more difficult when one takes the brass coins in hand. All acids are at once to be absolutely excluded, because they corrode the metal. For removing earth or dust and dirt generally a bath in soap and water will be found sufficient as for the other metals, but when one has to deal with oxidation there is no chemical preparation which will remove it without also acting on the metal, hence it is necessary to resort to mechanical cleaning. If the oxidation is slight and not very hard it may be removed by rubbing with a pointed piece of wood, but if on the other hand it is hard and resists that treatment a metal tool must be employed but then the greatest caution will be necessary so as to run no risk of scratching and spoiling the coin, and one should be all the more on one's guard if underneath the oxidation there is a patina which ought to be preserved intact, as that is one of the greatest ornaments of bronze coins. The operation is always most delicate and if the hand of the operator is not very skilful it is sure to be dangerous, so much so that very often, if not always, it is advisable to let the coins alone, tolerating a little oxidation which is in fact only the natural consequence of the ages past, and of the material in which the coin has rested for so long a period. Thus the plants and mosses growing in the crevices of the Colosseum or on the ruins of the Baths of Caracalla do not take away from the beauty of those venerable ruins but according to my idea render them more attractive and interesting. CHAPITRE XI LITERATURE 48. It is about five hundred years since the first works were written on Roman Numismatics, we may say indeed on Numismatics in general, for the Roman coinage was the first to be described. The attention of students as well as of collectors happened to be first directed to the Imperial series. Very soon however followed the study of the Republican coinage, and works of greater or less volume were written on both these series and were gradually multiplied so that now they form an enormous library, for the Catalogue of which a huge volume would not suffice. In this ocean of books the young student has need of a pilot to direct him to those works which still deserve to be consulted, and to warn him from the vast shoals of books which no longer present any scientific interest, because whatever they contained of interest has been included by able writers in more modern works. 49. A short chronological list of the principal works will be of some use to give a general idea of the kind of publications issued, and thus to shew the names at least of the authors still commonly quoted in modern works. Whoever may wish to know more need only consult the two great catalogues prepared by Lipsius and Leitzmann 2. 50. As a sample of this literature a short list is here given of those works which ought without fail to be studied or consulted by all who wish to give themselves to the study of Roman Numismatics. 51. A new kind of scientific literature has been inaugurated in this century with the Periodical Publications such as Reviews aided or rather created by Numismatic societies 3 which have also been instituted in this century. The great advantage of these Reviews is that they keep students always informed of the latest discoveries of science, by periodically publishing all the new finds as they occur, and the results of the most recent researches, and by encouraging public discussion on difficult points. A brief list of those works which refer to Roman Numismatics will here be given, but it should be noted that many important recent studies are excluded from our list only because they have been published in periodicals. I. II. III. IV. 52. LIST OF WORKS ON ROMAN COINS Andreas Fulvius. Illustrium imagines imperatorum e illustrium virorum vultus ex antiquis numismatibus expressi. Rome, 1517, 1 vol. in-8. Enea Vico. Le imagini con tutti i riversi trovati et le vite degli imperatori. Parma, 1548, 1 vol. in-4. Strada. Epitome du thrésor des antiquitez, c'est-à-dire, portraits de vrayes médailles des empereurs. Lyons, 1553. Enea Vico. Discorsi sopra le medaglie degli anchi. Venice, 1555, I vol. in-4. 1. I. G. Lipsius, Bibliotheca numaria Catalogue Auctorum Sui usque ad finem saeculi XVIII de re monetaria aut numis scripserunt, Leipzig, 1801, 2 vol. in-8. 2. I, Leitzmann, Bibliotheca numaria — Verzeichniss sämmtlicher in dem Zeitraume 1800 bis 1866 erschienenen über Münzkunde, Weissensee, 1867, 1 vol. in-8. 3. The principal Numismatic Societies of Europe are: The Numismatic Society of London (founded in 1836); Société Royale de Numismatique de Belgique. Brussels (founded 1841); V. VI. VII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. Diethelm Keller. Künstliche und aigeneitliche Bildnissen Sebastiano Erizzo. Discorso sopra le medagli degli antichi. Andréas Gessner. Imperatorum Rom. imagines, Zurich, Caesarumque Romanorum ex antiquis numismatibus restituta libri II. Bruges, 1574. Fulvius Ursinus. Familiae romanae quae reperiuntur in antiquis numismatibus ab U. C. ad divum Augustum. Rome, 1577, fig. A. Le Pois. Discours sur les médailles. Paris 1579, I vol. Jos. Scaligerus. De re nummaria dissertatio, liber postumus Andreas Morellius. Specimen universae rei nummariae Paolo Pedrusi e P. Piovene. I Cesari in oro, in argento, in medaglioni, in metallo, grande, mezzano e piccolo raccolti nel Museo Farnese e pubblicati colle loro congrue interpretazioni, Parma, 1694-1727, 10 vol. in-fol. illustrati. Ch. Patin. Histoire des médailles, ou introduction à la connoissance de cette science. Paris, 1596, 1 vol. in-12. I. Vaillant. Numi antiqui familiarum perpetuis interpretationibus illustrati. Amsterdam, 1703. 2 vol. in-fol. Hab. Goltzius, De re numaria antiqua opera quae extant universa. Anversa, 1703, 5 vol. in-fol. John Harduinus. Opera omnia. Amsterdam, 1709, 1 vol. in-fol. Anselmus Bandurius. Bibliotheca numaria sive auctorum qui de re numarla scripserunt. Paris, 1718, 1 vol. in-fol. Anselmus Bandurius. Numismata imperatorum romanorum a Traiano Decio ad Paleologos Augustos. Paris, 1718, 2 vol. in-fol, — 2a Edition (with supplement by Hier. Tanini). Rome, 1791, I vol, in-fol. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. Fr. Mediobarba. Adolphus Occo. Phil. Argelatus. Imperatorum romanorum numismata a Pompeio Magno ad Heraclium. olim congesta augustorum iconibus, perpetuis historico-chronologicis notis pluribusque additamentis jam illustrata a Fr. Mediobarbo Birago, additionibus usqne hac desideratis, criticisque observationibus exornata, curante Ph. Argelato. Milan, 1730, I vol. in-fol. Andreas Morellius. Thesaurus morellianus, sive familiarum numismata omnia diligentissime undique conquisita ad ipsorum numorum fide accuratissime delineata et juxta ordinem F. Ursini et C. Patini. Amsterdam, 1734, 2 vol. in-fol. P. Louis Jobert.-Jos. Bimard de la Bastie. La science des médailles, nouvelle édition avec des remarques historiques et critiques par Jos. Bimard de la Bastie. Paris. 1739, 2 vol. in-12. Beauvais d'Orléans. La manière de discerner les médailles Francesco de Ficorini. I Piombi, antichi. Rome, 1740, XXVIII. I. Vaillant. Numismata imperatorum romanorum praestantiora a Julio Caesare ad Postumum usque. Rome, 1743, I vol. in-4. XXIX. XXXI. M. G. Agnethler. Numophyl Schulzianum. Lipsia, 1746. Domenico Suturi. Opere diverse. Rome, 1789-1829. XXXII. Joseph Eckhel. Doctrina numorum veterum. Vienna, 1792-1798, 8 vol. in-4. XXX. Caylus. Numismata aurea imperatorum romanorum e cimelio regis christianiss, delineata et aeri incisa, (without date). XXXIV. P. Felice Caronni. Lezioni elementari di numismatica antica dell'abate Eckhel. Rome, 1808, 1 vol. in-4. XXXV. N. D. Marchand. Mélanges de Numismatique et Histoire. XXXVI. Marquis de Pina. Leçons élémentaires de Numismatique romaine. Paris, Trouvé, 1823. XXXVII. Steinbüchel. Ios. Eckhel. Addenda ad doctrinam numorum veterum. Vienna, 1826, 1 vol. in-4. XXXVIII. T. E. Mionnet. De la rareté et du prix des médailles romaines. Paris, 1815, 1 vol. (2a Edition. Paris, 1827, 2 vol. in-8). XXXIX. H. Hennin. Manuel de la numismatique ancienne. Paris, 1830, 2 vol. in-16. XL. XLI. XLII. XLIII. XLIV. XLV. XLVII. Celestino Cavedoni. Saggio di osservazioni sulle medaglie F. de Saulcy. Essai de classification des suites monétaires C. W. Barth. Das römische Ass unde seine Teile. Lavy. Museo numismatico Lavy appartenente alla R. John. Y. Akerman. Numismatic Manual. London, 1850, P. P. Marchi e Tessieri d. C. d. G. L'Aes grave del Museo Kirkeriano ovvero le modete primitive dei popoli dell' Italia media. Rome, 1840, I vol. in-4. Aldini. Intorno al tipo ordinario dele antiche monete librali romane. Turin, 1842. XLVIII. Gennaro Riccio. Le monete delle antiche famiglie di Roma. Naples, 1843, 1 vol. con tav. XLIX. L. LI. LII. LIII. LIV. LV. LVI. I. Sabatier. Les phases de l'art monétaire à Rome et à I. e L. Sabatier. Production de l'or, de l'argent et du A. de Barthélemy. Nouveau manuel complet de Numis- Celestino Cavedoni. Ragguaglio storico archeologico dei Henri Cohen. Description générale des monnaies de la |