58

REDUNDANT NEGATION.

between ἔξεστι μὴ ποιεῖν ‘it is allowable to abstain from doing, ie. I need not do it, and οὐκ ἔξεστι ποιεῖν ‘I may not do it.

In the following, ἁπάντων ἂν ἀπεστερήμην ἐγὼ καὶ μηδὲ ταφῆναι προσυπῆρχεν οἴκοι μοι ‘and besides I could not have been buried in my native land, μηδὲ ταφῆναι forms a substantival notion, though without the article.

Caution II. Do not omit negative particles, though they are absent from the English, in expressions of Denial, Doubt, Hindrance. In these où goes with Ind., μή with Inf.

(α) Denial. It cannot be denied that they wish for peace οὐδ ̓ ἂν εἰς φήσειεν, ὡς οὐκ εἰρήνης ἐπιθυμοῦσι. He does not deny that he has the money οὐκ ἔξαρνός ἐστι (or οὐκ ἀπαρνεῖται) μὴ οὐ τὰ χρήματα ἔχειν.

(b) Doubt. I doubt the truth of this.

ἀπιστῶ

ταῦτα μὴ ἀληθῆ εἶναι. So ἀμφισβητεῖν ὡς οὐκ ἀληθῆ λέγομεν (to question the truth of our statement).

(c) Hindrance. He prevents you from doing this.

εἴργει σε μὴ τοῦτο ποιεῖν,—τοῦ μὴ τοῦτο ποιεῖν, οι τὸ μὴ τοῦτο ποιεῖν quominus. • They see no difficulty in the execution of their plans' οὐδὲν ἐμποδὼν φαίνεται μὴ οὐκ ἐπιτελέσαι ἔργῳ ὃ ἂν γνῶσιν. So with verbs of refraining, refusing, forbidding.

=

Caution III. Do not confuse the uses of οὔτε (μήτε) and οὐδέ (μηδέ). οὔτεοὔτε=neither-nor, have no reference to what has preceded. ovde ovde and not, also not, but not-nor yet, continue a sentence. οὔτε, οὔτε may be followed by ovde, which then means not yet. oйre not, may be followed by a positive clause with Tε (neque―et).

Οὐχ ὅπως—ἀλλά or ἀλλὰ καί-seems to be an ellipse for oux oπws oỷ, as does non modo—ne quidem for non modo non. See, however, Sheppard's note on Thuc. i. 35. He would translate οὐχ ὅπως ἔφυγεν ἀλλ ̓ ovde тρEσε 'to say nothing of running away, he was not even frightened. οὐχ ὅτι, i.ε. οὐ λέγω ὅτι, is used similarly.

Caution IV. Never employ any of the following constructions unless a negative sentence precedes :(1) Tρìv av with Subj. see p.41. πρὶν

(2) έkòv eivaι (I will not do it) if I can help it.

(3) μn où in the sense of quin, quominus, as above, with infinitives and participles, follows an expressed or an implied negative.

N.B. Distinguish this carefully from dédoika μὴ οὐκ ἀποθάνῃ, vereor ut,—ne non, where μή clings on to the preceding verb, and the preceding sentence need not be a negative one. (4) μâλλov où, where où is redundant, is generally preceded by a negative.

XVIII. QUESTIONS.

The following are the formulæ most commonly

used in Prose:

I. Direct Questions. Single. ( ap' où

See Clyde, 94, for a fuller account, and for instances of the rule that in both classes of questions 'the verb is negatived by où, and every other part of speech by μń?'

Caution I. Do not fancy the Subjunctive is used as in Latin in questions following primary tenses. ȧyvow Tís éσTI renders nescio quis sit. After Historic tenses either the Opt. or Ind. may be used.

Caution II. Do not couple two or more questions by and, as we do, but express them in one sentence; e.g.

Who is guilty, and of what ? τίς τίνος αἴτιός ἐστι ;

Who are you, and whence have you come?

πόθεν ἥκεις ;

Obs. Force and liveliness are often given (especially in a rhetorical passage) by throwing a categorical sentence into an interrogative form, e. g.

ὑβριζομένων καὶ τί κακὸν οὐχὶ πασχόντων enduring every kind of misery' (Dem. de Cor. 48).

πῶς ἂν αὐτὸν οἴεσθε ἑτοίμως ἐφ' ὑμᾶς ἐλθεῖν (Dem. Ol. i. 16). 'Right gladly would he have advanced against you.' (See Appendix, No. XIV. 1. 6.)

XIX. TEN CAUTIONS ON THE USE OF ǎv.

1. Never begin a sentence with åv.

2. Never use the Present, or Perfect Indicative,-or the Future in any part of the Verb, with äv.

(a) What is or has been cannot be conditional, and

av, when joined with a Verb, involves a condition. It may appear to be joined to a Present, e. g., in οὐδ ̓ ἂν ὑμεῖς οἶδ' ὅτι ἐπαύσασθε, for οὐδ ̓ ὑμεῖς οἶδ' ὅτι ἐπαύσασθε ἄν (See below on the Order of Words, No. XXVII. 9. b.)

(b) In a very few passages (if the MSS. are correct) it is found with the Future, but in some of these it really belongs to another word in the sentence. Wherever it occurs with a Future Infinitive, Madvig says there is an error in the reading.

3. Never use av in the Protasis of a Conditional Sentence, nor consequently with a Participle to represent a Protasis.

4. Never omit av in the Apodosis, to express what would be now, or would have been the result, if the condition were now fulfilled, or had been fulfilled. Exceptions: (α) ἄν is omitted sometimes for emphasis. Cf. 'it had been good for

that man,' for 'it would have been.' (δ) ἄν is omitted with ἔδει, προσῆκεν, εἰκὸς ἦν, and other words denoting

fitness.

5. Never omit av in the Apodosis, to express what would be the result if the condition should be fulfilled.

6. Never use the Present Infinitive or Present Participle with av, unless they can be resolved into the Imperfect Indicative with ἄν, or Present Optative with ἄν, e.g. φησὶν αὐτοὺς ἐλευθέρους ἂν εἶναι εἰ τοῦτο ἔπραξαν (where ἂν εἶναι πἦσαν ἄν), or εἰ τοῦτο πράξειαν (where ἂν εἶναι= εἴησαν ἄν).

φησὶν αὐτοὺς ἐλευθέρους ἂν ὄντας εἰ τοῦτο ἔπραξαν (where ἂν ὄντας =ἦσαν ἄν), or εἰ τοῦτο πράξειαν (where ἂν ὄντας= εἴησαν ἄν). G. 41.

7. Never use the Aor. Inf. or Aor. Part. with ǎv, unless they can be resolved into either the Aor. Ind. with ἄν, e. g. οὐκ ἂν δοκῶ τοῦτο ξυμβῆναι γενέσθαι (οὐκ ἂν ξυμβῆναι = οὐκ ἂν ξυνέβη), or into the Aorist Optative