SCHAFFHAUSEN-SCHEELE.

depth of religious sentiment; as 'An Explana- dynasty (1645), and was honoured by visits from tion of the Dream of Joseph' and 'The Grief of the emperor at four stated times in each year. Jacob when told of the Death of his Son.' While Through this favour with the emperor, S. obtained residing in the city of the pope, he passed over to an edict which authorised the building of Catholic Roman Catholicism. Scarcely had S. returned to churches, and the liberty of preaching throughout Berlin when he was appointed professor of the the empire; and in the space of 14 years the academy, and soon gathered round him a host Jesuit missionaries in the several provinces are said of brilliant pupils; but in 1826 he went to Düssel- to have received into the church 100,000 proselytes. dorf as successor of Cornelius, in the direction of the On the death of this emperor, however, a change of notable academy there. His pupils followed him, policy fatal to the prospects of Christianity took and ever since the 'Düsseldorf School' has been place. The favourable edict above referred to was associated specially with their names. S.'s principal revoked; S. was thrown into prison and sentenced works are Mignon' (1828); 'The Four Evangelists,' to death. He was afterwards liberated; but he was one of the finest productions of German art; The again imprisoned, and, at the end of a long incarWise and Foolish Virgins,' 'The Source of Life,' ceration, died August 15, 1669. He had acquired a The Assumption,' three great allegorical pictures; perfect mastery of the Chinese language, in which and Heaven,' Purgatory,' and 'Hell.' S. was he compiled numerous treatises upon scientific and ennobled by the king of Prussia in 1843. religious subjects. A large MS. collection of his remains in Chinese, amounting to 14 volumes in 4to, is preserved in the Vatican Library. He also translated into Chinese several works, doctrinal and medical, especially some treatises of Father Lessius, a Flemish Jesuit, the most important of which was that On the Providence of God.-See Mailly's Histoire Générale de la Chine and Huc's Le

SCHAFFHAU'SEN, the most northern canton of Switzerland, is bounded on all sides but the south by the duchy of Baden. Area, 117 sq. m.; pop. (1860) 35,964, of whom 33,000 are Protestants, and 2400 are Catholics. The chief river is the Rhine, which forms part of the southern boundary, and within the basin of which the canton is wholly included. The surface is hilly, especially in the north and east, and of the many rich valleys that slope southward to the Rhine, that of the Klettgau is famous for its unusual fertility, and for its wines, the bouquet of which is peculiarly fine. The climate is mild; the soil, which is mostly calcareous, is generally fruitful, and agriculture is the principal branch of industry. Grain, fruits, flax, hemp, and wine are the chief crops. Iron is obtained, but the manufactures are not important. About 20,000 tons of gypsum are obtained yearly at the town of Schleitheim (pop. 2000). The canton is divided into

six districts.

SCHAFFHAUSEN, a town of Switzerland, capital of the canton of the same name, beautifully situated on the right bank of the Rhine, immediately above the celebrated falls of that river. Higher up the slope on which the town stands, is the curious castle of Munoth, and this edifice and the minster, founded in 1052, are the chief buildings. The town is remarkable for the antique architecture of its houses. The old wall and gateways of S. are also very picturesque. Pop. 7770, who are partly engaged in the manufacture of iron, cotton, and silk goods. The Falls of Schaffhausen, about three miles below the town, form, perhaps, the most imposing spectacle of the kind in Europe. The river is here 300 feet broad, and the entire descent is about 100 feet. From a projecting balcony which overhangs the roaring cataract, the visitor may appreciate the full grandeur of the fall.

Christianisme en Chine.

SCHÄ'SBURG, or SCHÄSSBURG (Magyar, Segesvá), a town of Austria, in Transylvania, on the great Kokel. It consists of the Burg or UpperTown and the Lower-Town. Pop. 7962.

SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE, a sovereign German principality, includes the western part of the former county of Schaumburg, and is bounded on the W. by Westphalia, and the N. by Hanover. Area, 170

m.; pop. (1861) 30,774. It shares the physical characters of the surrounding states. The prince, who resides for the most part at Bückeburg (pop. 4219), has large possessions in Mecklenburg, Hanover, and Bohemia. The public revenue amounts to 228,000 thalers, and the expenses to the same sum. It has one vote in the plenum, and part of the 16th vote in the curies. It contributes to the force of the Germanic Confederation a contingent of 516 men. The line of S.-L., a branch of the House of Lippe (q. v.), split off from the main stem in the year 1613.

SCHEELE, CHARLES-WILLIAM, an eminent Swedish chemist, was born at Stralsund, 1742, and after receiving a brief and incomplete education, was apprenticed to an apothecary at Gothenburg, where he laid the foundation of his knowledge of chemistry. In 1767, he settled at Stockholm as an apothecary; and in 1770, removed to Upsala, where at that time the celebrated Bergmann was professor of chemistry. It was during his residence at Upsala that he carried on those investigations SCHALL, JOHANN ADAM VON, a celebrated in chemical analysis which proved so fruitful in Jesuit missionary to China, was born of noble family important and brilliant discoveries, and placed at Cologne in 1591, and having made his studies and their author by the side of Linnæus and Berzelius, entered the Jesuit order in Rome, in 1611, he was his countrymen-in the front rank of science. In selected, partly in consequence of his great know- 1777, he removed to Köping to take possession of a ledge of mathematics and astronomy, to form one of vacant apothecary business, but died of ague-fever, the mission to China in 1620. Having, with the 24th May 1786, at a time when he was receiving characteristic skill and ability of his order, turned to the most tempting offers from England to persuade good account among the Chinese his familiarity with him to settle in that country. The chief of his dismathematical and mechanical science, he not only coveries were tartaric acid (1770), chlorine (1774), succeeded in forming a flourishing mission, but was baryta (1774), oxygen (1777), and glycerine (1784) ultimately invited to the imperial court at Pekin, the second-last of which had been previously made where he was entrusted with the compilation of the known through the labours of Priestley, though S. calendar, and the direction of the public mathe-was not aware of this till after his own discovery matical school, being himself created a mandarin. Such was his favour with the emperor, that, contrary to all the received etiquette, he had the privilege of free access to the presence of the Emperor Chun-Tche, the founder of the Tartar

of it in 1777. In experimenting on arsenic and its acid, he discovered the arsenite of copper, which is known as a pigment under the name of Scheele's Green or Mineral Green. In 1782, during an eminently delicate and subtle investigation to determine

SCHEELE'S GREEN-SCHELLING.

the nature of the colouring-matter in Prussian Blue, he succeeded in obtaining, for the first time, prussic acid in a separate form. The mode and results of his various investigations were communicated from time to time, in the form of memoirs, to the Academy of Stockholm, of which he was an associate, and also in his chief work, the Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire (Upsala, 1777), and in an Essay on the Colouring Matter in Prussian Blue (1782).

(April 19, 1839), the Netherlands secured the right of levying 2s. 6d. per ton on all vessels. By a treaty signed at Brussels, July 16, 1863, this toll has been bought up, nominally by Belgium, but in reality from a sum of £750,000 paid to that country by the powers whose ships navigate the S., the proportion falling to Great Britain being fully £350,000.

SCHE'LLENBERG, a village in the south-east of Upper Bavaria, six miles south-west of the Austrian town of Salzburg, near which occurred the first battle of the War of the Spanish Succession,' in which the English took part. Maximilian-Emmanuel, elector of Bavaria, had fortified the hill of S. to resist the progress of Marlborough; but on July 4th, 1704, the work was attacked by the English, led on by Prince Ludwig of Baden, and carried by storm after a bloody fight.

SCHEELE'S GREEN. See ARSENIOUS ACID. SCHEFFER, ARY, a French painter, born at Dort, in Holland, 10th February 1795, studied under Guerin of Paris, and made his début as an artist in 1812. Some years later appeared his 'Mort de Saint-Louis,' 'Le Dévouement des Bourgeois de Calais,' and several genre pieces, such as La Veuve du Soldat,' 'Le Retour du Conscrit,' La Sœur de Charité,' 'La Scène d'Invasion,' &c., which have been popularised in France by engrav- SCHELLING, FRIEDR. WILH. JOS. VON, an ings; but compared with his later performances, illustrious German philosopher, was born at Leonthese early pictures have little merit. It was not till berg, in Würtemburg, January 27, 1775, studied at the 'Romantic' movement reached art that S. began Tübingen and Leipzig, and in 1798 proceeded to to feel conscious of his peculiar power. The influence Jena, then the headquarters of speculative activity of Goethe and Byron became conspicuous in his in Germany, through the influence of Reinhold and choice of subjects, and to the remarkable facility Fichte. S.'s philosophical tendencies were origin of execution that had always marked him, he now ally determined by Fichte; in fact, he was at first added a subtilty and grace of imagination, that give only an expounder, though an eloquent and inde. an inexpressible charm to his works. The public pendent one, of the Fichtian idealism, as one may admired his new style greatly, and lavished eulogy with liberal hand on his 'Marguerite à son Rouet,' Möglichkeit einer Form der Philosophie (On the see from his earliest speculative writings, Über die Faust tourmenté par le Doute,' Marguerite à possibility of a Form of Philosophy, Tüb. 1795), l'Eglise, Marguerite au Sabbat,' 'Marguerite sorVom Ich als Princip der Philosophie (Of the Ego tant de l'Eglise, Marguerite au Jardin,' 'Marguerite à la Fontaine, Les Mignons,' 'Le Larmoyeur,' others. Gradually, however, S. diverged from his as the Principle of Philosophy, Tüb. 1795), and Francesca de Rimini,' &c. Towards the year 1836, teacher, and commenced what is regarded as the his art underwent its third and final phase-the second phase of his philosophy. Fichte's idealism religious. To this class belong his Le Christ Consolateur,' 'Le Christ Rémunérateur,' 'Les Bergers its rigorous and exclusive subjectivity, and he now seemed to him one-sided and imperfect through conduits par l'Ange, Les Rois Mages déposant sought to harmonise and complete it. The result of leurs Trésors,' 'Le Christ au Jardin des Oliviers, his speculations, in this direction, was the once 'Le Christ portant sa Croix, Le Christ enseveli, famous Identitätsphilosophie (Philosophy of Idenand Saint Augustin et sa Mère Sainte Monique,' tity), which claimed to shew that the only true some of which are well known in England by knowledge, and, therefore, the only philosophy, was engravings. S. also executed some remarkable that of the Infinite-absolute, in which the 'real' and portraits; among others, those of La Fayette, Bér-ideal,' 'nature' and 'spirit,' 'subject' and 'object,' anger, Lamartine. He died at Argenteuil, near Paris, 15th June 1858.

SCHELDT, THE (pron. Skelt; Lat. Scaldis, Fr. l'Escaut), rises in the French dep. of Aisne, flows northerly to Cambrai, Valenciennes, Bouchain, and Condé, when entering Belgium, it passes Doornik, Oudenarde, Ghent, Dendermonde, Rupelmonde, and Antwerp, having received, among other tributaries, the Lys, Dender, and Rupel. Navigable from its entrance into Belgium, the S. at Antwerp becomes a noble river, of sufficient depth for large ships. From Antwerp, the course is north-west, to Fort Bath, in the Netherlands, where, coming in contact with the island of South Beveland, it divides into two arms. The left or southern, called the Honte or Wester S., takes a westerly direction, south of the islands of Zeeland, and meets the North Sea at Flushing; the northern or right arm, called the Kreekerak, flows between Zeeland and North Brabant, near Bergen-op-zoom, dividing again into two branches, the left, called the Easter S., passing between the islands of Tholen and Schouwen on the right, and the Bevelands on the left, reaches the sea through the Roompot (Romanorum portus); the other branch, flowing between North Brabant and Zeeland, discharges itself by several passages. These several mouths of the S., forming various islands, are called the Zeeland streams.

The Dutch had long monopolised the navigation of the lower S.; and by the treaty signed in London

are recognised as absolutely the same; and which affirmed the possibility of our attaining to such knowledge by a mysterious process, known as Intellectual Intuition.' The 'philosophy of identity,' though only the second stage in S.'s speculative career, is the most important, and is the one by which he is best known in England-Sir William Hamilton having elaborately discussed it, and endeavoured to demonstrate its untenableness in his essay on the Philosophy of the Conditioned' (see Discussions in Philosophy and Literature, Education and University Reform, 1852). The principal works in which it is more or less completely developed, are Ideen zu einer Philosophie der Natur (Ideas towards a Philosophy of Nature, Leips. 1797, 2d ed. 1803); Von der Weltseele, eine Hypothese der Höhern Physik zur Erläuterung des allgemeinen Organismus (Of the World-soul, an Hypothesis of the higher Physics in elucidation of the Universal Organism, Hamb. 1798, 3d ed. 1809); Erste Entwurf eines Systems der Naturphilosophie (First Attempt at a Systematic Philosophy of Nature, Jena, 1799); and System des Transcendentalen Idealismus (System of Transcendental Idealism, Tüb. 1800). In 1803, after the departure of Fichte from Jena, S. was appointed to succeed him, but in the following year went to Würzburg, whence, in 1808, he was called to Munich as secretary to the Academy of Arts, and was ennobled by King MaximilianJoseph. Here he lived for 33 years, during

SCHEMNITZ-SCHILLER.

a distance of several miles, it has a population of 22,000; but the town proper has only 8500 inhabitants. The academy for mining and woodcraft, embracing collections of minerals and a chemical laboratory, is the principal building, and forms the chief architectural feature of the town. In 1854, 200 pupils attended the academy, and received lessons from six professors. A highly-esteemed kind of tobacco-pipe heads are manufactured here. The mines, which extend under the town, have been worked for centuries, though recently they have yielded but an inconsiderable profit. They produce gold and silver, as well as copper, iron, and sulphur, and give employment to 8000 workmen. Twelve of the mines belong to the crown, the others are private property.

SCHENECTADY, a city of New York, U. S., on the Erie Canal and the south bank of the Mohawk River, 16 miles north-west of Albany. It is the seat of Union College, and contains 12 churches, 2 banks, 2 newspapers, large machinery and locomotive works, 4 foundries, cotton-mills, and manufactories of shawls, agricultural implements, &c. S. was settled by the Dutch in 1661. In 1690, a large number of the inhabitants were massacred by the French and Indians. Pop., in 1860, 9579.

SCHERZO (Ital. jest, sport), in Music. A term applied to a passage or movement of a lively and sportive character, forming part of a musical composition of some length, as a symphony, quartett, or

sonata.

the last 14 of which he occupied the chair of philo- with its six suburbs, some of which, however, are at sophy in the newly-established university of Munich, but in 1841 he followed a call from Friedrich-Wilhelm IV. to Berlin, where he mainly resided for the rest of his life. He died at the baths of Ragaz, in Switzerland, August 20, 1854. We now revert to S.'s philosophical career. What may be regarded as its third period, if not its third phase, is chiefly marked by incessant controversy. With the exception of Bruno, oder über das Göttliche und Natürliche Princip der Dinge (Bruno, a Dialogue concerning the Divine and Natural Principle of Things, Berl. 1802), and the Vorlesungen über die Methode des Akademischen Studiums (Lectures on the Method of Academical Study, Stuttg. and Tüb. 1803), most of S.'s writings are polemical-often hotly so. The most notable are, his Philosophie und Religion (Tüb. 1804), in reply to Eschenmayer; Denkmal der Schrift von den Göttlichen Dingen (Tüb. 1812), in reply to Jacobi; and Darlegung des Wahren Verhältnisses der Naturphilosophie zur verbesserten Fichte' schen Lehre (Statement of the true relation of the Nature-philosophy to the improved Fichtian Doctrine, Tub. 1806). Meanwhile, a most formidable adversary had risen up in his old college-friend, Hegel (q. v.), who was at first an ardent disciple of S.'s, just as Schelling had been of Fichte, but who had, in a similar manner, broken away, and was now pursuing an independent, and professedly antagonistic, course of speculation. During the reign of Hegelianism, S. preserved an almost unbroken silence. For more than 20 years he published almost nothing, but we know that he was far from being idle. He was observing narrowly the practical as well as the speculative results of the rival system, and maturing his own philosophy for the final phase which it assumed, and which he called variously, the 'positive,' the historical,' and the system of Freedom'-the design of which was to interpret, at once philosophically and reverentially, the history, and, especially, the religious history of mankind. S. admitted that his earlier speculations, though sound in themselves, attained only to 'negative' truth, and to shew that the most transcendental metaphysician need not be a Pantheist, but might be a believer in a Personal God, or even in a Trinity, with a whole Augsburg Confession to boot, he began to apply or develop in a practical way what he conceived to be the principles of his system. It cannot be said that the result has proved satisfactory, though many of his contemporaries thought it would-Neander, for example, dedicating to him, in the most eulogistic SCHIEDA'M (pron. Skeedam), a town in South terms, the first volume of his Kirchengeschichte, on Holland, four miles west of Rotterdam, situated the ground that it was in harmony with S.'s new on the Schie, which, by a broad canal or haven, philosophy. The writings that contain the fruits of is connected with the Maas. Pop. in 1864, 16,176. S.'s latest thinking were for the most part pos- The streets are generally narrow, irregularly built, thumously published, although a general idea of them and, compared with other Dutch towns, have a had become known to the public through such dirty appearance, from the smoky distilleries, maltlectures as those on the Philosophy of Mythology, and ing-works, and grain-mills. It is a town so the Philosophy of Revelation. S.'s Sämmtliche Werke much engaged in manufacturing gin, and the pre(14 vols., Stuttg. 1856-1861) were edited by his paratory processes, that the air and water smell sons, Karl Friedr. Aug. and Hermann Schelling. and taste of it. In 1863, there were 236 distilHis Correspondence was published at Munich in leries; 74 works for preparing malt, &c., and 20 1863. Various French writers, such as MM. Matter, cooperages. The neighbouring meadows are rich in Remusat, Cousin, Michelet, have tried (with indiffer- cattle, which are partly fed from the refuse of the ent success) to explain the great mystic to their distilleries. Grain is largely imported from Russia, countrymen; and English philosophical literature is Sweden, and Denmark. In 1863, 5514 inland dubiously associated with his name, through what vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 115,202, and may be called the somnambular plagiarisms of a 552 sea-going ships, entered the haven. Nearly kindred genius, Samuel Taylor Coleridge. These two-thirds of the population belong to the Prowere first pointed out by Professor Ferrier in Black-testant churches; the remainder, except 30 Jews, wood's Magazine, March 1840.

SCHEMNITZ, the largest and most famous mining town of Hungary, stands in a narrow mountain gorge, at the height of 1054 feet, on a river of the same name, 70 miles north of Pesth. Together

It

SCHEVENINGEN (pron. Skāveningen), a populous and thriving village in South Holland, is situated on the coast of the North Sea, about two miles from the Hague. Pop. nearly 8000. Fishing is the chief industry; ship-building, rope-spinning, and making sailcloth, being also carried on. is the most fashionable sea-bathing resort in the Netherlands, and is visited by many distinguished strangers, there being an excellent Bath House," and other hotels. In the neighbourhood, are summer residences of the royal family and nobility. A range of sand hills defends the village from the sea, which has, nevertheless, made so great encroachments that the Protestant church, originally built in the centre of the houses, is now close by the

strand.

The road from the Hague to S. is a long avenue of fine trees and wooded banks. In 1864, & tramway for passengers and goods was opened.

are Roman Catholics.

SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH. FRIEDRICH VON, one of the greatest poetical geniuses of Germany, was born at Marbach, a little town of Würtemberg, on November 11, 1759. His father, Joh. Kaspar

SCHINKEL-SCHINUS.

Schiller, was overseer of the nurseries attached to a country-seat of the Duke of Würtemberg. S. received his first formal instruction from the parish priest Moser, at Lorch; and in 1773, the duke, who had formed a favourable opinion both of S. and his father, offered to educate the boy, free of expense, at the military academy founded by him at the castle of Solitude, and afterwards transferred to Stuttgart under the name of Karls-schule. The offer was accepted, and entering the rigorous academy, S. tried to devote himself to jurisprudence. His success in the new study was small, and after two years, he exchanged it for medicine. But literature, especially poetry, was the secret idol of his soul, and its chief delight. Already the characteristics of his genius -his tendencies towards epic and dramatic idealism -were shewing themselves in his predilections. His first literary attempts of any moment were dramatic -Der Student von Nassau and Cosmus von Medici -which were consigned (doubtless not without reason) to the fire. Meanwhile, the poet's general intellectual culture and his professional studies went steadily on; and in 1780, he passed as a military surgeon, but with no liking for such a career. In 1778, S. completed the first sketch of his memorable drama, Die Räuber (The Robbers), the publication of which, in 1780, excited the most violent enthusiasm among the young all over Germany, so wild, and strong, and glowing were the passion and fancy displayed in it. Respectable people, dignitaries, functionaries, and the like, were, of course, deeply scandalised; and the duke himself, a 'Serene Highness' sort of man, was induced to lecture the poet on his delinquency, and forbade him to write any more poetry 'without submitting it to his inspection!' In 1782, The Robbers was brought upon the stage at Mannheim-the poet being present without the knowledge of his superiors, the result of which was arrest for a fortnight! This led to further complications; and finally, in October of the same year, S. fled from the harsh service of the duke into Franconia, and lived for a year under a feigned name at Bauerbach, near Meiningen, where he completed his Fiesco and Cabale und Liebe, begun at Stuttgart. Don Carlos was also sketched in outline here. In September 1783, he went back to Mannheim, and was for some time closely connected with actors and theatrical life. To this period belong several of his lesser poems. With the Cabale und Liebe above mentioned ended the first poetic period in S.'s career, otherwise known as the Sturm und Drang period, in which a burning energy of passion and a robust extravagance, passing often into sheer bombast of speech, are the predominant characteristics. In March 1785, S. left Mannheim, and proceeded to Leipzig, where he became acquainted, among others, with Huber and Körner, and wrote his beautiful Lied an die Freude; thence, after a few months, he went to Dresden, where he began the practice of composing during the night, which so fatally assisted in shortening his life. Der Geisterscher (The Ghost-seer), a strikingly powerful romance, was written here; and the drama of Don Carlos was completed. In 1787, he was invited to Weimar, and was at once warmly received by Herder and Wieland; but some years elapsed before Goethe and he could understand one another; after that, they became the closest friends. Henceforth, S. owed more to Goethe than to all other men: we may even call the later and best writings of S. inspirations of Goethe. The study of the spirit and literature of antiquity in particular exercised a wholesome influence over him, and in his Götter Griechenlands (Gods of Greece), which belongs to this stage, we see how calm, and clear, and sunny his once turbid

and stormful imagination was gradually becoming. Reinhold of Jena introduced him to the Kantian philosophy, and for some little time S. was in danger of lapsing from a poet into a metaphysician. The philosophical and aesthetic treatises springing out of this new study were collected and published under the title of Kleine prosaischen Schriften (4 vols., Jena, 1792-1802). His Geschichte des Dreissigjährigen Kriegs (History of the Thirty Years' War) originally appeared in the Taschenkalender für Damen (1790-1793). On the occasion of the poet's marriage in 1790 with Charlotte von Lengefold, the Duke of Meiningen made him a Hofrath (privy-councillor); the French Republic also conferred on him the right of citizenship; and in 1802, the emperor raised him to the rank of nobility. While staying for a year with his relatives in Würtemberg, he wrote his exquisite Briefe über ästhetische Erziehung (Letters on Esthetic Culture). This period, reaching to the close of 1794, is generally regarded as S.'s transition period; in poetic accomplishment, it is not rich, but in earnest, thoughtful, and manifold speculation it was highly important to the poet, and we find that it prepared the way for the last and most splendid development of his genius. After 1795, the finest of his lyrics and dramas were produced-as Der Spaziergang and the Lied der Glocke (Song of the Bell) in 1796, Wallenstein (1799), Maria Stuart (1800), Die Jungfrau von Orléans (1801), Braut von Messina (Bride of Messina, 1803), and finally his greatest drama, Wilhelm Tell (1804). But his health had been long giving way, partly owing to a natural weakness of constitution, and partly to incessant application to study; and on May 9, 1805, he expired, at the early age of 46. Ever since his death, the fame of S. has been on the increase; he has long been recognised as, next to Goethe, the greatest poet that Germany has produced, and innumerable editions of his works in whole or part have been published. The best account of him and his works is given by Carlyle in his Life of Friedrich Schiller (Lond. 1825).

SCHINKEL, KARL FRIEDR., a German architect of great celebrity in his own country, was born at Neuruppin, March 13, 1781, and studied the principles of drawing and design at Berlin under Professor Gilly. In 1803, he went to Italy to extend his professional knowledge; but on his return in 1805, he found the aspect of public affairs so threatening that he could obtain little employment, and was forced to betake himself to landscape-painting. In May 1811, he was elected a member of, and in 1820 a professor at, the Berlin Academy of Arts. Other offices and honours were also conferred on him. He died October 9, 1841. The designs to which he chiefly owes his reputation are those of the Royal Guard-house, the Memorial of the War of Liberation, the New Theatre, the New Potsdam Gate, the Artillery and Engineers' School, in Berlin; the Casino, in Potsdam; another in the gardens of Prince Karl at Blienike, near Potsdam; and a great number of castles, countryhouses, churches, and public buildings. S. was a man of powerful and original genius; his designs are remarkable for the unity of idea by which they are pervaded, and the vigour, beauty, and harmony of their details. See Kugler's Karl Friedr. Schinkel (Berl. 1842).

SCHI'NUS, a genus of trees and shrubs of the natural order Anacardiaceae, natives of South America. The leaves so abound in a resinous or turpentine-like fluid, that upon the least swelling of the other portions of the leaf by moisture, it is discharged from the sacs which contain it. Thus they fill the air with fragrance after rain, or if thrown into water,

SCHISM-SCHLEGEL.

start and jump about as if alive, discharging jets of this peculiar fluid. The same phenomenon is exhibited by the leaves of some species of the kindred genus Duvaua, of which specimens are occasionally to be seen in our greenhouses. The leaves and twigs when bruised have a very strong odour of turpentine.

SCHISM, GREEK, the separation between the Greek and Latin churches, which originated in the 9th, and was completed in the 12th century. See

GREEK CHURCH.

Subse

first began to assume a prominent position in literature, while a lecturer at Jena, contributing assiduously to Schiller's Horen and MusenAlmanach, and to the Allgemeine Literaturzeitung. About the same time, his translation of Shaks peare began to appear (9 vols. Berl. 1797—1810), the influence of which on German poetry and the German stage was equally great. quently, the poet Tieck, with S.'s consent, undertook a revision of the work, together with a translation of such pieces as S. had omitted (12 vols. Berl. 1825, 1839, 1843); and from their SCHISM, WESTERN, a celebrated disruption of conjoint labours, the people of Germany are able to communion in the Western Church, which arose form a faithful idea of the surpassing genius of our out of a disputed claim to the succession to the countryman. S. also delivered at Jena a series of papal throne. On the death of Gregory XI. in lectures on æsthetics, and along with his brother, 1378, a Neapolitan, Bartolomeo Prignano, was chosen Friedrich, edited the Athenaeum (3 vols. Berl. 1796— pope by the majority of the cardinals in a conclave 1800), which in spite of, perhaps because of, the at Rome under the name Urban VI. Soon after severity of its criticism, gave a lively and wholewards, however, a number of these cardinals with some impulse to the poetry of its time. He pubdrew, revoked the election, which they declared not lished, besides, his first volume of poems (Gedichte, to have been free, owing to the violence of the Tüb. 1800); and, again in company with his factions in Rome by which the conclave had, brother, the Charakteristiken und Kritiken (2 vols. according to them, been overawed; and, in conse-Königsb. 1801). In 1802, S. left Jena for Berlin, quence, they proceeded to choose another pope under where he gave a second series of lectures on literathe name Clement VII. The latter fixed his see at ture, art, and the spirit of the time. Next year Avignon, while Urban VI. lived at Rome. Each appeared his Ion, an antique tragedy of considerparty had its adherents, and in each a rival succes-able merit. It was followed by his Span. Theater sion was maintained down to the council of Pisa in (2 vols. Berlin, 1803-1809), consisting of five 1410, in which assembly both were deposed, and a pieces of Calderon's, admirably translated, the effect third pope, John XXIII., was elected. This measure of which has been to make that poet quite a not having been acquiesced in by all, a new council favourite with the German people; and his Blumenwas convened at Constance in 1417, in which not sträusse der Ital., Span., und Portug. Poesie (Berl. alone the former rivals, but even the new pontiff 1804), a charming collection of lyrics from the elected, by consent of the two parties, at Pisa, were sunny south, from the appearance of which dates set aside, and Otho Colonna was elected under the naturalisation in German verse of the metrical the name of Martin V. In this election the whole forms of the Romanic races. body may be said to have acquiesced; but one of the valuable, and certainly his most widely popular Probably his most claimants, Peter de Luna, called Benedict XIII., work, was his Vorlesungen über dramatische Kunst remained obstinate in the assertion of his right till und Literatur (3 vols. Heidelb. 1809-1811), originhis death in 1430. The schism, however, may be ally delivered at Vienna, in the spring of 1808, said to have terminated in 1417, having thus and translated into most European languages. endured nearly 40 years. During 1811-1815, S. published a new collection of his poems (Poetische Werke), which contains his masterpieces, Arion,' 'Pygmalion,' 'St Lucas,' and is notable for the richness and variety of its poetic forms, as also for the singular facility and elegance the ranks of the nobility, and privileged to use of the versification. In 1818, S., now raised into the sacred von before his name, was appointed Professor of History in the university of Bonn, and devoted himself especially to the history of the fine arts and to philological research. He was one of the first students of Sanscrit in

SCHI'SMA, the name given to one of the very small intervals known in the theory of music, which amounts to the difference between the Comma ditonicum and Comma syntonicum. See COMMA.

SCHIST (Gr. schistos, split) is a term applied somewhat loosely to indurated clays, as bituminous schist and mica schist. It is more correctly confined to the metamorphic strata, which consist of plates of different minerals, as mica schist, made up of layers of quartz separated by laminae of mica; chlorite schist, a green rock in which the layers of chlorite are separated by plates of granite or felspar; and hornblende schist, a black rock composed of layers of hornblende and felspar, with a little quartz.

SCHLANGENBAD, one of the most distinguished spas of Germany, on the northern frontier of the Rheingau district, 6 miles west of Wiesbaden, in a beautiful and secluded situation, embosomed amid wooded hills. The water of the baths has a temperature of 80° F., and contains the muriates and carbonates of lime, soda, and magnesia, with a slight excess of carbonic acid. The baths have a marvellous effect in beautifying the skin, and in soothing and tranquillising. The village is itself very small, and in the height of the season the pop. is only about 1000.

SCHLEGEL, AUGUST WILHELM VON, a distinguished critic, poet, and scholar, was born at Hanover, 8th September 1767, and studied at Göttingen, where he acquired a reputation by his devotion to philological and classical studies. He

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Germany, established a Sanscrit printing-office at Bonn, and an Indische Bibliothek (2 vols. Bonn, 1820-1826). Among the proofs of his scholarly activity in this department of knowledge, may be mentioned his edition of the Bhagavad Gita, an episode from the epic poem, Mahabharata, with a Latin translation (2d ed. Bonn, 1846), and of part of the Râmâyana (Bonn, 1829-1839). His other works it is unnecessary to mention. S. was not happy in his domestic relations. He was twice married, first to a daughter of Professor Michaelis of Göttingen, and again to a daughter of Professor Paulus of Heidelberg, but in both cases a separ ation soon became necessary. S. was quarrelsome, jealous, and ungenerous in his relations with literary men, and did not even shrink from slander when his spleen was excited. He died 12th May 1845.

SCHLEGEL, KARL WILHELM FRIEDRICH VON, distinguished both for his scholarship and intellectual ability, was a brother of the preceding, and was born at Hanover, 10th March 1772. He