sciences, of virtues and vices, of near relatives, and of familiar places, because they denote what is capable of being personified or regarded as unique, may be used without the article, particularly when governed by a preposition. We talk of a man being" on " 'Change, or " at church," or "in town," as the Greeks talked of a man being ἐν ἄστει, ἐν ἀγορᾷ (C. 5. Obs. 3).

2. Use the Article with proper names, when they have been previously mentioned, or to call special attention to them, as о Σwкpáτηs' the famous Socrates;' but if the proper name recur frequently, the article need not be always repeated; and if any designation is added, e. g. Σωκράτης ὁ φιλόσοφος, omit it.

3. The Article with places. With rivers the common order is ὁ Εὐφράτης πόταμος—and so with hills, countries, and sometimes islands, when they are of the same gender with the word in apposition. TO ZOÚVIOV ἄκρον, ἡ Δῆλος νῆσος. But also Δῆλος ἡ νῆσος. See F. Syntax, 12 note.

4. Remember that the Article is often used where we do not use it: (a) especially of a class, ò aveρwπos 'man,' or an abstract idea, ʼn åpɛtǹ Avoɩteλeî 'virtue is profitable ;' (b) for our possessive pronouns, when unemphatic, οἱ γονεῖς στέργουσι τὰ τέκνα ‘parents love their children; (c) distributively, dis Toû μnvòs 'twice a month;' (d) in some idiomatic uses with numerals,

ἀμφὶ τοὺς εἴκοσι about twenty (but εἰς εἴκοσι without the article), τὰ δύο μέρη= two thirds.

5. Remember the position of the Article in adjectival clauses. If the Adjective is placed first or last, it is not an epithet but a predicate (F. 18). ψευδεῖς οἱ λόγοι οι οἱ λόγοι ψευδείς = the words are false; but οἱ ψευδεῖς λόγοι = the false words. Observe the use of this tertiary predicate, eg. οὐδ ̓ ἀσαφῆ τὴν ἐλευθερίαν νομίζω ἐπιφέρειν (Thuc. iv. 86) nor is the liberty I offer you a dim or doubtful one. It is often indispensable to bring out in translation the full force of a passage. See instances in the specimen translations, Appendix, No. IX. (sub fin.), No. X. (third sentence).

6. Avoid mistakes in the use of the Article with πᾶς.

(α) πᾶς when it=the whole has the article, the usual order being the predicative one, πᾶσα ἡ πόλις, οι ἡ πᾶσα πόλις—ἀνὰ πᾶσαν τὴν ἡμέραν, all day long ; τὰ πάντα δέκα, ten in all : so also ὅλος : but the attributive form also occurs—ἡ πᾶσα Σικελία, ἡ σύμπασα πόλις, τὸ ὅλον γένος : (6) πᾶς when it=every, all, stands without the article-πᾶς ἀνήρ, πᾶσα πόλις, ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν, πάντα δέκα, ten of each.

7. ἑκάτερος, each of two, άμφω, ἀμφότεροι with a noun always take the article, eg. ἀμφοῖν ταῖν χεροῖν. With ekaσTos it may be expressed or omitted (M. 11).

8. Notice particularly the use of the Article in forming Substantival phrases. Note especially its use, (a) with infinitives, (b) with participles, and neuter adjectives, to form abstract nouns. This is a most important factor in Greek Prose, and will often solve difficulties of translation, e.g. (a) existence τò Çîv, deviation from nature τὸ παρὰ φύσιν πράττειν, consciousness of pleasure τὸ συνειδέναι τὸ ἡδύ. It may be used in any case, e.g. for the pleasure of walking dià TǹV TOÛ περιπατεῖν ἡδονήν—by means of good government διὰ τοῦ εὐνομεῖσθαι. (6) fitness τὸ προσῆκον, τὸ πρέπον, duty τὸ καθῆκον, τὰ καθήκοντα, the natural constitution of things τὰ φύσει καθεστηκότα, the Commonwealth το κοινόν, extremes τὰ ἄκρα, superfuities τὰ περισσά, the Trojan war τὰ Τρωϊκά, successive rulers οἱ ἀεὶ κρατοῦντες, versatility τὸ πολύτροπον, simplicity, guilelessness τὸ εὔηθες, the proverb τὸ λεγόμενον, contempt for the obligations under which we lie to our rulers τὸ ὀλιγωρεῖν τῶν τοῖς ἐν τέλει ὀφειλομένων. The last instance illustrates both usages.

9. For the Article with Pronouns (see below on Pronouns IV. 5. 2).

II. SUBSTANTIVES.

1. Avoid the mistake of using Ionic forms in the first

φιλίη.

declension, e.g. πáτρn, pixin. Observe, however, these forms always used in Attic, κόρη, κόρρη, ροή,

ἀκοή, σκευή, ζωή, and that â is retained in all cases οι μνᾶ, Αθηνά (=Αθηνάα), and some words of Doric origin (Jelf, 78).

2. The Attic Declension. The following words should be remembered as dropping v in the accusative singular, ἅλως (a threshing floor) ἅλω, ἕως (morning) ἕω, and the places ἡ Κέως τὴν Κέω, ἡ Κως τὴν Κῶ, ἡ Τέως τὴν Τέω, ὁ Ἄθως τον Αθω. So too the adjectives ἀγήρως (not waxing old), ἐπίπλεως (quite full), vπéρxpɛws (over head and ears in debt). λαγώς a hare, makes λαγών or λαγώ.

3. Anomalous Nouns. Of words which mix two declensions, remember these, σKÓTOS Occasionally neuter as well as masculine,σῖτος, plural σῖτα,—στάδιον, plural στάδιοι (στάδια once in Thucydides); δένδρεσι is more usual than δένδροις, even in Prose. ὀνείροις from the form ὄνειρος occurs once in Plato, but ὀνείρατα is the form regularly employed throughout the plural, and also for the oblique cases in the singular. ovap is found in the nom. and acc., but it is chiefly used (like vπap) adverbially, ' in a dream.' Other irregular forms, given in the Grammars, are dialectical or poetical, and therefore of no avail in Attic Greek Prose. The following peculiarities should be observed : πρεσβευτής=an ambassador, πρέσβεις=ambassadors. (πρεσβύτης = an old man.) viós, vióv are the only parts used in this form, all the other

cases are formed as if from visús. Notice too that compound proper names in κράτης, σθένης and φάνης, as well as "Αρης, have two forms for the accusative, Σωκράτη (Plato), Σωκράτην (Xenoph.), Δημοσθένη and -σθένην, ̓Αριστοφάνη and -άνην, Αρη and "Αρην, and that a contraction takes place in nouns of the 3rd declension in ευς preceded by a vowel, as Πειραιεύς, ἀγυιεύς, Πειραιᾶ, Πειραιῶς, ἀγνιᾶ, ἀγνιῶς.

III. ADJECTIVES.

1. Avoid the mistake of using Ionic forms in the feminine of adjectives in pos and os pure. The only exception to the latter is ὄγδοος, ὀγδόη. Remember the following contractions:χρυσέα, ἢ. ἅπλους, διπλοῦς, τριπλούς, etc. contract ἁπλόη ἅπλη, etc., but ἀργυρέα ἀργυρᾶ. ἄθροος ἄθροα is seldom contracted.

2. Compound Adjectives in os as a rule have only two terminations.

Obs. I. Among the exceptions (which it is difficult to classify) are those in κός, τός, τέος, which are derived from compound verbs, e.g. ἐπιδεικτικός, but not all of these, e.g. ἀπόρρητος, ὕποπτος. Adjectives in alos are very uncertain, e.g. δίκαιος, βέβαιος, ἀνάγκαιος vary between two and three terminations, but most in ιος, ειος, ιμος have only two, as δόλιος, βασίλειος, γνώριμος, though not compounded.