orto attempt by πειρᾶν for πειρᾶσθαι, λυπεῖν for λυπείσθαι, etc. Confusion of these two Voices is a fruitful source of error with beginners, and the appreciation of the broad distinctions of sense between such words as σπένδειν to pour a libation, σπένδεσθαι to make a treaty, ποιεῖν λόγον to compose a speech, ποιείσθαι to deliver it, πορεύειν to convey, πορεύεσθαι proficisci, ἀποδοῦναι to give back, ἀποδόσθαι to sell, is all important. Read carefully the full account of the Middle Verb in Clyde, 31, Obs. 3, 4; or Wilkins's Greek Prose, Intr. x.; Donaldson, Gr. Gr. 432.

The use of the Middle Verb is often essential in Greek where in English the reflex action of the Verb is not directly expressed: e.g. (a) I presume not to deliver an opinion concerning this οὐκ ἀξιῶ γνώμην ἀποφήνασθαι τούτου τοῦ πράγματος πέρι.

(6) To lay up gratitude in store καταθέσθαι χάριν.

(Thuc.)

(c) I, providing for this, drew up this decree ἃ ἐγὼ προορώμενος, τὸ ψήφισμα τοῦτο γράφω (Dem.).

(d) Philip will carry out all the projects he desires with the greatest tranquillity μετὰ πλείστης ἡσυχίας ἅπανθ' ὅσα βούλεται Φίλιππος διοικήσεται (Dem.).

(e) What ought the well-affected citizen to have done, he who with all foresight was serving his country? Ought he not to have made Euboea the shield of Attica? τί χρὴ τὸν εὔνουν πολίτην ποιεῖν, τί τὸν μετὰ πάσης προνοίας ὑπὲρ τῆς πατρίδος πολι

τευόμενον; οὐ τὴν Εὐβοίαν προβαλέσθαι τῆς ̓Αττικής ; (Dem.)

(f) I do not at all admit this method, τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον οὐδαμῆ προσίεμαι (Plato).

(g) You must assist cheerfully in the struggle δεῖ ὑμᾶς προθύμως συνάρασθαι τὰ πράγματα (Dem.).

(h) I have spoken fully and frankly and without reserve πάνθ' ἁπλῶς οὐδὲν ὑποστειλάμενος πεπαρρησίασμαι (Dem.).

(i) He affects affability and graciousness to all πᾶσιν ἵλεώς τε καὶ πρᾶος εἶναι προσποιεῖται (Plato).

(k) If you deal with them as one you will make a great mistake, but if you treat them as many you will have many allies αἷς ἐὰν μὲν ὡς μιᾷ προσφέρῃ παντὸς ἂν ἁμάρτοις, ἐὰν δὲ ὡς πολλοῖς, ξυμμάχοις πολλοῖς χρήσει (Plato).

(2) We claim to receive the same return from you παρ' ὑμῶν τὸ αὐτὸ ἀξιοῦμεν κομίζεσθαι (Thuc.).

(m) They make a faulty estimate of freedom κακῶς ὁρίζονται τὸ ἐλεύθερον (Arist. Pol.).

Observe in the above instances: (1) that in all but the two last the verbs are compounded with prepositions, a class of verbs to be carefully noted and employed, as the force of the English can often be rendered in no other way—they are largely used by Demosthenes and Plato; (2) that none of them are Deponents (i.e. verbs which never have an Active form or

a Passive sense). There is a distinction, sometimes difficult to trace but still a real distinction, between the sense of the Active and the Middle. In most cases some mental act or state is denoted. Besides the four chief uses of the Middle (F. III.) (a) reflexive, ¿κdúɛσθαι to strip, (6) causative, προστρίβεσθαι πληγὰς to get strokes inflicted, (c) appropriative, kaтadovλovo lai to enslave, πράTTEσlqu to exact, (d) reciprocal diapáxɛoba 'to fight each other,' there is a sense1 which stands half-way between the Middle and Passive, to allow oneself to be subjected to this or that, e.g. ȧπɛχθήσει Γοργία ' you will incur the hatred of Gorgias (Plato, Phil. 58), ταῦτα δὴ ποιοῦντα ἕτοιμον μᾶλλον ἀπεχθάνεσθαι τοῖς πολίταις ; “ is not the obvious result of such a course (Rep. viii. 567) that he gets more and more unpopular ? ἐλασσούμενοι ἐν ταῖς ξυμβολαίαις Síkais (Thuc. i. 77), 'letting ourselves be curtailed of our due in our contract suits.'

The Passive.

I. There are only two ways by which the agent is usually expressed in Prose. (1) By vó with the genitive. ̓Αχιλλεὺς ἐπαιδεύθη ὑπὸ Χείρωνος. [ἐκ which is common in Herodotus and the poets is rare in Attic prose. ἀπό, πρός, παρά, διά, are occasionally used instead of ὑπό.]

N.B. Tó is used not only after the Passive, but

Riddell's edition of Plato's Apology, Appendix, p. 88.

with Active Verbs that are equivalent to Passives; e.g. ἀποθανεῖν ὑπὸ τῆς πόλεως (Lysias).

(2) The Dative alone may also represent the agent, but in prose only with the perfect and pluperfect,-in all their parts; eg. à vπισ×νοû ȧπOTETÉλεσταί σοι,—τά σοι πεπραγμένα (Dem.). So always with verbals in Téos. (Cf. the use of the dative with the gerundive in Latin.)

II. Observe a peculiarity in Greek Verbs governing a Genitive or Dative, which presents a strong contrast to the Latin idiom. These, too, admit of a personal construction in the Passive ; eg. οἱ μῦθοι καταγελώμενοι τέως (Plato). Παλαμήδης διὰ σοφίαν φθονηθείς (Palamedi invidetur). When a verb has two objects in the active (as TITρéπw to entrust), the question which is to be the subject in the Passive is settled on the following principles: (1) The direct object is preferred to the indirect, i.e. the accusative to the genitive and dative. (2) The personal object is preferred to the thing (C. 79, b).

III. Notice the decisive final imperative of the 3rd Sing. Perfect Passive. μέχρι τοῦδε ωρίσθω ὑμῶν ἡ βραδυτής (Thuc.) let your tardiness be limited by this,' 'go thus far and no farther;' Tаûта πρоειpnow (Isocrates) 'let this have been said once for all by way of introduction. ταῦτα πεπαίσθω ἡμῖν (Plato) ' enough of jest.'

IV. The English Infinitive Passive is often rendered by the Greek Infinitive Active. ἄξιος θαυμάσαι worthy to be admired. ῥᾴων καταμαθείν 'more easily discernible. χαλεπὸν ποιεῖν, rarely χαλεπὸν ποιεῖσθαι. (The idioms of the two languages are here, however, very similar, as we say, 'fair to see' kaλòs ideîv, etc.) So in French the active infinitive takes the place of our passive, C'est une faute à eviter it is a fault to be avoided (or to avoid).'

V. The Passive is often best translated by converting the sentence; e.g. 'the fleet was accompanied by thirty merchantmen ξυνέπλεον ὁλκάδες τριάκοντα. ‘Poverty is often attended by discontent' τῇ πενίᾳ πολλάκις συμπαρομαρτεῖ ἡ μεμψιμοιρία. 'The judgment of the people was reversed οἱ πολῖται τὰ δεδογμένα μετέγνωσαν.

VI. The Future Participle Passive is often used with effect; e.g. They had beforehand received instructions what they should say ̓ τὰ ῥηθησόμενα πρότερον αὐτοῖς πройσкεπто (Thuc. viii. 66).