ἄνθρωποι. The best or finest in the world ἄριστα, Οι κάλλιστ ̓ ἐν ἀνθρώποις. (4) This world τὰ ἐνθάδε, opp. to a future state τὰ ἐκεῖ. Also βίος or ὁ ἐνθάδε βίος.

Obs. The above list is not intended to supply an exact equivalent which may be introduced on every occasion, whatever be the context. It is meant to suggest the way in which complex English ideas can be approximately rendered. Many such ideas cannot be adequately represented by any one word. To learn by heart a string of words to be introduced regardless of the context in which they occur, is worse than useless. It is to strengthen the memory unduly at the expense of the reason. On the other hand, to weigh well the various meanings of words, to compare their force in different languages, and to substitute synonyms which will best draw out their fuller signification, is a mental effort of no mean value.

XXVI. METAPHORS.

(μeTapopá, translatio, the transference of a word from its original to an analogous meaning.) No remarks on Attic Greek Prose would be complete without some notice of the way in which to deal with Metaphors. It will be seen from the above list of phrases that Greek and English metaphors occasionally (eg. in Inspiration) coincide, but that as frequently (e.g. in the word Sacrifice) the figurative expression

must either be given up, or a different one substituted. So 'to lower one's flag before an enemy' must be rendered by ὑποστέλλεσθαι, which approaches the English idea, or kalupicolai, or by some word which is not a nautical figure. The field opened out was too large for the capacity of the orator,' oi TóπOL (the subjects) μείζονες ἦσαν ἢ κατὰ τὸν ῥήτορα. Even where the figure employed in English is congenial to the Greek language, the introduction of it in translation cannot always be admitted, or at least not without caution. The following sentence in Burke's description of Charles Townshend's style of oratory, 'He hit the House just between wind and water,' would naturally seem to suggest some image drawn from the sca. This, however, might have necessitated an awkward periphrasis. The passage was perhaps equally well rendered by a Homeric line extemporised in an examination, μέσσον θώρηκός τε καὶ ἀμφιβρότου ζωστήρος. - Το appeal to the sword, express by ἡ βία οι διαμάχεσθαι.

Remember that many metaphors in our everyday speech have long since become conventional. We use them unconsciously or half consciously; and this explains such anomalies as 'taking up arms against a sca of troubles,' etc. Do not therefore attempt to render such expressions as 'a fiery oration,' 'a spotless character, a thirst for glory,' the people were thunderstruck by the news,' in all cases literally. Some

metaphors we should naturally expect to find more frequently than others in Attic. It has often been remarked that the habits, amusements, and tastes of a nation can be traced in their metaphors. In reading any Greek author make a list of those which you meet. Many are common to Poetry and Prose; but there is somewhat less freedom of range in the words used in the latter. For the following list (which does not pretend to anything like completeness) there is authority in the best Attic Prose writers.

1. Nautical. ὑποστέλλεσθαί τινα, to shrink from a person, or to conceal, suppress a thing (from lowering sail)—ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς (sc. ἀγκυρᾶς) ὁρμεῖν τοῖς πολλοῖς (to ride by the same anchor with), ἐπὶ δυοῖν ἀγκυραῖν ὁρμεῖν ‘to have two strings to your bow. So ἐφορμεῖν τοῖς καιροῖς, and κατὰ τὸν δεύτερον πλοῦν. σαλεύειν,—of persons νόσοις ἢ γήρᾳ, σάλος of the State ἐν πολλῷ σάλῳ καὶ κινδύνῳ γενομένην. κάλως πάντα κάλων ἐκτείνειν (ἐξιέναι, κινεῖν) to strain every nerve (stretch every rope). ανακρούεσθαι ‘to 80 back in an argument,' from backing water. κυβερνᾶν τῆς πόλεως πάντα κυβερνῶσα,—πέλαγος τῶν λόγων.

2. Military. ἀμβλύς (from a sword's edge blunted) —ἀμβλύτερος τὴν ὀργήν.—προβάλλεσθαι (from a shield) used of any defence or excuse.—παραχωρεῖν τῆς τάξεως τῆς ἀρετῆς of surrendering the post of honour.

3. Theatrical. δευτεραγωνιστεῖν, to support or second a speaker. ὑποκρίνεσθαι, to play a part, dis

semble (twice in Demosthenes). ὑποδύεσθαι, to per sonate. χορηγεῖν, in Aristotle of the εὐδαίμων who must be τοῖς ἐκτὸς ἀγαθοῖς ἱκανῶς κεχορηγημένος (furnished with external goods sufficient for acting his part in the drama of life).

4 From Art. Sculpture, τύπος, ἐν τύπῳ in outline, πλάσσω to mould eg. ψυχάς by education, also to fabricate e.g. λόγους. Painting, σκιαγραφέω to sketch out. Music, πλημμελής, πλημμέλεια, out of tune, then of offences generally. ἐμμελής in tune, well-ordered. ῥυθμίζω to order, arrange.

5. From the Public Games. ἅμιλλα, ἐνάμιλλος. (α) Wrestling, δυσπάλαιστος δύναμις. (6) The umpires, τὰ τῶν ἄλλων δίκαια βραβεύειν. (c) Training, ἕλκυσον δὲ σαυτὸν καὶ γύμνασαι μᾶλλον (in Logic)—γεγυμνασμένοι τὰς ἕξεις (Ar.).

6. Hunting. ἡ τοῦ ὄντος θήρα (Plato), θηρᾶσθαι δόξαν (Dem.).

7. Archery. σκοποῦ στοχάζεσθαι.

8. Games. (α) Dice. περὶ φίλοις κυβεύειν—ἀναρρί πτειν κίνδυνον—τὸ πάρον εὖ θέσθαι, and εὖ ποιεῖν, to make the best of a throw." (b) Draughts ἀναθέσθαι τι to cancel (to revoke a move). (c) The game played with shells (όστρακίνδα) ὀστράκου περιστροφή, ὀστράκου μεταπεσόντος, (of a sudden change of mind).

9. Banquets. προπίνειν. (See Sacrifice, p. 97.)

10. Flowers. ἀνθεῖν, ἄνθος, of the flower of an army (Thuc.). ἀνθηρός, ἀνθηρότερον λέγειν, of style (Isocrates). θάλλειν, καταρρεῖν, ἀπανθεῖν—ἄνανθες καὶ ἀπανθηκὸς σῶμα, past its bloom (Plato).

II. Trades. (α) Weaving, πλέκειν λόγους-μηχανάς —συμπλέκειν (ἐὰν συμπλακῇ πόλεμος). (6) Building and Carpentry, ἡ ἀρχιτεκτονική τέχνη, the master science which prescribes to all beneath it.—τῶν πρά ξεων αἱ ὑποθέσεις. (c) Welding metal, συγκροτεῖν ναῦς (see Discipline, p. 85). (d) παρακρούεσθαι, first of cheating in weighing, then to mislead generally. (ε) καπηλεύειν τὰ μαθήματα, to sell learning by retail, to hawk it about. (f) To buy = to rate generally. οὐκ ἂν πρίαιό γε παμπόλλου ὥστε σοι ταῦτ ̓ εἰρῆσθαι (Xen. quoted by Jebb on Aj. 477).

12. Coinage. παράσημος, κίβδηλος spurious, base. κόμμα (πονηροῦ κόμματος ' of bad stamp '), and παρακόπτω only in Aristophanes, but perhaps allowable in Prose.

13. Medicine. ἰατρὸς τῆς πόλεως (Thuc.), υγιής.

14. Horses. μικρὸν πταῖσμα ἅπαντα ἀνεχαίτισε (Dem.), a slight reverse upsets everything (as a horse rears and throws his rider).

15. Banking. κατατίθεσθαι χάριν.

XXVII. THE ORDER OF WORDS.

Prose has been defined to be 'proper words in their proper places.' In the best writers this is felt