6. Distinguish carefully between ἄλλος and ἕτερος.

τὸ ἕτερον στράτευμα = the other army (a different whole).

τὸ ἄλλο στράτευμα =the rest of the same army.

The English' besides,' ' as well,' is often to be rendered by ἄλλος, e.g. οἱ πολῖται καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι ξένοι (Plato, Gorg. 473) 'citizens and foreigners as well.'

7. Emphasize the Definite Relatives ὅς, ὅσος, οἷος, by περ, the Indeânite ὅστις, ὅποσος, ὁποῖος, by δή, δήποτε, οὖν. With the forms thus strengthened cf. respectively quicunque, quantuscunque, qualiscunque. (C. 30.) ›

Obs. Of the Attic form of ὅστις—ὅτου, ὅτῳ are most common ; the plural forms ὅτων, ὅτοις are rare.

8. Interrogative Pronouns. Clyde (27) gives a useful list of these, with the forms for direct and indirect sentences. For the latter those most used are ὅστις, ὁπότερος, ὅποσος, ὁποῖος. ὅs is sometimes used where oσTis should be used. In the following sentence both occur: Θεμιστοκλῆς φράζει τῷ ναυκλήρῳ ὅστις ἐστὶ καὶ δι' ἃ φεύγει (Thuc. i. 137). But the direct forms are often used for greater animation : e.g. αἱ γυναῖκες ἠρώτων αὐτοὺς τίνες εἶεν (Xen.), (Μ. 198).

Caution.—Guard against confusing the indirect

interrogative with the relative. Professor Jebb (on Electra, 316) points out that Tis may be used for oOTIS only in indirect questions, but not for the relative; e.g. ɛiπè Tí σoi þínov 'tell me what you wish ' is classical, but ἱστόρει τί σοι φίλον, in the sense of ' ask whatever you wish,' is unclassical.

9. Attraction of the Relative. The Attic attraction of the relative, when it naturally would be in the accusative, but is attracted into the case of the antecedent (e.g. πάντων ὧν ἔσχον ἀγαθῶν σοι μετέδωκα of all that I had I gave you a share. ἀμελῶ ὧν με dεî πρáττε I neglect what I ought to do), is the rule and not the exception, and is constantly required.

For the limitations to its use, and for the rarer kinds of attraction, see C. 67, M. 103, Jelf, 822-825. Notice specially and use these attractions :—

(α) With the oblique cases of οὐδεὶς ὅστις οὐ (=πάντες).

οὐδενὸς ὅτου οὐ καταφρονεῖ

οὐδενὶ ὅτῳ οὐ χαρίζεται.

This last is an instance of inverse attraction, the converse of ordinary attraction ;-i.e. the antecedent is attracted into the case of the relative.

(6) ἔστιν οἵ= ἔνιοι some declined throughout and governed by prepositions as well as verbs. So too ἔστιν οὗ, ἔστιν ὅτε, etc.

15

V. NUMERALS.

1. The three different ways to express Eighteen and

Nineteen.

(α) ὀκτωκαίδεκα, ἐννεακαίδεκα.

(6) δυοῖν (or δυεῖν)—ἑνὸς δέοντες εἴκοσι.

(c) δυοῖν δεόντοιν—ἑνὸς δέοντος εἴκοσι.

So 28, 29, 38, 39, etc. can be expressed by the two last forms :

48 men = δυοῖν δέοντες (or δυοῖν δεόντοιν πεντήκοντα. 39 ships=νες μιᾶς δεοῦσαι (or μιᾶς δεούσης) τριά τεσσάρα τεσσαράκοντα.

2. The order in Compound Numbers. If the smaller precedes, και is used. πέντε καὶ εἴκοσι (or εἴκοσι πέντε) (Greek and English here coincide-five and twenty or twenty-five). The same rule holds in Greek with the ordinals. πέμπτοι καὶ εἰκοστοί.

3. Observe the following terminations, temporals in -aios, as δευτεραίος (see III. 4), multiples in -πλους, as διπλούς, φroportionals in -πλάσιος, as διπλάσιος. Notice the absence of distributive forms which the Latins possess. They are expressed variously, e.g. σύνδυο, σύντρεις, or oftener by prepositions εἰς, κατά, ανά, διά (C. 21, 1).

4. Notice the form πολλοστός (multesimus) one taken out of many, and so a very small parta frac

tion with a large denominator-and its converse ỏyoorós 'one out of a few. (For a full account of the ways in which fractions are expressed see Jelf, Gr. Gr. vol. i. 165; Donaldson, 254.)

5. Large numbers are expressed (not as in Latin by hundreds of thousands, but) by tens of thousands, Séκα μvρiádes=100,000. For 20,000, 30,000, 40,000, etc. there are the forms δισμύριοι, τρισμύριοι, τετρακισ μύριοι.

VI. CONCORD.

Under this head the chief points to be borne in mind (assuming a knowledge of the four general rules of agreement, which are the same in Greek as in Latin)

are:

(a) The gender of the Adjective where one Adjective refers to several Substantives.

Rule. If they are sentient beings, and of the same gender, the Adjective takes that gender; if of different gender, the rule of the 'more worthy' gender holds. If they are things, the Adjective is neuter, as ταραχαὶ καὶ στάσεις ὀλέθρια ταῖς πόλεσι (or ὀλέθριον).

(b) The only exception to the Attic schema, or rule of neuter plurals taking a verb singular, is important, as bringing out the reason of that rule. (Ex

ceptio probat regulam.) Neuters do not contain the notion of individuality. They are regarded as a single whole; therefore the verb is in the singular. But when the notion of individuality is prominent, the verb is in the plural; eg. ἐπῆλθον Ὀλύμπια (Thuc. i. 126), i.e. the various games of which the Olympic festival consisted. τὰ τέλη ὑπέσχοντο=the magistrates promised, but τὰ τέλη ὑπέσχετο the cabinet' (Jelf, 385).

(c) Of the other schemata, the construction κατὰ σύνεσιν, or sense figure, is most common in Prose, and explains many apparent violations of Concord. A few instances will here suffice.

τὸ πλῆθος οἴονται.

τὸ μειράκιον ἐστι καλός.

τὰ τέλη καταβάντες.

φεύγει ἐς Κέρκυραν ὡς αὐτῶν (sc. τῶν Κερκυραίων) εὐεργέτης.

(For the anomalies in the dual in number and gender see Clyde, 63.)

(d) The whole and part schema is usual with ἕκαστος, the verb being plural.

ἕκαστος καὶ παίδων καὶ οἰκετῶν καὶ χρημάτων ἄρχουσι.

(2) The construction of verbals in -τέος is to be noticed. The predicative adjective is often in the neuter plural, e.g. οὓς οὐ παραδοτέα ἐστί.

C