SAINT PAUL DE LOANDA-SAINT PETERSBURG. and growing trade in flour, lumber, furs, &c. It has a state-house, cathedral, college, 14 churches, as many hotels, a daily newspaper, and educational and charitable institutions. In 1846, there were 10 white inhabitants. Pop. in 1860, 10,277. SAINT PAUL DE LOA'NDA, a considerable seaport on the south-west coast of Africa, the principal Portuguese settlement in Lower Guinea, stands at the mouth of the river Bengo, in lat. about 8° 54′ S. It is the largest and most important European settlement on this coast, and contains 12,000 inhabitants, of whom 830 are white, 2400 mixed, and 9000 black. The climate is comparatively healthy, the harbour is beautiful, and protected by one large and two small forts. The houses are good, the streets unpaved, and there are three churches and three market-places. Abundance of fruit and vegetables, bullocks, and goats are obtainable in the markets. Ivory and bees-wax are the principal exports. SAINT PETERSBURG, a maritime government of Russia, one of the Baltic Provinces, between Lake Ladoga on the north-east and Lake Peipus on the south-west. Area 24,060 sq. m.; pop. 1,083,091. The soil is damp and thin, and woods and marshes cover two-thirds of the level surface. In the vicinity of the capital, much ground is laid out in market-gardens. The usual crops are grown, but the quantity of corn produced is greatly less than the quantity consumed. The chief town is the capital, Saint Petersburg (q. v.). SAINT PETERSBURG, the capital of the Russian empire, and of the government of the same name, stands upon, and around the lower branches of, the Neva, and on the shores of the eastern extremity of the Gulf of Finland, 16 miles east of Cronstadt, its port. Lat. 59' 56' N., long. 30° 19′ E. The Great Neva, the most southern branch of the Neva, divides the city into two great sections-the Petersburg Side on the north, and the Great Side on the south. The former is built on the islands which are formed by the delta of the Neva, the chief of which are the Vassili Ostrov, the Citadel Island, and the islands Aptekarskoi, Kammennoi, Petrovskoi, Krestovskoi, and Elaghinskoi. The Great Side, south of the Great Neva, is compactly built, and contains the residences of the court and of the nobility, and more than half the population. The city covers an area of 42 sq. m., stands 56 feet above the level of the sea, upon plains which were formerly malarious marshes, but are now for the most part drained and laid out in meadows and gardens. Pop. 520,131. and further north the densely-peopled Aptekarskoi Island, and the Kammennoi, and other islands, which are for the most part studded with woodembosomed villas, and laid out in charming gardens. Considering the river on the north as the chord, might be drawn with a radius of 24 miles, would and the Admiralty as the centre, the semicircle that pretty nearly describe what is called the Great Side of Saint Petersburg. This section of the city is divided into three or four portions by the Moika, St Catharina, Fontanka, and New Canals; and it is intersected by three spacious streets, which radiate east-south-east, south-east, and south from the great centre, the Admiralty. The streets are named respectively the Nevski Prospekt (Neva Perspective), Gorokhovaia Oulitza (Peas Street), Vosnosenskoi Prospekt (Resurrection Perspective). Extensive suburbs also are rising on the eastern bank of the Neva, seven miles above its mouth. Streets, Squares, Monuments, Bridges, Churches, &c. -The street architecture of S. P., unlike that of Moscow, with its pale-yellow walls and red and green roofs, is almost destitute of colour. Here the rigid, military aspect of the streets, with the houses drawn up in long regular lines of gray, or massed together in blocks like the squares of battalions, is one of the first features of the Russian capital that impress themselves upon a traveller. Except in the more fashionable quarters, the greater number of the houses are built of wood; but owing to the liability of such houses to catch fire, building in this material is very much discouraged. S. P. contains 500 streets, and among these, lanes and alleys are unknown, as, while the finest streets have a breadth of 120 feet, the narrowest are 42 feet broad. The Nevski Prospekt is the most splendid street in S. P.; and for architectural grandeur, as well as for natural beauty, for proportions, and for variety, is considered the finest street in Europe. It is 130 feet broad, and about 4 miles long, is planted on both sides with trees, contains a large number of the most beautiful palaces, of highly ornamented churches, and splendid warehouses, and increases in breadth and magnificence as it advances from the Admiralty. For the first mile, it does not contain more than about 50 mansions, each of which, however, is of colossal magnitude. The houses are built of brick faced with stucco, are three and four stories high, and are in many cases furnished with ornamental porches, colonnades, gilded balconies, and parapets that gird the flat roofs. About ten of the other streets of the city are distinguished for their grandeur, though none of them equals the Nevski Prospekt. There are 64 squares in the city, and of these the Admiralty Square is one of the most famous. It contains one mass of buildings, presenting to the Neva a fine façade, nearly half a mile in length, while its sides are 650 feet long. In the Palace Square, adjoining the Admiralty, stands Alexander's Column, an immense monolith, erected in 1834. It consists of a shaft of red granite, standing on a pedestal of the same material, General View of Saint Petersburg.-Approaching and supporting a capital, above which rises the the city from Cronstadt (q. v.), the port and fortress figure of an angel and a cross. The length of of the Russian capital, the first indications of the the shaft is 80 feet, and that of the whole great city are the gilded dome of the church of St column 150 feet. Peter's Square contains the noble Izak, and the lofty spire of the Admiralty, which and well-known equestrian statue of Peter the are seen rising apparently from the water's edge. Great, 18 feet high, and erected 1768-1782. The The Admiralty Square, faces the English Quay Field of Mars, with an area large enough to allow on the south bank of the Great Neva, and may be of 40,000 men being put through military evoluconsidered the centre of the city. From the spire, tions, contains the colossal bronze statue of the with its numerous galleries, the whole plan of the famous Suwaroff.-Bridges.-Of the 150 bridges city can be clearly seen. Right opposite it is the that unite the islands, cross the canals, and span the populous Vassili Ostrov, on the south shore of which Neva, the Annitchkoff Bridge, leading across the are the Bourse, Academy of Sciences, Corps of Fontanka Canal, consists of five arches, is 110 feet Cadets, &c. To the north is the Citadel Island, | long, and is decorated with four spirited groups, in The climate, severe in winter, is as pleasant and mild as that of Scotland in summer. The mean temperature in summer is 62°; in winter, 14° F. The extremes of temperature are 99° and 51°. Fourteen arms of the Neva, irrespective of the smaller branches, ramify through S. P., and there are seven canals. - SAINT PETER'S LE PORT-SAINTS. bronze, of wild horses and their tamers, by a native artist. The Nikolayevski Bridge, a magnificent structure in granite, and the only permanent bridge that crosses the Neva-the others being merely temporary bridges supported on boats, and removed every autumn and spring-was completed in 1850. It crosses the Neva from the English quay on the south bank to the Vassili Ostrov shore, is 1200 feet long, and consists of 7 elegant arches, supported upon ponderous piers of granite. At the northern end of the bridge, there is a drawbridge which affords a passage to ships. No part of S. P. affords a foundation solid enough to support weighty structures. The foundation for the Nikolayevski Bridge was not obtained until three sets of piles had been driven into the oozy bed of the river, the one on the top of the other, and so close, that all the timbers touched each other all the way across. Palaces, &c.-S. P. might be called a city of palaces, from the number of the edifices of that description which it contains. The Winter Palace, destroyed by fire in 1837, but soon after rebuilt, is certainly the largest, and, in one sense, most probably the most | magnificent palace in the world. It is 700 feet long on every side, has an imposing façade, and contains 800 inhabitants, and, during the residence of the emperor within it, is inhabited by 6000 people. It has Lumerous ample halls, decorated in the most artistic manner, and containing collections, furniture, and articles of vertu of immense value. The Hermitage, situated on the Neva like the Winter Palace, is connected with that structure by several galleries. Its gallery of 2000 paintings is famous for its specimens of the Spanish school. The library of this palace contains the collections of Diderot, Voltaire, &c., and contains in all 120,000 vols. The Annitch koff Falace is the usual residence of the emperor. The Imperial Library, one of the first in Europe, contains 450,000 volumes and 25,000 MSS. The gilded tower of the Admiralty buildings, which is said to be visible from Cronstadt, and certainly forms in these flats a most conspicuous landmark, is 230 feet high. The Old and New Arsenals are surrounded by cannon taken from the Turks and Persians.-Churches.-S. P. contains 177 churches, besides 140 private chapels (hauskapellen). Within the Citadel stands the church of St Peter and St Paul, finished in 1727. It is surmounted with a slender tower, crowned by a gilded spire, the whole being 345 feet high. The cathedral of St Izak, though destitute of architectural beauty, is remarkable for its rude magnificence, and is one of the most considerable buildings of modern times, is 330 feet long, 290 feet broad, and 310 feet high. It is surmounted by a great gilded dome, and by four smaller domes. The domes are made of bronze, and the value of the plate-gold by which they are overlaid is stated at £50,000. Each of its four sides is adorned with a peristyle of 12 or 16 pillars, each consisting of one block of red Finland granite. These pillars are 53 feet high, and are seven feet in diameter at the base. number of splendid theatres, and an Italian opera, a magnificent structure. Manufactures. Of the manufacturing cities of Russia, S. P. is one of the most important. The principal private factories are mills for spinning and weaving cotton. The immense imperial establishments produce the most admired specimens of Gobelin tapestry, mirrors, articles in bronze, playingcards, crystal, and porcelain. S. P. is little more than a century and a half old, and yet it takes rank among the first capitals in the world. It was founded by Peter the Great, May 27, 1703. After a long struggle against the severe climate, insalubrious from the exhalations of wide-extended marshes, and from the arctic rigour which even yet can cover the Neva with ice a yard and a half thick, at length the town was founded and declared the capital in 1712. Under the successors of Peter, the improvement, embellishment, and extension of the city were carried on. Catharine II. constructed the great canals which, while they afford means of ready communication, serve also to drain the marshlands, to render the atmosphere more healthy, and to mitigate the rigours of winter. The city suffered great damage and the loss of several hundred lives in 1824 from an inundation of the Neva; and every April, when the ice breaks up, the lower regions of the city are threatened with a similar disaster. At S. P., all the ministers from foreign courts are bound to reside. SAINT PETER'S LE PORT, or commonly St Peter's, the chief town of Guernsey, one of the Channel Islands. See GUERNSEY. SAINT PIERRE, the chief town, though not the seat of government, of the island of Martinique (q. v.), belonging to France, stands at the head of a bay, 16 miles north-west of the capital, Fort Royal. It is said to be the largest town in the Antilles, containing, according to the most recent authorities, 25,000 inhabitants. SAINTS, a name applied in the New Testament to the members of the Christian community generally, but restricted by ecclesiastical usage from very early times to those who, whether under the old or under the new dispensation, have been specially remarkable for their personal virtues and their eminent services to the cause of religion. Of the old dispensation, the patriarchs and prophets' are commonly designated as saints. But the word is used much more of the Christian Church. In the ages of persecution, the quality which most of all challenged the admiration and reverence of the faithful was naturally courage and constancy in the profession and the defence of the Christian faith; and thus the earliest of those whom the church reverences for sanctity of life, are also, for the most part, reverenced as champions of the faith. In general, however, the saints are distributed into several classes, chiefly in relation to the special services which the church has appropriated to their honour. Thus we find enumerated Academies, Scientific Institutions, &c.-The Aca- (1.) Apostles and Evangelists; (2.) Martyrs; (3.) Condemy of Sciences, with a library of 100,000 volumes, fessors, a name applied primitively to those who was founded by Peter the Great in 1725. In the had exhibited great constancy in professing the Institute of Technology, founded in 1829, 200 faith, although without the final crown of martyrpupils are taught silk-spinning, the manufacture of dom, but in later times understood of all who, cloth, silk, and woollen stuffs, wood-cutting, and without being martyrs, were eminent for sanctity engraving on copper. The University, founded in of life; (4.) Doctors or men eminent for sacred learn1829, is attended by 500 students, and has a staff of ing; (5.) Virgins; (6.) Matrons and Widows, distin60 professors. The New National Museum of Anti-guished for holiness of life. Anciently the character quities, Painting, and Sculpture, completed in 1851, is a noble structure, built entirely of marble and metal. Other institutions, as the School of Mines, the Gostinoi Dvor or Bazaar, are worthy of mention. There are numerous benevolent institutions, a and appellation of saint was bestowed upon individuals, as it were, by acclamation, and by the common voice of the members of the particular Christian community to which the individual belonged, or to which his merits were most familiar. The earliest SAINTS' DAYS-SAINT SERVAN. The times in private congregations, and finally, if all examples, as may be seen in the letter of the Church of Smyrna on the martyrdom of Polycarp, of such judgments as to individuals were in the case of the martyrs. Altars were erected at their tombs, and the people assembled for worship on the anniversary of their martyrdom. Even then, however, the letters of St Cyprian (Epp. 37 and 39) shew that caution was observed by the bishops to guard against the recognition of undeserving individuals. The honours of the martyrs, even before the age of persecution had passed, were extended to confessors of the faith, and eventually to all who were eminent for holiness of life, and especially to those who obtained the reputation of performing miracles. The names of those who were so honoured were placed in the register (or diptych) of each church. It was not, however, till a comparatively late period that a regular form of procedure was established in the Roman Church for the purpose of testing the claim of individuals to the authentic reputation of sanctity. From the 4th c. downwards, examples of reference to Rome-as, for instance, in the Acts of Virgilius, Bishop of Trent-are cited by Catholic writers. But the first recorded example of a solemn and public decree is in the case of Udulric or Ulric, Bishop of Augsburg, to whom the honours of sanctity were adjudged by Pope John XVI. (see Hardouin, Concil. VI. P. I., p. 727) in the end of the 10th c. (993). Since that time the procedure of the Church of Rome as to the public recognition of the saints has been matured and methodised. It consists of two stages, that are called respectively Beatification' and 'Canonisation.' The former is but a preliminary process, and consists in a declaration by the pope that the beatified' person is entitled, by reason of his (or her) eminent virtues, attested by miracles, to be regarded as a saint, and as such honoured and invoked. This authorisation, however, is not in beatification extended to the entire church, but is always limited to a particular church, or province, or religious order; and the nature of the honours permitted to be paid to the beatified person is strictly defined either by the terms of the decree, or by local usage, if such have already existed. But although the effect of a decree of beatification is less comprehensive than that of the subsequent and final declaration in canonisation, the preparatory inquiry is in all substantial particulars the same. The details of both are explained at great length and with curious minuteness by the learned Pope Benedict XIV. (Lambruschini) in a special work on the subject, which has the further interest of conSAINTS' DAYS, days set apart in honour of taining as an appendix the minutes of the entire proceedings in the canonisation which place during his own official connection with that particular saints and martyrs. The practice dates department. The inquiry in both procedures is from the times of persecution, when the people conducted by the congregation of cardinals, called were wont to assemble at the tombs of martyrs on fixed for each saint or martyr became necessary. the Congregation of Rites, and consists first in an the anniversary of the martyrdom. In the multiexamination of the writings (if there be any) of the plication of such celebrations, a record of the days individual, then of the holiness of his life and con- This was called calendarium. The days so appointed versation, and finally of the miracles alleged to devotion with which he was regarded. In some have been performed by him in life, or obtained were celebrated with more or less solemnity, accordthrough his relics and intercession after death.ing to the dignity of the saint, or the degree of gation, in which no servile work was permitted to Two such miracles at least must be established by what is considered satisfactory evidence. Upon all cases the saint's day was kept as a holiday of oblithese points sworn depositions are required, and all be done. Other days are of various minor degrees are subjected to a most rigorous scrutiny, in which of solemnity, and are called double (greater or the office of impugnant is discharged by an advocate lesser), semi-double, and simple, from the peculiar called Promotor Fidei, and popularly nicknamed form of the office set apart for each. In particular the Devil's Advocate, his duty being to raise every countries, provinces, dioceses, or parishes, the day possible difficulty in the way of the acceptance of the of the patron saint is specially celebrated; and in evidence of sanctity. This inquiry is generally a all churches the festival of the saint to whom the very protracted one; and after it has been com- church is dedicated. pleted, and its results recorded in writing, the acts submitted to the cardinals, who meet three are took SAINT SERVAN, a seaport of France, in the 429 SAINT SIMON. dep. of Ille-et-Vilaine, stands at the mouth of the Rance, opposite St Malo (q. v.), to which there is communication by land at low-water. The harbour, called Port Solidor, is secure. S. S., which is frequently spoken of as a suburb of St Malo, is much frequented as a watering-place, and carries on ship-building and considerable commerce, especially in timber. Pop. (1862) 9288. SAINT SIMON, LOUIS DE ROUVROI, DUC de, whose family claimed to be descended from Charlemagne, was born in January 1675. After receiving a careful education under the superintendence of his mother, he entered the army in 1693, but considering his promotion not equal to his deserts, he resigned his commission in 1702, and devoted the remainder of his life to a sort of court statesmanship. S.'s position was as singular and as anomalous as his character. Profoundly ambitious, his pride was yet greater than his ambition. His ideas of aristocratic rights and privileges were perhaps more outrageously fanatical than any ever entertained in modern ages; and the whole aim of his life was to nullify the influence of the parliament, and to place the government of France in the hands of the grands seigneurs-the great territorial lords. The middle class he abhorred; and the rise to distinction of any one belonging to that order-any novus homo, tortured his patrician soul almost beyond endurance. We have not space (nor would it be worth our while, if we had) to recount his career of haughty and insolent conspiracy against the political rights of commoners, which marks him out as the most thoroughgoing oligarch in principle of whom we have any record. During the latter part of Louis XIV.'s reign, and the regency of the Duke of Orleans, he enjoyed much consideration, and his aristocratic policy more than once enjoyed a temporary triumph; but with the accession to the regency of the Duke of Bourbon he fell into disgrace, and withdrew from public life. He died at Paris, 2d March 1755. S.'s last years occupied chiefly in the composition of his famous Memoires, a work of incalculable historical value. Though the style is far from faultless, it so admir ably expresses the meaning of the author, that one would not wish it other than it is. The Euvres Complètes de Louis de Saint Simon appeared at Strasburg in 1791, in 13 vols., but the best edition is that of M. Cheruel (20 vols. Paris, 1856, et seq.). See A. Lelèvre Pontalis, Discours sur la Vie et les Euvres de Saint Simon (Paris, 1855). were SAINT SIMON and SAINT SIMONIANISM. CLAUDE HENRI, COMTE DE SAINT SIMON, a French social philosopher, founder of the sect named after him, Saint Simonians, belonged to a different branch of the same family as the preceding, and was born at Paris, 17th October 1760. Although destined to become the propagator of the most revolutionary and democratic ideas of modern times, he was reared in a perfect hotbed of aristocratic prejudice. Nevertheless, from his earliest years, S. exhibited a decided hostility to the established system of things, mainly, however, it would seem (according to the anecdotes in vogue) from a certain puerile vehemence and obstinacy of nature. He was cursed, moreover, with a precocious vanity. What are we to think of a lad scarcely 16 giving his servant orders to rouse him every morning with such a flattering summons as Levez-vous, Monsieur le Comte, vous avez de grandes choses à faire, especially when, in point of fact, he had nothing to do? S. was pretty well educated in philosophy, like most of the young nobles of his time, and had D'Alembert among others for his tutor. At 18 he entered the army, served in America, and self. distinguished himself on the day when Lord Cornwallis surrendered at York (17th September 1781) with all his forces. Captured by the British on his return home, he was taken to Jamaica, where he remained till the peace in 1783 restored him to liberty and France. But the monotony of garrison life did not suit his restless and impatient spirit, and in 1785 he quitted the service, and travelled in Holland and Spain, busying himself with various industrial schemes, such as connecting Madrid with the sea by means the latter of which proved successful. The great of a canal, and introducing diligences into Andalusia revolution found in him-noble though he was-an enthusiastic disciple, and he voted in his patrimonial canton for the abolition of titles of nobility, but did lowed. His energies were devoted to matters more not take any part in the political events that folprofitable than patriotic-viz., the purchase of condoubtful that when France was labouring in the fiscated property-and it is unhappily not at all agony of a mighty struggle after new life, S. was consumed by an ignoble passion for enriching himobserved, it was necessary that he should acquire But then, as his disciples have naively a fortune in order that he might be able to devote himself satisfactorily to ideas. It was during the revolution, and while suffering a temporary imprisonment in the Luxembourg, that visions of a new social system, based on scientific principles, and not selves before his ardent imagination. His ancestor on political conventionalities, first unfolded themCharlemagne appeared to him one night in a dream, and said: Depuis que le monde existe aucune famille n'a joui de l'honneur de produire un héros et un philosophe de première ligne. Cet honneur était réservé à ma maison. Mon fils, tes succès comme philosophe égaleront ceux qu' J'ai obtenus comme militaire et comme politique. S., though now 38 years of age, commenced to study' science,' of which he was as yet quite ignorant. The plan he adopted was pleasant and ingenious. He took a house opposite the Ecole Polytechnique, and invited to his table the professors of mathematics, of physics, and of astronomy, from whose lips-in the intervals of their Then he changed his lodgings, and fixed himself feeding he acquired the necessary information. near the Ecole de Medicine, where, pursuing the from them something of the structure of organised same method with the physiologists, he learned bodies. In 1801, he married, and threw open his salons to all the savans and artists of Paris; but his lavish hospitalities-prodigalities, perhaps, they ought rather to be called-soon dissipated the fortune he had amassed during the revolution. Meanwhile a notable social idea seized him. Hearing that the husband of Madame de Stael had just died, he resolved to marry the widow, whom he considered to be the only woman fit to associate with him in his great project for the regeneration of society. To be sure there was a little impediment in the way-viz., his being already married; but in France there is never any difficulty in getting a divorce; and S. was soon as good as a bachelor again. Betaking himself to Coppet, he unfolded his plan to the lady, and begged her concurrence, urging his suit (it is said) by the most impressive considerations: Madame, vous êtes la femme la plus extraordinaire du monde; comme j'en suis l'homme le plus extraordinaire; à nous deux nous aurions, sans doute un enfant plus extraordinaire encore. Madame de Stael, however, declined to further the philanthropic projects of S. in the way he wanted, and the reformer-now beginning to be in straits-published at Geneva a Lettre d'un Habitant de Genève a ses Contemporains (1803), in which he proposes (among other things) SAINT THOMAS-SAINT VINCENT. that there should be an annual subscription for the benefit of men of genius-mathematicians, physicians, chemists, physiologists, litterateurs, painters, and musicians-that spiritual power should be in the hands, not of the clergy, but of savans, and temporal power in the hands of the landed proprietors, while the privilege of choosing chiefs of humanity' should belong to everybody; finally, he asserts that religion is only a human invention. S.'s proposal (so obstinately prejudiced are men against what is right) was not adopted-was not even noticed, either by 'men of genius' or others, and in the course of a few months he was glad to accept the office of copyist at the Mont-dePiété. Even this humble means of making a livelihood he had to resign from ill-health, and he would probably have died of starvation had he not fallen in by chance with an old revolutionary friend called Diard, who took him into his house and furnished him with means to publish one of his most important works, the Introduction aux Travaux Scientifiques du Dix-neuvième Siècle The death of Diard, in 1810, once (Par. 1807). more plunged S. into misery. Soon after, we find him writing to Lacépède, Cuvier, Degérando, Cambacérès, &c., in this style: Monsieur,' soyez mon Depuis quinze jours, Sauveur, je meurs de faim je mange du pain et je bois de l'eau; je travaille sans feu et j'ai vendu jusqu'à mes habits pour fournir aux frais des copies de mon travail. There is nothing Judicrous here it is the plain unaffected agony of utter want. In 1812, his wretchedness came to a crisis; he left Paris, betook himself to Peronne, where he fell dangerously ill, but recovered through the attentions of his family, who now settled a small pension on him; he then returned to Paris. After the Restoration, he began-in spite of his extravagant vanity to reap the never-failing reward of enthusiasm and perseverance-a crop of disciples. Of these the most distinguished was Augustin Thierry, who assisted him in the redaction of his Réorganisation de la Société Européenne-a work intended to demonstrate the inutility of the Congress of Vienna, and the incapacity of all mere political He procongresses to establish a durable peace. poses the institution of a European parliament, having the right to arbitrate in cases of difference among the various nations, and adds that the first step towards the reorganisation of Europe is the union of France and England. In 1817-1818, he published L'Industrie, ou Discussions Politiques, Morales, et Philosophiques, partly written by himself and partly by his disciples. The third volume is the work of the celebrated Auguste Comte (q. v.). By this and other literary enterprises S. had exhausted all his funds, and as he saw no prospect of getting any more, he resolved to commit suicide, and actually discharged a loaded pistol at his own head (9th March 1823), which, however, only deprived him of an eye, and not of life. The last, and by far the most remarkable work of S., is his Nouveau Christianisme (Par. 1825), which contains his final and matured convictions. According to him, Christianity has been diverted from its original design. Progressive by nature, and meant to be modified by the changing circumstances of times The clergy, and countries, it has been stiffened into unalterable dogmas by ecclesiastical conclaves. whose mission is to instruct, are ignorant of the thoughts and manners of modern times, and have exhibited a complete and deplorable incapacity. Protestantism is no wiser than Catholicism. It has set its face against the fine arts, and has shewn a cruel and fatal indifference to the physical amelioration of the poor. But genuine Christianity embraces in its consideration all the needs of humanity. From its grand principle, 'Love one another,' it derives SAINT THO'MAS, one of the Danish West SAINT THOMAS, an island off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea, belonging to Portugal, 260 miles south-west of Fernando Po. Area about 120 sq. miles. Of its inhabitants, 1000 are white and mulattoes, 2000 are free blacks, and about 10,000 are slaves. Sugar was formerly grown extensively; coffee is now the chief article of export. The chief town is St Thomas or Chaves, a bishop's see, with about 4000 inhabitants, who live in miserable wooden huts, and few of whom can write or even read. SAINT VINCENT, one of the British islands in the West Indies, 100 miles west of Barbadoes, The island is one of at the mouth of the Orinoco. Area, 131 sq. m.; pop. (1861) 31,755, of whom 2347 were white, 6553 coloured, and 22,855 black. the most beautiful of the group to which it belongs. It is traversed from north to south by volcano called the Souffriere to the height of 3000 a chain of volcanic mountains, which rise in the Many of the valleys are fertile, and the feet. Much rain falls, often to the shores are rich and productive. About 2-5ths of the entire area, or 35,000 acres of the 84,000, are under cultivation. serious injury of the crops and of the roads, but the climate is nevertheless healthy. In 1860, the island contained only 31 schools, attended by 2189 scholars, and the standard of the morality, as well as of the 431 |