fence man could not commit against man; and have no word to express it in their language. The unpolished Lapland peasant with these thoughts is, as a human creature, much more respectable than the gay Briton, whose heart is stained with vices, and estranged from natural affection; and he is happier. The perfect confidence mutually reposed between him and the honest partner of his breast entails a satisfaction even in the lowest poverty. It gilds the humble heart, and lights the cabin; their homely meal is a sacrifice of thanks, and every breath of smoke arises in incense. If hand be. laid upon hand, it is sure affection; and if some infant plays about their knees, they look upon him and upon each other, with a delight that greatness seldom knows, because it feels distrust. COURAGE. SENTIMENTS. IT is not the daring to kick a waiter at a tavern; it is not the strutting with a cockade, dressed in scarlet ; it is wet the uttering horrid oaths and imprecations at every word, that constitutes an officer: these may be current in taverns and brotheis; but they are no characteristics of true courage. That man only is truly brave who fears nothing so much as doing a shameful action; and that dares resolutely and undauntedly go where his duty, how dangerous soever it is, may call him. A man cannot answer for his courage who has never been in danger. Perfect courage consists in doing without witnesses, all we should be capable of doing before the whole world. Courage is always just and humane. Courage without conduct is like fancy without judgment; all sail and no bailast. h To die or conquer proves a hero's heart. Presence of mind, and courage in distress, EXAMPLES. PORSENNA, the most potent king then in Italy, having undertaken to restore the Tarquins to the throne of Rome, from which they had been banished for their cruelty and oppression, sent proposals to the senate for tha. purpose; but finding they were rejected with seorn, advanced towards Rome in a confident persuasion that he should easily reduce it. When he came to the bridge, and saw the Romans drawn up in order of battle before the river, he was surprised at their resolution, and, not doubting but he should overpower them with numbers, prepared to fight. The two armies being engaged, fought with great bravery, and long contended for victory. After a great slaughter on both sides, the Romans began to give way, and were quickly put to flight. All fled into the city over the bridge, which at the same time would have afforded a passage to the enemy, if Rome had not found, in the heroic courage of one of her citizens, a bulwark as strong as the highest walls. Publius Horatius was the man, surnamed Cocles, because he had but one eye, having lost the other in a battle. He was the strongest and most undaunted of all the Romans. He used every method to stop the flying army; but perceiving that neither entreaties nor exhortations could overcome their fear, he resolved, however badly supported he might be, to defend the entrance of the bridge till it was demolished behind. On the success of this depended the preservation of the city. Only two 4 Romans followed his example, and partook of his danger; nay, when he saw but a few planks of the bridge remaining, he obliged them to retire, and to save themselves. Standing alone against a whole army, but preserving his intrepidity, he even dared to insult his numerous enemies; and cast terrible looks upon the principal Hetrurians, one while challenged them to a single combat, and then bitterly reproached them all. "Vile slaves that you are," said he, "not satisfied with being unmindful of your own, ye are come to deprive others of their liberty who have had the courage to assume it." Covered with his buckler, he sustained a shower of darts; and at last, when they were all preparing to rush upon him, the bridge was entirely demolished, and Cocles, throwing himself with his arms into the Tyber, safely swam over, having performed an action, says Livy, that will command the admiration more than the faith of pos terity. He was received as in 'triumph by the Romans. The people erected him a brazen statue in armour in the most conspicuous part of the Forum.* As much land was given him as he could surround with a plough in a day. All the inhabitants, both men and women, contributed to his reward and in the midst of a dreadful scarcity, almost every person in the city, depriving themselves of a part of their subsistence, made him a present of provisions. : Liv. lib. ii. c. 11. WHILE the Romans were at war with the Gauls (A. R. 394) the latter advanced as far as the banks of the river Anio, within three miles of Rome. The RomansTM marched against them: the two armies continued some» time in sight of each other, without coming to action, separated only by the bridge over the river. A Gaul, of a gigantic stature, advanced upon the bridge, and cried out with a loud voice, "Let the bravest man in the Roman army enter the lists with me; the success of our * The place where the assemblies are held; called also for that reason Comitium. + Agri quantum uno die circumaravit datum. combat shall determine which is the more valiant nation." His extraordinary size and fierce looks struck the Romans with such terror, that for a long time not one in the whole army appeared to accept his challenge. At length young Manlius, who had so remarkably signalized his piety for his father, touched with a just sense of the affront offered to the Roman name, quitted his post and flying to the dictator, asked leave to encoun ter the enemy: "Though I were sure of victory," says he, "I would not fight this proud Gaul without your order; but if you will give me leave, I will make this huge boaster know, that I am of the blood of that Manlius, whose valour proved so fatal to the Gauls on the capitol." The dictator, who had been very uneasy that no Roman had accepted the challenge before, readily complied with the request of the brave youth. "Go, Manlius," said he, "and humble the pride of this insult ing enemy; revenge the cause of the city where you first drew your breath, as successfully as you relieved kim to whom you owe it."* Upon this the young Ro man, having changed the round buckler, which he wore as a Roman knight, for a square one, and armed himself with a short sword, fit both for cutting and stabbing, advanced against the Gaul, who was strutting about in his armour, and making an ostentatious show of his strength. Both Romans and Gauls retired to their re spective posts, leaving the bridge free for the two champions. The Gaul, says Livy, began the combat, by disa charging a great blow with his long sword at Manlius, which made much noise, but did no execution. Here upon the young Roman dexterously slipping under his enemy's shield, stabbed him in two places; so that he soon fell, and covered, to use Livy's expression, a vast piece of ground with his enormous body. The conque ror cut off his head, and without troubling himself about the rest of the spoils, only seized a golden collar, which he tore from his neck, and bloody as it was, put it upon his own, in token of his victory: and hence he got the surname of Torquatus, which he transmitted to his poss * See the article Affection Filial. terity. The event of this combat so discouraged the Gauls, that they abandoned their camy in the night, and retired into Campania. LIVY, lib. ii. c. 11. JUST before the battle at Cunaxa, between Cyrus and his brother Artaxerxes, Clearchus advised Cyrus not to charge in person, but to cover himself in the rear of the Grecian battalions. "What is it you say?" replied Cyrus:" at the time that I am endeavouring to make myself king, would you have me show myself unworthy of being so?" That wise and generous answer proved that he knew the duty of a general, especially on a day of battle. Had he withdrawn when his presence was most necessary, it would have argued his want of courage, and intimidated others. It is necessary, always preserving the due distinction between the leader and the troops, that their danger should be common, and no one exempt from it, lest the latter should be alarmed by a different conduct. Courage in any army depends upon example, upon the desire of being distinguished, the fear of dishonour, the incapacity of doing otherwise than the rest, and the equality of danger. The retiring of Cyrus had either ruined, or greatly weakened, all these present motives, by discouraging as well the officers as soldiers of his army. He thought that being their general, it was incumbent upon him to discharge all the functions of that office, and to show himself worthy to be the leader and soul of such a number of valiant men, ready to shed their blood for his service. XENOPH. IN EXPED. CYR. lib. i. JOHN III. duke of Brittany dying without issue, left his dominions to his niece Jane, married to Charles de Blois, nephew to the king of France; but John de Mountfort, brother to the late duke, though by a second marriage, claimed the duchy, and was received as successor by the people of Nantes. The greatest part of the nobility swore fealty to Charles de Blois, thinking him best supported. This dispute occasioned a civil war; in the course of which John was taken prisoner, and sent to Paris. This misfortune would have entirely |