others are reserved for Florence and Rome. These excavations will provide for Tuscany an important branch of industry and commerce.

Regulations have been published, at Turin, for the government of the Universities of Turin and Genoa. They consist of sixty-five articles, and prohibit the students taking their meals in the coffee-houses and taverns, and establish houses for those who have no relations in the city. The students must return to the University before sunset, and they are not allowed to appear at balls, billiard tables, and rarely at the play. They are compelled to appear at divine service, at confession, and to take the sacrament at stated periods. Four priests are appointed inspectors of their religious and moral conduct. Regulations for schools have also been published, consisting of 250 articles.

France.-Mons. Mignet, who, in conjunction with M. Beugnot, jun. gained the prize given last year by the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, for the best discourse upon the Institution of St. Louis, is now engaged in tracing the progress and vicissitudes of the reformation in the different states of Europe. Mons. Mignet considers this great event as the first effort of the moderns to acquire liberty. The power of the Pope was a dreadful tyranny which, during the middle ages, suppressed the progress of civilization. The insurrection or resistance of intellect, which preceded the great political revolution, began with Arnaud de Brescia, the chief of the Vaudois; and was continued by the Albigeois, amongst whom it broke out so prematurely that the Pope was enabled to suppress it. The reformation of Luther, on the contrary, broke out at a more favourable period, and, being in Germany, so far from the vicinage of papal coercion, it had a greater chance of success. From France and Germany M. Mignet carries his views to England, where the reformation assumed a political character under Henry the Eighth, but suffered its vicissitudes of fortune under Mary and his other successors. M. Mignet's analysis of the subject is clear, methodical, and his language is precise. The basis of his work is, that the reformation was a moral insurrection, or an emancipation of the human intellect from the most objectionable of all the modes of faith.

M. Regnauld, a physician at Grenoble, has invented an instrument by which the operation of lithotomy can be performed in two minutes. Several experiments have confirmed the fact.

M. Bonfiglio Rossignol, who has visited the same countries as M. Caillaud, is returned to France. After the publication of his travels, which is now in progress, he will go to Tripoli, whence he intends to traverse the desart and penetrate as far as the Niger.

Hieroglyphics.-A very important and unexpected discovery has been made of an Hieroglyphic Alphabet, by M. Champollion, jun. His MSS. were laid before the Academy of Inscriptions. By means of this alphabet the scholar is enabled to decipher the names of Alexander the Great, Ptolemy, Cleopatra, Berenice, &c. on the temples of Phila, Ombos, Dendera, Esne, &c.; he has also read the titles, names and surnames of Tiberius, Nerva, Trajan, Domitian, Adrian, Antoninus, Sabinus, &c. on the Egyptian temples. M. Champollion has spent ten years of incessant labour in this pursuit, but he is now returned with an ample recompense.

At the beginning of last November, some workmen, in demolishing an old wall to build a bakehouse in the village of Mont, found a great quantity of money in silver and base money of the sixteenth century, in the reign of Charles IX. and Henry III. kings of France; of Gregory XIII. and Sixtus V. popes. The most recent bears the date of 1588.

Heat from Friction of a Solid and Fluid.-It may be remarked that the rapid rotation of the little mills which complete the attenuation of the liquid mixture for paper before it passes to the tub, produces in it a very sensible heat not at all due to the elevation of the temperature of the wheel itself by the friction of its axis, for it cannot be perceived by touching that part, but attributable to the blow of the fans of the wheel on the mixture, which they strike with much rapidity and violence. This is the first instance known to us of heat produced by friction of a solid against a liquid. M. Pictet.-Bib. Univ. xxi. 134.

M. Keratry has just published an Examen Philosophique des Considerations sur le Sentiment du Sublime et du Beau of Emanuel Kant, as a continuation of his work Du Beau dans les Arts d'Imitation.

M. Robelot, Canon of Dijon, has written a work on the influence of the Refor

mation effected by Luther. This work is intended as a refutation of the Essay of M. de Villers, which gained the prize proposed twenty years ago by the French Institute, for the best answer to the question, "What has been the influence of the Reformation of Luther on the political Situation of the several States of Europe, and on the Progress of Knowledge?” M. Robelot attributes nothing but evil to the influence of the Reformation.

A bookseller of Genoa has announced for publication a quarto volume of inedited documents, relative to Columbus, published by command of the magistrates of Genoa.

A novel, called "Oriele, or Letters of two Lovers," has been published at Pavia. It is intermingled with literary, political, and philosophical observations; and views of the state of manners, &c. in Switzerland, Italy, France, North America, &c.

A work, under the title of the Court of Holland under Louis Buonaparte, is announced as in the press. It is reported to be extremely curious. Some valuable inedited original Memoirs, relative to the affairs of the Netherlands, are going to be published. They commence in 1443, and finish in 1468; and will make four volumes 8vo. The author was Jacque De Clercq, who was in the service of Philip, Duke of Burgundy.

Electricity of a Cat.-The electricity excited upon rubbing the back of a cat is well known, and that it is rendered evident by snapping noise and sparks of light. Mr. Glover, in a letter to the editor of the Philosophical Magazine, describes so intense an action of this kind, as to enable the animal to give a very sensible electrical shock. This effect was obtained at pleasure by Mr. Glover, and also by some friends. When the cat was sitting on the lap of the person, if the left hand were placed under the throat with the middle finger and the thumb gently pressing the bones of the animal's shoulder, and the right hand were passed along the back, shocks were felt in the left hand; and when the right hand was placed under the throat, whilst the left hand rubbed the back, the shocks were felt in the right hand. When the atmosphere has been favourable, and the cat had lain some time before the fire, the experiment always succeeded.-Phil. Mag. Ix. 467.

Dr. Baron, of Gloucester, has undertaken to write the account of the life, and to arrange for publication the numerous manuscripts of the late Dr. Jenner; for which purpose all the documents in possession of the family will be committed to his care. From that gentleman, therefore, the public may expect an authentic work as speedily as his professional avocations will allow him to prepare for the press the ample and interesting materials with which he is to be furnished, toge. ther with those which he himself accumulated during a long and confidential intercourse with Dr. Jenner and many of his most intimate friends.

Mr. James, author of the Naval History of Great Britain, has in the press the Second Part of that work, which will contain a Plan of the Battle of Trafalgar, superior in accuracy to any yet given of that memorable action.

Magnetism of Solar Rays.-The Royal Academy of Sciences, at Lyons, have offered a prize of 300 francs, for an essay on the following subject. To show by decisive experiments if the violet ray of the solar spectrum possesses the virtue of communicating magnetism to the unmagnetized needle of steel; if this virtue belongs to it, to the exclusion of the other coloured rays-and, in short, if this species of communicated magnetism, attributed to the violet light, is real or illusory. It is stated, that Professor Configliachi, found magnetism was communicated by every other ray of light.-Mémoires to be sent to MM. Mollet and Dumas, before July, 1823.

Auswahl aus Klopstock's Nachlass. Selections from the unpublished Works of Klopstock. Leipsick. The interest attached to the productions of a great poet is certain to ensure a splendid reception, and a profitable sale, to his letters and posthumous works. The collection we now announce possesses in particular the merit of explaining to the reader many passages in the works of Klopstock, to which it may serve as a sort of commentary. The letters of Richardson and Young, add still more to the magic name of Klopstock, in the opinion of the amateurs of German literature. One thing particularly excites attention: the author of the Messiah himself published some pieces left by Margaret Klopstock; the noble mind and talent of this extraordinary woman had enchanted all readers; the publication

of additional letters was announced. This promise to the public was not fulfilled till now. This collection contains the letters of Margaret Klopstock, written not only to the illustrious German poet, but also to several other persons, and amongst others to Richardson.

Signor Pistrucci, the Improvisatore, or Impromptu Poet, whose talent has raised so much wonder in Paris, is become a subject of conversation in the polite circles of our metropolis. This most ingenious Roman is a man of learning and general knowledge, who composes and recites verses in any rhyme or stanza extempore, upon whatever subject may, at the moment, be proposed; and he does not limit himself to a few verses, but goes to the length of many stanzas of eight lines, not only without a pause, but without a single hesitation.

The Octavo Volume entitled Dissertations Introductory to the Study and Right Understanding of the Language, Structure, and Contents of the Apocalypse, by Alex. Tilloch, LL.D. will soon be published.

The long-promised English Flora of Sir James Edward Smith, President of the Linnean Society, is now printing.

Greek Literature.-Mr. John Mitchell, Purser, RN. Teacher of Languages, has ready for the press, a Grammatical Parallel of the Classic and Modern Greek Languages, evincing their close affinity.

Dr. Irving has in the press a new and enlarged edition of his Observations on the Study of the Civil Law.

Mr. Henry Phillips, H. S. author of the History of Fruits known in Great Britain, cultivated Vegetables, &c. &c. is engaged upon Sylva Florifera the Shrubbery; containing a Historical and Botanical Account of the Flowering Shrubs and Trees which now ornament the shrubbery, the park, and rural scenes in general.

On the Ascent of Clouds in the Atmosphere, by M. Fresnel.-Among the causes which most effectually contribute to the ascent of clouds in the atmosphere, there is one to which little attention has been given, but without which it appears impossible to give a satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon. It is independent of the constitution of the globules of water, or vesicular vapour composing the cloud; and is equally applicable to one formed of an assemblage of delicate crystals, such as may actually exist in the high regions of the atmosphere.

Air, as well as other colourless gases, permits the solar rays to pass without being heated by them; and to heat them, the contact of a solid or liquid body. heated by the same ray, is required. Consider, then, the case of a cloud formed of minute globules of water, or very fine crystals of snow: from the extreme division of the water, a very multiplied contact with the air is obtained, and the water being susceptible of an increase of temperature from the solar and terrestrial rays, the air within the cloud, and near to its surface, will become more dilated than the neighbouring air, and consequently lighter. It equally results from the hypothesis, on the extreme division of the matter of the cloud, that the particles which compose it may be very near each other, so as to leave but small intervals, and nevertheless be very much smaller than the intervals; so that the whole weight of the water in the cloud should be but a small fraction of the weight of the air containing it, and so small, that the difference between the density of the air in the cloud and the neighbouring air should more than compensate it. When the weight of the water and air containing it is less than that of an equal bulk of the surrounding air, it will ascend until it arrives at a region where these two weights are equal; and this height will depend on the fineness of the particles of the cloud, and the intervals which separate them.

The hot and dilated air contained in those intervals not being hermetically retained, will gradually escape; but this renewal of the internal air must take place very slowly, so that the temperature of the cloud will always be above that of the neighbouring air, and this ascending current of air, by the mere friction of its parts against the particles of the cloud, will tend to raise it, and that with the more energy as it is more rapid.

During the night the cloud is deprived of the solar rays, and its temperature should diminish, but it will still receive warm rays from the earth; and if it is very thick, or of great depth, its temperature can diminish only slowly. Experience proves directly, that clouds during the night are warmer than the air surrounding them, inasmuch as they send us more calorific rays. Supposing even

that the difference of temperature was much less by night than by day, still the clouds should descend with extreme slowness after sunset, because of their immense extent of surface, relative to their weight: it is a cause which, without referring to their elevation, must contribute powerfully to their suspension, and the rise of the sun would again elevate them to their former altitude, if winds or other atmospheric phenomena have not changed the conditions of equilibrium. Such an effect may be produced by an augmentation or diminution of the particles of the cloud, or the intervals between them; and the changes in the temperature of the surrounding air, alter the conditions of equilibrium, and consequently the height to which the cloud may rise. There are without doubt, also, other causes which contribute to the elevation and suspension of clouds, as the ascending cur. rents spoken of by M. Gay Lussac (vol. xiv. p. 446). I do not purpose to consider all the causes, but merely to indicate that which appears to me the most important.-Bib. Univ. xxi. 255.

Metropolitan Literary Institution.-A numerous and respectable meeting, at which the Chamberlain of London presided, has been held at the York Hotel, Bridge-street, for the purpose of taking into consideration the expediency of establishing this institution. A committee is formed, and the objects of the institution are at present limited to the establishment of a news-room, a reading-room, a library of circulation, and a library of reference. This institution has received the most flattering encouragement from gentlemen attached to literature, as well as those engaged in various professions. Within four days after its establishment considerably more than one hundred shares were taken.

A Committee for the purpose of aiding the Greeks has been formed in the metropolis, whose object is to give action and effect to the sympathy which is so widely diffused over the country. The meetings are held at the Crown and Anchor in the Strand; many Peers and Members of Parliament are included in the Committee, and Mr. Bowring is the Hon. Secretary.

[The following notice is copied from the European Magazine. There appears to be a regularly organized system by which notice is given as soon as an invasion of property is attempted.]

Society for the Protection of Trade.-The Secretary to the Society of Guardians for the Protection of Trade by circulars has informed the members thereof, that a good looking young man, about nineteen years of age, 5 feet 6 inches high, dressed in an olive coloured surtout, with a circular collar, and calling himself

Robert M'Relley, of 29, Brunswick-square, lately offered a member of this Society a checque drawn on Messrs. Glynn and Co. bankers, London, and signed for Peter M'Relley, Robert M'Relley, payment of which, on its being presented, was refused, the drawer not being known to them. That a bill for £50, entitled General Bank, Berwick-upon-Tweed, drawn by Beare and Co. on and accepted by John Beare, 82, Lombard-street, and indorsed Chas. Pound. And also a bill, dated "London," drawn by Chas. Pound, on and accepted by John Beare, 9, Cornhill, have been recently offered to a tradesman for work done for the said John Beare. That a person undernamed, viz.

Ledsham, Jun. lately obtained change out of a checque, appearing to be drawn by Thomas Barnard, on Sir John Lubbock and Co., by whom on the same being presented, it is found that no such person is known. That a bill for £200, dated Brighton, drawn by Thomas Dudley and Co. on Robert Collins and Co. Denmark-house, Regent-street, has been recently offered to members of this Society-and also, that Mrs. Foss alias Force, late of Amton-street, Gray's-inn road, and of 12, Suter's-buildings, Chapel-street, Somers town, and now of 13, Brewers. street, Somer's town.

J. Avann and Co. General Factors, 11, Little Carter-lane, St. Paul's; Rich. Bulpin, late of Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, but since stating, that he has taken a shop at Edmonton, are reported to the Society as improper to be proposed to be balloted for as members thereof.

Polly Peachum.-The cause I was never acquainted with, but I am informed that the Duchess of Bolton, who originally played the character of Polly Peachum, in the "Beggar's Opera," became after her elevation so obnoxious to the lower orders near where she resided, that the populace were with difficulty prevented from dragging her out of her coffin.

The incessant labours of experimental philosophers continue almost daily to develop some new fact or principle relating to magnetism, that very mysterious accident of certain bodies, which so long had defied experimental ingenuity to ascertain its principles. Professor Oersted has lately ascertained, by a decisive experiment, that a round galvanic conductor of the electric fluid is in every portion of its surface equally fitted to act on the magnetic needle; and that this action is not greater at the extremities, or at any other points of the conductor, analogous to poles, as some have supposed. Mr. J. H. Abraham has also discovered, that the poles of a magnetised steel bar are not necessarily situated at its extremities; but, by a particular mode of touching, (which he has laid before the Royal Society,) he has been able to produce bars, both of whose ends have similar poles, whilst the middle of these bars exhibit the opposite polarity. The same gentleman has also verified the fine discovery of Mr. Barlow, as to magnetism affecting or residing only in the superficial parts of masses of iron or steel; and has experimentally proved, that magnetised flat bars, one-tenth of an inch thick, are equally powerful, with bars of considerably larger dimensions and weight, under the same extent of surface.

The clergy of Rome consist of nineteen cardinals, twenty-seven bishops, 1,450 priests, 1,532 monks, 1,464 nuns, and 332 seminarists. The population of Rome, with the exception of the Jews, consisted, in 1821, of 146,000 souls.

The Royal Library in Paris contained, in 1791, only 150,000 volumes; it now contains above 450,000. In 1783 it contained only 2700 portfolios of engravings; it now contains 5700. Its annual increase consists of 6000 French and 3000 foreign works; so that there is reason to believe that, in fifty years, the literary and scientific riches of this magnificent establishment will be doubled.

A Memoir has lately been published at Paris, by M. de Marbois, one of the Royal Institute of France for the amelioration of Prisons, by which it appears that the gaols of France are in a very deplorable condition. Their average occupation during the last three years has been between 31,000 and 32,000. M. de Marbois complains of the smallness and dampness of the cells, of the practice of chaining the prisoners, of the bad quality of the food, of the insufficiency of the clothing, of the introduction in many places of straw for beds, and of the absence in all of moral and religious instruction. He describes the prisoners to be gene. rally in a state of the most savage ignorance and barbarism. M. Marbois recommends the introduction, into the French houses of correction, of the English tread-wheel.

As a protection against moisture in apartments, an invention has been tried and found successful, of applying to the walls or parts exposed, thin sheets of laminated lead, fastened with little copper nails which are not liable to rust. They are as thin as those made use for lining the inside of snuff-boxes, and can be made as long and broad as paper-hangings.

It appears, from the Annual Report of the Sunday School Society, that in London there are 362 schools, containing 55,398 scholars, and superintended by 4,908 teachers, male and female, who officiate gratuitously; and that in Great Britain and Ireland there at least 700,000 young persons that receive instruction in about 6000 schools, from more than 50,000 teachers, male and female, whose labours are gratuitous.

The Greek seminary founded at Petersburgh by Catharine II. in 1775, contains now about 200 young Greek and Albanese officers, and 25 professors. Not only the military sciences, but the French, Italian, and German, languages are taught. On the completion of their studies, each pupil may have an officer's commission, or the place of interpreter in the colleges of Petersburgh and Moscow, or the option of returning to his country. Of these young persons in the seminary, many are from Chio, Lesbos, and Naxos.

Professor Nevi has been employed by the Emperor of Russia to make researches in the steppes of Independent Tartary, and to examine the course of the Oxus, and the towns of Balk and Sarmacand. The expedition, it is supposed, will extend as far as the Lake Saisan.

Extract of a Letter from Capt. W. Scoresby.-"In my last voyage to the whale fishery, from which I am but just returned, I had occasion to penetrate into the ice on the eastern coast of Greenland, and to approach very near the shore. The