six miles long. The proclamation of independence in 1822 (see BRAZIL), entrance of the bay, guarded on either side by granite R. became the capital of the Brazilian empire. mountains, is deep, and is so safe, that the harbour RIO GRANDE, a name sometimes applied to is made without the aid of pilots. On the left of the upper course of the river Parana (q. v.) in the entrance rises the peak called, from its peculiar Brazil. shape, Sugar-loaf Mountain; and all round the bay, the blue waters are girdled with mountains and lofty hills of every variety of picturesque and fantastic outline. The harbour is protected by a number of fortresses. The city stands on the west shore of the bay, about 4 miles from its mouth. Seven green and mound-like hills diversify its site; and the white-walled and vermilion-roofed houses cluster in the intervening valleys, and climb the eminences in long lines. From the central portion of the city, lines of houses extend four miles in three principal directions. The old town, nearest the bay, is laid out in squares; the streets cross at right angles, are narrow, and are paved and flagged; and the houses, generally built of granite, are commonly two stories high. West of it is the elegantly built new town; and the two districts are separated by the Campo de Santa Anna, an immense square or park, on different parts of which stand an extensive garrison, the town-hall, the national museum, the palace of the senate, the foreign office, a large opera-house, &c. From a number of springs which arise on and RIO GRANDE DO SUL, or, to give the name around Mount Corcovado (3000 feet high, and situ- in full, SAO PEDRO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL, a mariated 34 miles south-south-west of the city), water time province of Brazil, constituting the extreme is conveyed to R. by a splendid aqueduct, and sup- south portion of the empire of that name. It is plies the fountains with which the numerous squares bounded on the N. and W. by the river Uruguay, are furnished. Great municipal improvements have on the S.-W. by the republic of Uruguay, and on within recent years been introduced; most of the the S.-E. by the Atlantic. Area, 85,239 sq. m.; streets are now as well paved as those of the finest pop. (1863) 400,000, of whom 75,000 were slaves. European capitals; the city is abundantly lighted The central districts are occupied by a range of with gas; and commodious wharfs and quays are mountains, which runs almost parallel to the built along the water-edge. R. contains several Uruguay, and from which the land falls away excellent hospitals and infirmaries, asylums for into plains towards the Uruguay on the west, and foundlings and female orphans, and other charitable the Atlantic on the east. Between the mountains institutions, some richly endowed; about fifty and the flat coast regions are the large lakes Merim chapels and churches, generally costly and imposing and Des Patos-the latter, 175 miles long and structures, with rich internal decorations; and several about 40 miles broad. Its salubrity of climate and convents and nunneries. In the College of Pedro fertility of soil admirably adapt it for European immiII., founded in 1837, the various branches of a liberal gration. The great wealth of the province is in its education are efficiently taught by a staff of eight or flocks and herds, which are reared in great numnine professors; the Imperial Academy of Medicine, bers on the campinas or prairies. It is stated that with a full corps of professors, is attended by 500,000 cattle, whose hides and flesh are preserved, upwards of 300 students; there is also a theological are slaughtered here annually, while as many more seminary. The national library contains 80,000 are driven northward for ordinary consumption. vols. The trade and commerce of R. is great, and All the cereals and fruits of Central Europe can be is annually increasing, although within recent years grown here advantageously, and the inhabitants are it has been temporarily retarded by the American awakening to the importance of developing the war. In the year 1862-1863, the exports-of immense agricultural resources of the province. A which the principal articles were coffee (nine-tenths considerable area is now covered with crops of maize, of the whole), hides, sugar, rice, cotton, rosewood, beans, wheat, and potatoes, and the agricultural rum, tobacco, horns, ipecacuanha, and tapioca products, which, till recently, were of little account, amounted to £5,900,000, and were sent chiefly to now form one-eighth of the whole exports. The England and France; and the imports—of which gold-mines of the province yielded, in 1863, 6100 the chief were silk, linen, woollen, and cotton goods, ounces, the value of which is stated at £25,000. iron and rigging for ships-amounted to £5,582,431. The principal articles of export of the province are More than a half of all the imports came from beans, horns, hair, cattle and horse hides, grease Great Britain. During the year 1863, 5980 vessels and tallow, jerked or dried beef, tongues, mandioc of 1,069,396 tons, exclusive of mail-steamers from flour, and maize. Of the most of these articles, Southampton and Bordeaux, entered and cleared the quantity exported has increased so rapidly the port. The trade of R. will increase enormously as to be in 1861 about double what it was in 1856. when the railways leading to the city, already In 1861, the exports amounted to £1,637,846. The commenced, have been completed. Pop. about 300,000. The vicinity of R. was first settled by the French in 1555, but was occupied in 1567 by the Portuguese, who founded the present city, and gave to it the name of St Sebastian. For the space of 140 years after its foundation, the city enjoyed a state of tranquil prosperity, and in 1763 it superseded Bahia as the seat of government, and became the residence of the viceroys of Portugal. On the half of all the imports of the province consists of cotton, woollen, and linen manufactures, coals, earthenware, and hardware from Great Britain. The principal towns are Porto Alegre (q. v.) and Rio Grande do Sul. The latter, a small but prosperous and increasing seaport at the south extremity of the Lake des Patos, and close to the sea, imported in 1861 goods to the amount of £582,573, while its exports in the same year amounted to £509,843 exclusive of the produce shipped from the port of |