ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A

DICTIONARY

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XIX
MUN to ODDFELLOWS

New York

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

342 Madison Avenue

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XIX. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL

CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE

ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED

A. A. W. H.

A. Ca.

A. E. S.

A. F. P.

A. Ge.

A. Go.*

AMBROSIUS ARNOLD WILLEM HUBRECHT, LL.D., D.Sc., PH.D.

Professor of Zoology, and Director of the Institute of Zoology in the University Nemertina (in part).
of Utrecht. Author of Nemertines.

ARTHUR CAYLEY, LL.D., F.R.S.

See the biographical article: CAYLEY, ARTHUR.

ARTHUR EVERETT SHIPLEY, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.

Numbers, Partition of.

Nematoda (in part);

Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Reader in Zoology, Cambridge University. Nematomorpha;
Joint-editor of the Cambridge Natural History.

ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.S.

Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow of All Souls'

College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1893-

1901. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1892; Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of

England under the Protector Somerset; Henry VIII.; Life of Thomas Cranmer; &c.

SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, K.C.B.

See the biographical article: Geikie, Sir ArcHIBALD.

REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.

Lecturer in Church History in the University of Manchester.

See the biographical article: HARNACK, ADOLF.

ANDREW LANG, LL.D.

See the biographical article: LANG, ANDREW.

Arthur LLEWELLYN DAVIES (d. 1907).

Nemertina (in part)

Nicholas, Henry;

Northumberland, John Dudley,

duke of.

Murchison.

Mutian;

Myconius, Friedrich;

Myconius, Oswald.

{Neoplatonism (in part).

Nishapur.

Nestorians (in part);

Nestorius (in part);

New Jerusalem Church;

Nicholas of Basel.

Mythology;

Name (Local and Personal

Names).

Trinity College, Cambridge; Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. Formerly Assistant Negligence.

Reader in Common Law under the Council of Legal Education.

Late Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. Joint-editor of Sources of Municipium.

Roman History, 133-70 B.C.

SIR ALEXANDER RUSSELL SIMPSON, M.D., LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. (Edin.).
Emeritus Professor of Midwifery, Edinburgh University. Dean of the Faculty of Obstetrics.
Medicine and Professor in the University, 1870-1905.

ARTHUR STANLEY EDDINGTON, M.A., M.Sc., F.R.A.S.

Chief Assistant at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Fellow of Trinity College, Nebula.

Cambridge.

1 A complete list, showing all individual contributors appears in the anal volume.

A. S. P.-P.

A. Ts.

A. W. H.*

A. W. Hu.

B.

B. R.

B. S. P.

B. W.*

C. F. M. B.

C. H. Ha.

C. H. W. J.

ANDREW SETH PRINGLE-PATTISON, M.A., LL.D., D.C.L.

Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh. Gifford Mysticism.

Lecturer in the University of Aberdeen, 1911. Fellow of the British Academy.

Author of Man's Place in the Cosmos; The Philosophical Radicals; &c.

ALBERT THOMAS.

Member of the French Chamber of Deputies. Contributor to Vol. xi. of the
Cambridge Modern History. Author of Le second Empire, &c.

ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.

Napoleon III.

Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of Gray's Inn, 1900. {Nonjurors.

Adviser on Petroleum to the Admiralty, Home Office, India Office, Corporation of

London, and Port of London Authority. President of the Society of Chemical Naphtha.

Industry. Member of the Council of the Chemical Society. Member of Council of

Institute of Chemistry. Author of Cantor Lectures on Petroleum; Petroleum and

its Products; Chemical Technology; &c.

Master of St Catharine's College, Cambridge. Canon of Norwich. Author of Nineveh.

Assyrian Deeds and Documents.

:{

C. Mi.

Senator of the Kingdom of Servia. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni-

potentiary of the King of Servia to the Court of St James's, 1895-1900, and 1902-

1903.

Nish.

C. PL.

CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D.-ÈS L.

Professor of Church History in the University of Marburg. Author of Publizistik Nicaea, Council of.

im Zeitalter Gregor VII.; Quellen zur Geschichte des Papstthums; &c.

CHEDOMILLE MIJATOVICH.

C. R. B.

C. S. S.

D. B. Ma.

D. F. T.

D. G. H.

Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of

Études sur le règne de Robert le Pieux.

CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT.

Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham. Formerly Fellow

of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer in the History of Geography.

Author of Henry the Navigator; The Dawn of Modern Geography; &c.

CHARLES SCOTT SHERRINGTON, D.Sc., M.D., M.A., F.R.S., LL.D.

Professor of Physiology, University of Liverpool. Foreign Member of Academies

of Rome, Vienna, Brussels, Göttingen, &c. Author of The Integrative Action of

the Nervous System.

DUNCAN BLACK MACDONALD, M.A., D.D.

Professor of Semitic Languages, Hartford Theological Seminary, U.S.A. Author of

Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence and Constitutional Theory; Selec-

tions from Ibn Khaldun; Religious Attitude and Life in Islam; &c.

DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY.

Balliol College, Oxford. Author of Essays in Musical Analysis: comprising The

Classical Concerto, The Goldberg Variations, and analyses of many other classical

works.

D. H.

D. M. W.

D. N. P.

D. Wr.

DAVID HANNAY.

Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of Short History of the Royal

Navy; Life of Emilio Castelar; &c.

SIR DONALD MACKENZIE WALLACE, K.C.I.E., K.C.V.O.

Extra Groom-in-Waiting to H.M. King George V. Director of the Foreign Depart-

ment of The Times, 1891-1899. Joint-editor of new volumes (10th edition) of the

Encyclopaedia Britannica. Author of Russia; Egypt and the Egyptian Question;

The Web of Empire; &c.

DIARMID NOEL PATON, M.D., F.R.C.P. (Edin.).

Regius Professor of Physiology in the University of Glasgow. Formerly Super-

intendent of Research Laboratory of Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh. Nutrition.

Biological Fellow of Edinburgh University, 1884. Author of Essentials of Human

Physiology; &c.

DANIEL WRIGHT, M.D.

64

Translated the History of Nepaul, from the Parbatiya, with an Introductory Nepal (in part).
Sketch of the Country and People of Nepaul."

E. H. M.

Ed. M.

E. N.-R.

E. Pr.

E. P. C.

E. R. L.

E. S. G.

E. Wa.

E. W. H.*

F. E. B.

ERNEST ARTHUR GARDNER, M.A.

See the biographical article: GARDNER, PERCY.

EDWARD HEAWOOD, M.A.

Gonville and Caius Coliege, Cambridge. Librarian of the Royal Geographical

Society, London.

ELLIS HOVELL MINNS, M.A.

University Lecturer in Palaeography, Cambridge. Lecturer and Assistant Librarian

at Pembroke College, Cambridge. Formerly Fellow of Pembroke College.

EDWARD MEYER, PH.D., D.LITT. (Oxon.), LL.D.

Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin. Author of Geschichte des

Alterthums; Geschichte des alten Aegyptens; Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstämme.

EUSTACE NEVILLE-ROLFE, C.V.O. (1845-1908).

Formerly H.M. Consul-General at Naples. Author of Naples in the 'Nineties; &c.

EDGAR PRESTAGE.

Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of Manchester.

Examiner in Portuguese in the Universities of London, Manchester, &c. Com-

mendador, Portuguese Order of S. Thiago. Corresponding Member of Lisbon

Royal Academy of Sciences, Lisbon Geographical Society, &c. Editor of Letters

of a Portuguese Nun; Azurara's Chronicle of Guinea; &c.

E. P. CATHCART, M.D.

Grieve Lecturer in Chemical Physiology, University of Glasgow.

SIR EDWIN RAY LANKESTER, K.C.B., F.R.S., M.A., D.Sc., LL.D.

Hon. Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. President of the British Association, 1906.

Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in University College, London,

1874-1890. Linacre Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford, 1891-1898.

Director of the Natural History Departments of the British Museum, 1898-1907.

Vice-President of the Royal Society, 1896. Romanes Lecturer at Oxford, 1905.

Author of Degeneration; The Advancement of Science; The Kingdom of Man; &c.

EDWIN STEPHEN GOODRICH, M.A., F.R.S.

Fellow and Librarian of Merton College, Oxford. Aldrichian Demonstrator of Com-

parative Anatomy, University Museum, Oxford.

REV. EDMOND WARRE, M.A., D.D., D.C.L., C.B., C.V.O.

Provost of Eton. Hon. Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. Headmaster of Eton

College, 1884-1905. Author of Grammar of Rowing; &c.

SIR EDWARD WALTER HAMILTON, G.C.B., K.C.V.O. (1847-1908).

Joint Permanent Secretary to H.M. Treasury, 1902-1908. Author of National

Debt Conversion and Redemption.

F. G. M. B.

FREDERICK GEORGE MEESON BECK, M.A.

Fellow and Lecturer of Ciare College, Cambridge.

F. G. P.

FREDERICK GYMER PARSONS, F.R.C.S., F.Z.S., F.R.ANTHROP.INST.

Vice-President, Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Lecturer on

Anatomy at St Thomas's Hospital and the London School of Medicine for Women.

Formerly Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons.

Nematoda (in part).

{Northumbria.

Muscular System;

Nerve;

Nervous System.