eschape. c. 1340; chafe. 1375; achape. 1205, etc.; chape. c. 1325. eschar. 1543. Brown or black scab. escharbon. 1480. Beetle. escheat. 1292, etc. escheator. 1292, etc. eschay. 1488. exchange. v. 1300. sb. c. 1374, etc. exchequer. 1292, etc. v. 1297, etc. kerchief. 1300, etc. mischance. 1297, etc. mischief. 1300, etc.; mischieve. c. 1330; mischievous. c. 1330. purchaser. 1303, etc. schaffold. 1470, etc. schald. 1225, etc. (Variant of scald.) schantillon. 1300. scharn. 1225, etc. (Also schorn.) scharsete. "14th century." (No example cited.) caffe. 1535. chafe. c. 1325. caitiff. 1300. chaitiff. 1330. (Both common.) calice. 1200. chalice. 1300. ch- form ousted the other.) callenge. 1225. challenge. c. 1315. (Both common.) caumber. 1440. (Rare.) chamber. 1225. camel, kamel. 1350. chameyl. 1300. campion. c. 1270. champion. 1225. (Both common.) canceleer. 1500. chanceleer. 1665. (Both very late). canceler. 1066. (Early form. Latin influence.) chancellor. 1297. oang. 1205. canon. 1205. chang. 1205. chanon. 1300. capelet. "15th century." chaplet. 1375. Horse disease. caplain. 1100. chaplain. 1300. capitle. 1340. chapitle. 1297. (Both common.) capon. (Very early.) chapon. 14th century. (Rare.) capron. c. 1460. chaperon. c. 1380. car. 1382. char. 1300. caract. 1377. charact. 1430. carbuncle. c. 1305. charbuncle. c. 1230. carited. 1154. charity. c. 1175. cark. 1300. charge. 1225. carpenter. c. 1325. charpenter. 1548. (Scotch; very late.) carte. sb. 1393. cartre. 1297. chart. 1571, etc. (Second introduction of word.) castane. 1382. chesteyne. 1320. (Less common in early days.) scantillon. 1300. (Common.) schantillon. 1300. (Rare.) scald. 1225. schald. 1225. (Rare.) scape. 1275; escape. 1292. etc. eschape. c. 1340; chafe. 1375; achape, 1205, scarcity. 1340. scharsete. "14th century." (Rare. No example.) scar. 1388. eschar. 1543. (Late and rare.) scorn. c. 1200. scarn. scharn. 1225. schorn. The evidence afforded by the preceding lists is at best fragmentary. No two philologists would agree upon the same words as admissible. Some of the ca- words are very late, some owe their existence to an assisting Latin influence. In a number of cases the ONF can only claim to have reinforced a ca- spelling. I have listed for completeness altogether 96 ca- words, as against 167 cha words. If merely for the sake of the argument we throw out of consideration as late, doubtful, or Latin, the words cablish, cabot, caffe, calendar, calice, camel, canceleer, canceler, canker, cant, cape, capelet, capell, capitol, caplain, capon, carney, carue, coddle, miscarry, there still remain 76 words of probable ONF origin. As against the 167 cha- words, many of which are only rare book words, this list is impressive. It must again be remembered that the popular character of the ONF words, as against the literary character of the OCF words, strongly favored the latter in written speech, and that the scanty records following the Conquest again favored the more frequent recording of chawords before 1500. I believe that the lateness of the appearance of great numbers of ONF words has led scholars off the track. They have supposed that the amply evidenced OCF literary influence was the one important consideration. If the class of words which I have studied. is a sample of the total contribution of French to English, there was a powerful current of important words which swelled the tide of influence from France upon the English vocabulary. I do not believe that the "two languages lived amicably side by side. for about two hundred years, neither affecting the other essentially." NOTES ON THE TRAGEDY OF NERO By WILFRED P. MUSTARD The Johns Hopkins University The anonymous Tragedie of Nero was printed at London in 1624, and republished in 1633. It was reprinted, with an introduction and notes, by A. H. Bullen, in the first volume of his Collection of Old English Plays, London, 1882, and by Herbert P. Horne, in the eighth volume of the Mermaid Series, London, 1888. In 1914 a careful study of it was published by F. Ernst Schmid, in an appendix to his edition of Thomas May's Tragedy of Julia Agrippina (Bang's Materialien zur Kunde des älteren Englischen Dramas, vol. 43). The historical sources of the play are Tacitus, Dio Cassius, Suetonius and Plutarch. But the learned author drew freely upon other classical writers as well. A good many of his imitations and direct borrowings have been noted by Messrs. Bullen, Horne and Schmid, but it may be interesting to point out a few others here. Act i, sc. 1. Petronius' sentiment: Give me a wench that will be easily had, Not wooed with cost, and being sent for comes; Then Cleopatra she, or Lucrece, is; I'll give her any title, is taken from Horace, Sat. i, 2, 119-26: parabilem amo venerem facilemque. quae neque magno stet pretio neque cunctetur, cum est iussa, venire. His further comment, at the end of the scene: As that with crimson and with gold adorned, Chastity, fool! a word not known in courts. Well may it lodge in mean and country homes, ... Short sleeps and hands made hard with Tuscan wool, But never comes to great men's palaces, Where ease and riches stirring thoughts beget Will one man serve Poppaea? Nay, thou shalt Make her as soon contented with one eye, begins like Seneca's Agamemnon, 79: iura pudorque et coniugii sacrata fides fugiunt aulas; but it is mainly based on Juvenal, 6, 287 ff.: praestabat castas humilis fortuna Latinas quondam, nec vitiis contingi parva sinebant tecta labor somnique breves et vellere Tusco vexatae duraeque manus, etc., and Juvenal, 6, 53-54: unus Hiberinae vir sufficit? ocius illud extorquebis, ut haec oculo contenta sit uno. Act i, sc. 3. "Rich Mycenae, ""Junonian Argos," and "Corinth proud of her two seas" are mentioned together, as in Horace, Od. i, 7, 3-9. Nero explains that he did not visit "Sparta and Athens, the two eyes of Greece" (cf. Justin, 5, 8, 4), because there was no one in those two cities with whom he cared to compete: I will not be Aieceleaus nor Solon. Who was "Aieceleaus," as the Quarto calls him? Was it Agesilaus, the Spartan king? Or should the line be compared with Persius, 3, 78: non ego curo esse quod Arcesilas aerumnosique Solones? Act ii, sc. 1. ways: Petronius' account of his Enanthe's pleasant Who now will to my burning kisses stoop, That which she, rather than the asker, would is taken from Horace, Od. ii, 12, 25-28: |