League, Republican. (See Republican League of the United States.)

Legal Tender Notes. (See Currency.)

Legislative Caucus. (See Caucus, Legislative.)

Let No Guilty Man Escape.-When the revelations in regard to the Whisky Ring in 1875 were laid before President Grant, he endorsed the above sentence on one of the papers.

Letters of Marque and Reprisal. (See Privateer.)

Lewisites. (See Clintonians.)

Liberal Republican Party.-Many Republicans were dissatisfied with Grant's first term as President. They believed that the national government had exceeded the proper limits of its power in its treatment of reconstruction problems. These Republicans met in Convention at Cincinnati in 1872. Carl Schurz was elected chairman. A platform was adopted demanding civil service reform, local self-government and universal amnesty, recognizing the equality of all men, recommending the resumption of specie payments, but remitting the questions of protection and free trade to Congress because of the existence in the convention of honest but irreconcilable differences of opinion" on that subject. Horace Greeley and B. Gratz Brown were named for President and Vice-President. This platform and these nominations were adopted by the regular Democratic convention of. that year. Nevertheless, about 30,000 members of that party voted for Charles O'Conor, of New York, and John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, the nominees of a purely Democratic convention, notwithstanding that these candidates had declined the nomination. Some of the members of the Cincinnati convention, deeming the nominations there made to be a mistake, met in New York in June and named William S. Groesbeck, of Ohio, and Frederick L. Olmstead, of New York. The Republican nominee, Grant, was elected by an enormous majority, and the Liberal Republican party was thereafter practically dead, although a few Congressmen still clung to

the name.

Liberty and Union Now and Forever, One and Inseparable.-The concluding words of Daniel Webster's second speech in reply to Hayne in the debate of Foot's Resolution (which see).

Liberty Party.-A meeting of abolitionists held at Warsaw, New York, in 1839, had incidentally nominated James G. Birney for President and Francis J. Lemoyne for Vice-President. The nominations were confirmed by a convention, ostensibly national, that met at Albany, April 1, 1840, and here the name "Liberty party" was adopted. Its platform was the abolition of slavery. These candidates received 7,059 votes in spite of their having declined the nominations. Thereafter candidates for various local offices were put in nomination. On August 30, 1844, the national convention of the party met. The topic of greatest interest at that time was the annexation of Texas, and the consequent increase in our slave territory. On August 16th, a letter of Clay's had been published in which he declared "that, far from having any personal objection to the annexation of Texas, I should be glad to see it, without dishonor, without war, with the common consent of the Union and upon just and fair terms." This caused the convention to name its own candidates, and Birney and Thomas Morris, of Ohio, were nominated. The total vote for Birney was 62,263. Had the electoral vote of New York gone to Clay, it would have elected him. In that State the popular vote stood: Polk 237,588, Clay 232,482, Birney 15,812. Had Birney not been nominated, it is probable that enough of his vote to elect Clay would have been so cast-certainly none of it would have gone to Polk. The same is true in Michigan. Thus Polk, the candidate representing annexation, was elected by the votes of those opposed to the project. This lesson was not forgotten, and the party did not again name its own candidates. In 1848 and 1852 they supported the Free Soil party, and thereafter the Republicans.

Liberty Poles were poles, frequently surmounted by flags bearing inscriptions, erected during the early history

of the country by the Democrats, as the partisans of France were then known. These opposed the first excise tax, thus causing the Whisky Insurrection. These poles came to be regarded as one of the distinctive emblems of the party, and were variously known as Sedition poles or Anarchy poles.

Lieutenant-General is at present the highest grade in the United States Army. The grade of General of the Army (which see) was created for a particular purpose, and while in existence ranked that of LieutenantGeneral. This latter office was first created by Congress for George Washington in 1798 during our troubles with France. It then lapsed until renewed by Congress for General Winfield Scott, who was made Lieutenant-General by brevet. In 1864 it was once more revived for General Grant and continued for Generals Sherman and Sheridan. The latter was the last incumbent. Upon his death in 1888, Congress decreed that the grade should be again stricken from the list. The senior major-general, Jno. M. Schofield is now commander of the army.

Lincoln, Abraham, the sixteenth President of the United States, was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, February 12, 1809. In 1830 he moved with his father and family to Macon County, Illinois. From there he made several trips to New Orleans as flat-boatman, and on his return superintended a flouring-mill near Springfield. In 1832 he enlisted in the Black Hawk War and was elected captain. When he returned to civil life he entered politics and ran for the State Legislature, but was defeated, his first and only defeat in a popular election. He then returned to business pursuits, in which he was unsuccessful. His schooling had been inconsiderable, but he had taken advantage of every opportunity for improvement, and after his want of success in business he was for a while a surveyor, but financial troubles compelled him to drop that employment in 1837. During this time he was studying law in his leisure hours, and in 1836 he was admitted to the bar. In 1834 he had been elected to the Legislature of Illinois, in which he served four successive terms; he twice received the vote of his

party, the Whigs, for the speakership, but was neither time elected. After retiring from the Legislature he practiced law, and in 1846 was elected to Congress, being the only Whig Congressman from Illinois. He declined a renomination and was defeated as a candidate for the Senate, and then returned to his law practice. Lincoln and Douglas had been opposed to each other in so many debates that people naturally turned to the former to answer any of Douglas' speeches. In 1858 Douglas stumped the State to aid his canvas for the United States Senate; Lincoln was nominated to oppose him, and the two held seven joint debates at different points in the State. This debate attracted universal attention and largely increased Lincoln's reputation. The Republican popular vote was larger than the Democratic, but the election was by the Legislature, which chose Douglas. In 1859 the Ohio Democrats summoned Douglas to aid them in their canvass for Governor, and the Republicans naturally appealed to Lincoln, who responded. In 1860, at the request of the Young Men's Republican Club of New York, he delivered an address in that city on the political situation, closing with the words: "Let us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith let us to the end dare to do our duty as we understand it." On May 18, 1860, the Republican National Convention met at Chicago and nominated Lincoln for the presidency. He was elected, and March 4, 1861, he was inaugurated. His administration was marked by the Civil War, for particulars in regard to which see Amnesty Proclamation; Civil War; Emancipation Proclamation; War Powers, etc. In 1864 he was reëlected. On the evening of April 14, 1865, he was shot while attending a performance at Ford's Theater, Washington, by John Wilkes Booth, a Southern sympathizer. He lingered until the next morning, when he died. As before stated Lincoln was self-educated, and the simplicity and generosity that characterized his early life was maintained by him throughout his career. Even during the darkest hours of the war, with the weight of the whole struggle resting upon him, while numberless matters engrossed his attention, none were refused an

audience, and in every case of appeal to executive clemency relief was granted if there were any mitigating circumstances. Though abhorring slavery and opposing its extension, he was not an abolitionist, as has frequently been charged; he was of the people, and always kept in touch with them. His humor was irrepressible, and even the gravest subject was enlivened by a story; but in his disposition there was a streak of profound melancholy most strongly manifest while the responsibility of the war lay heaviest upon him. Below are given the speech made by Lincoln at the dedication, in November, 1863, of a portion of the battle-field of Gettysburg as a cemetery for those that had fallen there, and the close of his second inaugural address: Gettysburg Speech-" Four-score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from those honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not