the Atlantic, 135-140; shortest routes between America and Ireland
considered, 140-142; fears that may be entertained of a successful
result, 142-145; beneficial effects that a communication would have
on the welfare of Ireland, 145, 146.

Athens, Rise and Fall of-age of the Pelagians, 428; the heroic times—
Theseus, 429, 430; Solon the arbiter, 430, 441, 442; Persian in-
vasion, 430; Cimon and Pericles, 430, 431; from the time of Pericles
to the present, 432; Young and Drummond's abortive attempts to
write its history, 437, 438. See Bulwer.

B.

Bank of England and the Country Banks, 61; commercial state of the
country in January, 1836, 61, the late difficulties arose from the
unsound principles on which the paper currency has been established,
62; necessity of our paper currency ranging in amount and value
exactly as the currency would do were it metallic, 62, 63 ; extra -
ordinary increase of Joint-Stock banks, 64, 65; amount of their issues,
65, 66; influence of, on business, 66; conduct of the Bank of England,
66, 67; table of the issues, liabilities, and bullion of the bank, 67 :
raised her rate of interest, 69; effect of this, 70-72: export of
bullion from London in 1836, 72; stock of bullion reduced-cause of
its diminution, 72-74; ought to have contracted their circulation to a
greater extent, 74, 75; circumstances that led to the downfall of the
Northern and Central Bank, 75; supported by the Bank of England,
75, 76; the defect of the bank is in participating too much in the
feelings and views of the mercantile class, 76, 77; aflorded assistance
to the American houses, 77; facts established by the conduct of the
Bank of England and the provincial banks, 79-80; necessity of a
radical alteration in the law relating to joint-stock and private banks,
80; the paper currency of the country cannot be established on sound
principles unless the power to supply it be confined to one issuer, 80——
85; profits of the provincial banks are not sensibly impaired by the
substitution of the Bank of England notes for their own, 84; defects
of the present system, 85-87.

Bacon, Francis, Works by Basil Montagu, 277-281; character of the
leading statesmen in England at his time, 281-285; Bacon's mother
distinguished as a scholar, 285-288; early years of Bacon, 288-289;
death of his father, 289; his services refused by Government-probable
cause of, 289–291; entered Gray's Inn-legal attainments, 291-292;
sat in Parliament in 1593, 292; part he took in politics, 293; attaches
himself to the Earl of Essex, 293: Essex endeavours to obtain the office
of Attorney-General for Bacon, 296; generous conduct of Essex, 297;
appeared as council against Essex at his trial, 298-301; Bacon's conduct
towards Essex fully examined, 301-307; death of Queen Elizabeth, 307;
influence of James' accession to the throne on the fortune of Bacon, ib. ;
servile conduct towards Lord Southampton, 308; influence his talents had
over the public, 309, 310; appointed Attorney-General, 309; progress
he made in literature, 310, 311; tampered with the judges on the trial
of Peacham, 311, 312; private consultations with the judges not allowed
by law, 312, 313; renews the disgraceful practice of torturing, 313,
314; unworthy ambition explains all his actions, 314, 315; attaches him-
self to Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, 316; Essex and Buckingham
contrasted, 316, 317; Bacon appointed Keeper of the Great Seal, 317;

aided the King and his favourites in granting patents of monopoly, 319;
his judicial conduct most reprehensible, 320, 321; interferes to prevent
the marriage of Sir John Villiers and Sir Edward Coke's daughter, 322;
meanness towards Buckingham, 323; country-house at Gorhambury,
324; raised to the title of Viscount St Albans, ib.; convocation of James'
Third Parliament, 324, 325; alarm spread through the Court when it
proceeded to discuss the public grievances, 325, 326 ; charge brought
against Bacon for corruption by the House of Commons, 326, 327; con-
duct of Bacon, 327, 328; allows his guilt, 328, 329; sentence pronounced
by the Lords, 329; Mr Montagu's attempt to vindicate Bacon's repu-
tation criticised and laid open, 329-338; reflections on the disgraceful
practice of judges taking bribes, 331-338; mode in which he spent the
last years of his life, 338-340.

Bacon's Philosophy, chief peculiarity of, 340, 341; object of all bis specu-
lations, 341; ancient philosophy disclaimed to be useful, and was content
to be stationary, 341; use of philosophy according to Seneca, 341-343;
proper object of philosophy, 343-345; doctrines of the Epicureans,
346; effects of Christianity on the progress of philosophy, 346-348; of
the invention of printing and gunpowder, 347; causes that predisposed
the public mind to give a turn to philosophic pursuits, 347; differ-
ence between the philosophy of Bacon and that of Plato, 349; in regard
to arithmetic, 349, 350; mathematics, 350, 352; astronomy, 352;
alphabetical writing, 352, 353; science of medicine, 353, 354; science
of legislation, 355; form in which laws ought to be drawn, 355; aim of
both philosophers, 356—359; the powers of Bacon received their direc-
tion from his good common sense, 359; Epictetus and Bacon compared,
359, 360; Bacon's philosophy has been accused of overrating those
sciences which minister to man's physical well-being, and underrating
moral philosophy, 360, 361; his treatment of moral subjects, 361, 362;
considered as a theologian, 363; vulgar notions as to the inductive
method, 363; induction correctly analysed by Aristotle, 364; inductive
method of no great practical value, 364-370; what Bacon did for
inductive philosophy, 360; temper of Bacon, 370, 371; individualized
his thoughts, 371; superiority of his understanding, 372, 373; adorned
his philosophy with the richest decorations of rhetoric, 373; possessed
the faculty of analogy to a great extent, 373-375, poetical faculty was
powerful in his mind, 375; order with which his powers of mind ex-
panded themselves, 376; similarity between his style and Burke's, ib.;
specimen of Bacon's two styles, 377; value of his Essays, 378; his best
performance, that of the First Book of the Novum Organum, 378, 379;
contemplation of his life, 379, 380.

Ballot, advantages and disadvantages of the, 379, 380.

Bradley's, Professor, Works and Correspondence, 395; England has
no place of record for the lives of her philosophers, 395; history of
the MSS. of Dr Bradley, 397; early life, 398; appointed Savilian
professor of astronomy at Oxford, 398; commenced a series of obser-
vations, which ended with solving the parallax of the fixed stars, 399—
401; refractions of different stars did not differ from one another, 402;
appointed astronomer-royal of England, 403; establishes his second
great discovery of the nutation of the earth's axis, 403; had some share
in the assimilation of the British Kalendar to that of other nations,
404; ignorance of the people regarding the alteration, 405; observa-
tions at Greenwich, 405; list of some of his papers read before the Royal
Society, 407, 408,

Browning's, J., Strafford, a tragedy, 408; sketch of the plot of the
play, 410-413; principal characters in the tragedy, 417-419;
breaks his language into fragments, 420, 421; extracts from the tra-
gedy, with a critique on the style, 421-426.

Buckland's, Rev. William, Geology and Mineralogy. See Geology.
Bulwer's, E. L., Rise and Fall of Athens, 428-432; the Olympic
Festival, 482; reception of Aristagonis at Athens, 433; condition of
Athens about the period of Cimon's death, 433-436; character of
Cimon, 437; might have wrote a book devoted to Athens alone, 437;
general moderation and candour which characterises his work, 439;
sketch of the Pelasgian's march out of the East, 439, 440; theory of
the Greek mythological system, 440, 441; character of Solon, 441,
442; age of Pericles, 442; defends the conduct of the Athenians
towards their great deliverer, 442, 443; Ostracism, 443; passages
which may deserve the author's re-consideration, 443, 445, 452;
dramatic poetry-rise and progress of tragedy, 445-448; Eschylus
and Sophocles contrasted, 448, 449; criticism of the Edipus Tyrannus,
449, 450; on Ajax, 450, 451; on the Electra, 451, 452; peculiarities
of idiom requiring to be corrected, 452, 453.

C.

Candia, Island of, expense and burden it entails on the Pasha of Egypt,
170, 171; would be an advantageous acquisition to Great Britain, 171,

172.

Christianity, effect of its doctrines on the progress of philosophy, 346—

348.

Church-rates, abolition of, intimately connected with the question of
an Established Church, 454, 455; sum yearly raised by the rates, 455;
parish cannot be compelled to make a rate, 456–458; objections raised
to the rate considered, 458; funds raised, not beyond the control of the
State, 460, 461; the clergy not being the Church, the Church cannot
be the proprietor, 461, 462; and being no proprietor, it cannot hold
property by an inconsistent tenure, 462; Church property is therefore
to all intents and purposes State property, 463; plan proposed by Go-
vernment for the settlement of the rates, 463-465; serious objections
to the plan as regards the details, 455-467; if carried, it would not
affect the stability of the Established Church, 467; no difference in
principle between charging the expense of repairing churches upon the
consolidated fund and upon the land revenue, 467-470; plan sup-
ported by the Dissenters, 470, 471.

Cruz's, D. Luis de la, Expedition across the Pampas, 88; preliminary
explanations as to the situation of the Spanish colonies, 88, 89; under-
takes to survey the road from Conception to Buenos Ayres, 89;
character of his journal, ib.; description of the road and nature of the
* country between Conception and Antuco, 90, 91; Volcano of Antuco,
91, 92; starts from Fort Ballenar, and reaches La Cueva, 93; geology
of the country between Batacura and the Roi Colorado, 95-97; River
Desaguadero, 97, 98; description of the country across the Pampas
to Melineuse, 98, 99; length of the road from Conception to Buenos
Ayres, 99, 100; expense of constructing a road between, 100; future
career of La Cruz, 100; important information derived from his journal
regarding the large rivers in the Pampas, and the sources from whence
they flow, 100-104. See Rio Negro.

Criminal Law, report of Commissioners on, 490. See Reform.
Civilisation, diffusive nature of modern, 472, 473.

Curier's discoveries in geology, 12; account of his researches in the
gypsum quarries of Montmartre, 23, 24.

D.

Delatmay on cane sugar and beet-root sugar, 100. See Sugar.

Dermark, free institutions it now has, 51.

Drama, too_minute a detail of portraiture not necessary for, 414-416 ;
Rise and Progress of in Athens, 445-449.

Durham, Lord, his Letter to the electors of North Durham, 557, 558.

.

:

Education, National, bill of Mr Wyse, M.P., for establishing a board of
education, 245; principles of his plan, 246—248; chief defect is in
placing it too much under the control of government, 248 ; principle
on which the bill introduced into the House of Lords is framed, 249;
Parliamentary returns of the state of education in England in 1818 and
1833, 249; inaccuracy of these returns, 250; deficiency of education,
251, 252; benefits to be derived from the establishment of infant schools,
252-254; instruction generally given by the common schools, 254;
the instruction that ought to be given, 254, 255; conclusions drawn from
the facts stated, 255; funds existing in various parts of England, 255—
256 ; necessity of a board of instruction, 256; principles on which the
functions of the board should be guided, 256—257; should be associated
f with the common council in all corporate town and county councils,
257-258; necessity of establishing Normal schools under the superin-
! tendence of the board, 258, 259; board to have a control over the
funds already existing in the large endowments of the country, 259;
expense will hardly be felt by the country, 261; number of children
attending school, with their average expense, 261-263; difficulties
that may arise from religious differences, 263, 264.

Education, Female, superiority of the present system of education over
that taught in the sixteenth century, 286-288.

Education, necessity of a complete system of national, 478, 479–489.
Egypt, Modern, and the modern Egyptians, 146; modern travellers, 147 ;
character of Mr Lane's work, 147–149; of Captain Scott's, 149;
treatment of children and their education, 150; schoolmasters miser-
ably deficient in learning, 151 ; respect paid to parents by their children,
151, 152; religion of the people, and condition of the priests, 152-
154; from whence their civil laws are derived, 154, 155; law of divorce
and its depraved effects on both sexes, 155, 156 ; punishment of crimes,
157; apostacy for the Mahomedan faith still punishable with death, ib.; civil
code, ib.; law of inheritance, 158; the grossest abuses prevail in the
administration of justice, 159; case to that effect cited by Lane, 159,
160; revenue of the Pasha, 160, 161; sources of, 161; misery entailed
on the peasantry by his exactions, 161, 162; innovations and reform
introduced by the Pasha, 162, 164; regular Egyptian army recruited
from the native Arab population of Egypt, 164, 165; deficient in in-
struction and discipline, 166; difficulties which yet surround him, 168,
169; real interest of both the Porte and Turkey, are not adverse but
identical, 170; island of Candia a source of great expense to him, 170,

171; would be an advantageous acquisition to Great Britain, 171; Coptic
population of Egypt, 173.

Ehrenberg's discovery of fossil animalcules, 25.

England under Seven Administrations, by Albany Fonblanque, Esq.,

472.

England, Bank of. See Banks.

England, character of its leading statesmen in the reign of Henry VIII.
and Elizabeth, 281-285; factions which divided the court and coun-
cil of Elizabeth toward the close of her reign, 294, 295.

Essex, Earl of, sketch of his character and career, 293-301; conduct of
Lord Bacon towards Essex, fully considered, 301-307.

Fonblanque's, Albany, England under Seven Administrations, 472; power
of mind displayed as editor of the Examiner, 475-485; effect his po-
litical views may have on the public, 486-489.

[G.

Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology,
by the Rev. William Buckland, 1; light which the discovery of Geology
has thrown on the early history of man, 2; religious prejudices against,
4; Hutton's theory of the earth, 4-7; Scripture appealed to by
his opponents, 7-10; Rev. Dr Knox's attack on Sir John Leslie, 9;
character of Professor Playfair, 10, 11; of Sir James Hall, 11;
Geological Society of London, 11, 12; important discoveries of Cuvier,
12, 13; character of Dr Buckland's work, 14, 15; consistency of geo-
logical discoveries with revelation, 15, 17-inorganic structure of the
globe-changes it has undergone, 17-20: transition rocks, fossil re-
mains in, 20, 21; secondary strata, 21, 22; condition of animal life,
during its deposition, 22, 23; strata of the tertiary rock, and the fossil
remains they contain, 23, 24; general view of fossil organic remains,
24, 25; Ehrenberg's discoveries of fossil animalcules, 25, 26; animals
have been destroyed by some great and sudden cause, 26; advantages
which the herbivorous races derive over those that are carnivorous, 26,
27; proof of design exhibited in the specific structure of fossil animals,
27; distinction between fossil and recent species, 34; fossil remains
of the Mollusca genera, ib.; fossil spiders, scorpions, insects, and
zoophytes considered, 36; briarean pentacrinite, ib. ; fossil plants,
36, 37; contents of the concluding chapter of Buckland's work, 37
-39.

Government, Constitutional, gradually extension of, through Europe,
51, 52.
Goldsmith's, Oliver, Life of Prior, 204-210; opinions of Goldsmith's
contemporaries as to his character, 10-14; brief sketch of his life,
214-216; constitutional qualities of his mind, 216-218; want of
more principle as displayed in his early career, 218-224; arrives
in London, first few years of his life there, 224-228; his letter
to Griffiths cited, 228-230; absurd fondness he had for ill sorted
cloths and misplaced finery, 230, 231; commences practice as a
physician, 231, 232; College of Surgeons refuse to graduate him
as an M.D., 233, 234; his ignorance, and unbounded assurance he felt
in his own power of mind, 234-236; his intercourse with Johnson,