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VOL. 1.

31

N. B. The Notations comprised in each Line relate to a period of 24 hours reckoned from 9 a. m. on the day of the date. A dash denotes that the period so marked is to form a part of that allotted to the next observation.

NOTES.

. A gale of wind.

NOTES.

b. A very fine day. Thermometer against a wall facing the South rose to 87. About sun-set the clouds came down as in summer evenings before thunder.

. A very large and distinct lunar halo.

d. Stormy indications at sunset, followed by a severe and destructive gale from the N. E. which was not over till the next night; much lightning between 3 and 4 a. m. the 18th; abun lance of snow fell on the more hilly parts of the country, though but a moderate quantity here.

e. The whole hemisphere very red for some time after sunset, which we ascribed to the reflection of light from elevated cirri. Our Manchester correspondent, however, states the same phænomenon at the same time as an Aurora Borealis. Additional communications, decisive of this point, will be acceptable. The pha nomenon was repeated on the 21st, which, with the preceding and following night, was windy.

f. The cirrus cloud continues to fill the higher atmosphere, and is now collected into parallel bars extending E. and W. beyond the horizon.

g. Hoar frost, with a strong positive electricity, which was found again at sunset in some rain, mixed with sleet.

h. Small quantities of snow at intervals; the atmosphere sensibly tending to a state of greater dryness, and the clouds evaporating at sunset.

Character of the period, frosty, with a dry atmosphere for the most part.

0.62 In.

Introductory Remarks on the Register, &c.
(Continued from page 181.) ·

The Evaporation is found by exposing water of a known surface constantly to the free air, sheltered from the rain, and the direct action of the sun. To avoid the trouble of weighing it before and after exposure, we have contrived an instrument of easy use, and sufficient accuracy, an account of which may be acceptable to Meteorologists. A glass tube, about an inch in diameter and 30 inches long, is surmounted by a metallic funnel, and closed at its lower end with a good stop-cock. The funnel, besides a rim of half an inch sloping inward, to prevent loss of water by agitation, has another portion truly cylindri eal, one inch in depth and five in diameter. The tube is graduated from a point near its insertion down to the cock; each of the divisions being equal in capacity to one hundredth of an inch of depth in the cylinder of the funnel. The tube being filled with water up to the top of the scale, a certain measure of water is then added, which rises so as nearly to fill the cylinder. It is obvious, that when this bottle-full is drawn out again by the cock, if there has been any loss by evaporation, it will be perceived in the tube, and may be read off instantly. The scale being then again filled out of a spare vessel, and the bottle-full again added, the instrument is ready for the next period. The greatest variation of Temperature which happens in twenty-four hours, if the capacity of the vessel is not larger than necessary in proportion to the surface, caunot disturb the volume quite an hundredtů; and if the fractions are always thrown out, the effect of Temperature may be neglected in the observations. In summer these should be repeated every morning; in winter a louger period

may

may be allowed; and when ice is formed in the water, the result must of course be waited for till it thaws. The addition of a small proportion of Salt will prevent the formation of a solid mass of ice, and of course the bursting of the glass tube, which would otherwise happen in sharp frosts. The effect of the salt on the evaporation is apprehended to be insignificant. In this climate 7 or 8 tenths of an inch of water will not be exhausted in the hottest day; but for a warmer atmosphere, or to procure longer intervals between the observations, the depth of the cylinder may be increased, and the scale prolonged; or, which is better, a correspondent detached measure provided, to be put into the bottle before it is filled from the cock.

The Rain gauge is also, in some respects, of a peculiar construction. It consists of three parts-the funnel, the reservoir, and the scale. The funnel is 8 inches in diameter, and its cylindrical rim is an inch deep; it terminates in a pipe leading into a conical vessel, having five or six times the capacity of the funnel, and closed at its apex, which is downward, with a stop-cock. The latter enters into a glass tube, full an inch wide, graduated from the bottom (where is placed another cock) in divisions, each corresponding to one hundredth of an inch in the cylinder of the funnel, which is not contracted above. The rain, entering by the funnel, is received in the cone, where, in case of sudden frost ensuing, it cannot injure the instrument by expansion, and where it may also be suffered to accumulate for a month, if required, with little loss by evaporation (if the conducting pipe is pretty long and narrow) and be mea sured off at any time. By this construction also the funnel may be placed on the roof or parapet of a house, while the reservoir and guage may be within and more easily accessible. Both the gauges are about 30 feet from the ground. An insulated conductor is also occasionally attended to, the construction of which is according to a plan so well described by Read, Philo. Trans. vol. 82, that it is unnecessary to dwell upon it. There is, however, an addition of a brass arm, turning on a joint, by means of which the insulation may be instantly taken off, and the apparatus converted into a common conducting rod, for the greater security of the house in the season when thunder storms prevail.

The Thermometer, it should have been remarked, requires to be a little cle. vated, to prevent the air in the terminating bulb from getting into the tube, and the quicksilver in those of large diameter from mixing with the spirit. Perhaps an angle of 45° may be the best position in general; the perpendicu lar one is certainly unsafe, notwithstanding the great ingenuity displayed in the floats.

3d Month 20th, 1807.

L. HOWARD.

INTELLIGENCE

RELATIVE TO ARTS, MANUFACTURES, &c.

Method of heating Rooms by Steam, by Mr. Neil Snodgrass, of Renfrew, Trans. Sci. Arts. Vol. 24.

Mr. Snodgrass having been engaged to manage a cotton-mill in a part of Scotland where fuel was scarce, was induced to try the effect of steam for warming the air of its different apartments, (from observing the method of drying muslins by wrapping them round hollow cylinders heated by steam, which was practised near Glasgow) both on account of the saving of fuel it would produce, and its removing all danger of conflagration, to which mills, heated in the usual manner, are most exposed,

He put this method in practice at a mill at Dornach, with such success as to hear it compleatly with one half the fuel, that would be necessary for this purpose with the best constructed stoves, but as the apparatus for this mill was not as perfect as that afterwards contrived, it need not be here detailed.

Two cotton mills belonging to G. Houston, Esq. of Johnstone, were also warmed by steam; in one of these, six stories high, a lying pipe of cast iron, -5 inches in diameter is carried along the middle of the ceiling of the lower story,