was, that he suppresseth, and returneth to the words of Dr. Story, who imperiously turning his speech again to the archbishop, said as followeth: Hold your peace, sir, and so shall it right well become you, considering that I gave you licence before to say your fancy. Your oath was no oath: for it lacked the three points of an oath, that is to say, Judicium, Justitium, et Veritatem,' These with the like words to the same effect being uttered by Dr. Story, seeking to break up and make an end of that Session, he eftsoons called for Witnesses to be produced, who should be sworn upon the book, to utter and declare the next day whatsoever they knew, or could remember to be inferred against Dr. Cranmer's Heresy. The names of the Witnesses are these : Dr. Marshal, commissary, and dean of Christ's Church; Dr. Smith, under commissary; Dr. Tresham, Dr. Crooke, M. London, M. Curtop, M. Warde, M. Serles. "My lord, you have very learnedly and eloquently in your Oration put me in remem brance of many things touching myself, wherein I do not mean to spend the time in answering of them. I acknowledge God's goodness to me in all his gifts, and thank him as heartily for this state wherein I find myself now, as ever I did for the time of my prosperity; and it is not the loss of my promotions that grieveth me. The greatest grief I have at this time is, and one of the greatest that ever I had in all my life, to see the king and queen's majesties by their proctors here to become my accusers; and that in their own realm and country, before a forcign power. If I After the Depositions of which witnesses have transgressed the laws of the land, their being taken, Dr. Story admonished the Arch- majestics have sufficient authority and power bishop, permitting him to make his exceptions, both from God, and by the ordinance of this if he thought any of the said Witnesses were to realm, to punish me, whereunto I both have, be refused. Who then would admit none of and at all times shall be content to submit mythem all, being men perjured, and not in Chris-self.-Alas! What hath the pope to do in tian religion. For if to swear, said he, against the pope were unlawful, they should rather have given their lives, than their oath. But if it were lawful, then are they perjured, to defend him who they forswear before. Nevertheless, this answer of the archbishop being lightly re-jury to the one. Which as oft as I remember, garded, as little to the purpose appertaining, he was commanded again to the place from whence he came. Who at his departing out, like as at his first coming in, shewed low obedience to Dr. Martin, and to Dr. Story, the queen's eommissioners. Then Dr. Story pointing him to the bishop of Gloucester, said, that he ought rather to give reverence unto him. So the reverend archbishop departing without any obeisance exhibited to the bishop, all the other rose up, and departed every one to his own. And thus brake up the session for that day, about two of the clock at afternoon. | England? whose jurisdiction is so far different from the jurisdiction of this realm, that it is impossible to be true to the one, and true to the other. The laws also are so divers, that who. soever sweareth to both, must needs incur per even for the love that I bear to her grace, Í cannot but be heartily sorry to think upon it, how that her highness the day of her coronation, at which time she took a solemn oath to observe all the laws and liberties of this realm of England, at the same time also took an oath to the bishop of Rome, and promised to maintain that see. The state of England being so repugnant to the supremacy of the pope, it was impossible but she must necds be forsworn in the one. Wherein if her grace had been faithfully advertised by her council, then surely she would never have done it. The laws of And thus much hitherto concerning the sum- this realm are, that the king of England is the mary effect of this Action or Session, with the supreme and sole governor of all his countries Orations, Discourses, and Articles commenced and dominions: and that he holdeth his crown against the archbishop of Canterbury, also with and sceptre of himself, by the ancient laws, the Reasons and Answers of the said arch-customs, and descents of the kings of the realm, bishop to their objections and interrogatories. and of none other. The pope ŝaith, that all Touching which his Answers, for so much as emperors and kings hold their crowns and rethey being recited by report of a Papist (as is galities of him, and that he may depose them aforesaid) seem to be not indifferently handled, when he list; which is high treason for any it shall therefore not greatly be out of our man to affirm and think, being born within anatter, as ye have heard the Orations of bishop the king's dominions. The laws of England Brooks, with the reasons and talk of the other are, that all bishops and priests offending in commissioners, anrplified and set forth at large cases of felony or treason, are to be judged and on the one side, so now in repeating the words tried by the laws and customs of the realm. and answers of the other part, to declare and The pope's laws are, that the secular power set forth somewhat more amply and effectually, cannot judge the spiritual power, and that what speech the said archbishop used for him- they are not under their jurisdiction; which self in the same action, by the faithful relation robbeth the king of the one part of his people. and testimony of certain other, who were likewise there present, and do thus report the effect of the archbishop's words, answering to The laws also of England are, that whosoever hindereth the execution or proceeding of the laws of England for any other foreign at the latter day shall exact at his hand; boasting many times in his canons and decrees, that he can dispense Contra Petrum, contra Paulum, contra cetus & novum Testamentum; and that he Plenitudine potestatis, tantum potest quantum Deus: That is, Against Peter, agamst Paul, against the old and new Testament: and of the fulness of power may do as much as God. O Lord, who ever heard such blasphemy? If there be any man that can advance himself above him, let him be judged Antichrist.-This enemy of God and of our redemption, is so evi❤ dently painted out in the scriptures by such manifest signs and tokens, which all so clearly appear in him, that except a man will shut up his eyes and heart against the light, he cannot but know him: and therefore for my part I will never give my consent to the receiving of him into this church of England. And you my lord, and the rest that sit here in commission, consider well and examine your own consciences; you have sworn against him, you are learned, and can judge of the truth. I pray God you be not wilfully blind. As for me, I have herein discharged mine own conscience toward the world, and I will write also my mind to her grace, touching this matter." The copy of which Letter sent to the queen, ye shall find after in the end of his story. laws, ecclesiastical or temporal, incurreth the danger of a Præmunire. The pope's laws are that whosoever hindereth the proceedings or executions of his laws, for any other laws, of any other king or country, both the prince himself, his council, all his officers, scribes, clerks, and whosoever give consent or aid to the making or executing of any such laws, stand accursed. A heavy case (if his curse were any thing worth) that the king and queen cannot use their own laws, but they and all theirs must stand accursed. These things and many more examples he alledged, which (he said) stirred him that he could not give his consent to the receiving of such an enemy into the realm, so subverting the dignity and ancient liberties of the same. And as for the matter of Heresy and Schism, wherewith he was charged, he protested and called God to witness, that he knew none that he maintained. But if that were an heresy to deny the pope's authority, and the religion which the see of Rome hath published to the world these later years, then all the ancient fathers of the primitive church, the apostles and Christ himself taught heresy: and he desired all them present to bear him witness, that he took the traditions and religion of that usurping prelate to be most erroneous, false, and against the doctrine of the whole scripture; which he had oftentimes well proved by writing, and the author of the same to be very Antichrist, so often preached of by the apostles and prophets, in whom did most evidently concur all signs and tokens whereby he was pointed out to the world to be known.-For it was most evident that he had advanced himself above all emperors and kings of the world, whom he affirmneth to hold their estates and empires of him, as of their chief, and to be at his commandment to depose and erect at his good will and pleasure, and that the stories made mention of his intolerable and insolent pride, and tyranny, used over them in such sort, as no king would have used to his Christian subjects, nor yet a good master to his servants, setting his feet on the emperor's neck, affirming that to To that he answered, saving his protestation be verified in him, which was spoken only of (which term he used before all his Answers) that our Saviour Jesus Christ, in these words, Super at such time as archbishop Warham died, he aspidem & basiliscum ambulabis, & conculcabis was ambassador in Germany for the king, who leonem & draconem. Other some had he made sent for him thereupon home, and having intelto hold his stirrup, others he had displaced and ligence by some of his friends (who were near removed from their empires and seats royal: about the king) how he meant to bestow the and not content herewithal, more insolent than same bishopric upon him, and therefore counLucifer, he hath occupied not only the highest selled him in that case to make haste home, he place in this world, above kings and princes, but feeling in himself a great inability to such a prohath further presumed to sit in the seat of Al- motion, and very sorry to leave his study, and mighty God, which only he reserved to himself, especially considering by what means he must which is the conscience of man; and to keep have it, which was clean against his conscience the possession thereof, he hath promised for- which he could not utter without great peril giveness of sins totiens quotiens. He hath and danger, devised an excuse to the king of brought in gods of his own framing, and invent-matter of great importance, for the which his ed a new religion, full of gain and lucre, quite contrary to the doctrine of the holy scripture, only for the maintaining of his kingdoin, displacing Christ from his glory, and holding his people in a miserable servitude of blindness, to the loss of a great number of souls, which God While he in this sort made his Answer, ye heard before how Dr. Story and Martin divers times interrupted him with blasphemous talk, and would fain have had the bishop of Gloucester to put him to silence: who notwithstanding did not, but suffered him to end his tale at full. After this he heard also how they proceeded to examine him of divers Articles, whereof the chief was, That at the time of his creating abp. of Canterbury, he was sworn to the pope, and had his institution and induction from him, and promised to maintain then the authority of that see, and therefore was perjured: wherefore he should rather stick to his first oath, and return to his old fold again, than to continue obstinately in an oath forced in the time of schism. longer abode there should be most necessary, thinking by that means in his absence, that the king would have bestowed it upon some other, and so remained there by that device, one half year after the king had written for him to come home. But after that no such mat at his benefice kept a concubine, and had by her bastards, whether they were bondsinen to the benefice or no, saying, I trust you will make my children's causes no worse. Thus after they had received his Answers to all their Objections, they cited him (as is aforesaid) to appear at Rome within fourscore days, to make there his personal answers: which he said if the king and queen would send him, he would be content to do, and so thence was carried to prison again, where he continually remained, notwithstanding that he was conimanded to appear at Ronic. ter fell out, as he seemed to make suspicion of, the king sent for him again. Who after his return, understanding still the archbishopric to be reserved for him, made means by divers of his best friends to shift it off, desiring rather After this Dr. Martin demanded of him who some smaller living, that he might more quietly was Supreme Head of the Church of England? follow his book.-To be brief, when the king Marry, quoth my lord of Canterbury, Christ is himself spoke with him, declaring that his full fead of this member, as he is of the whole intention, for his service sake, and for the good body of the universal church. Why, quoth opinion be conceived of him, was to bestow Dr. Martin, you made king Henry 8th supreme that dignity upon him, after long disabling of head of the Church. Yea, said the archbishop, himself, perceiving he could by no persuasions of all the people of England, as well ecclesinsalter the king's determination, he broke frankly tical as temporal. And not of the church, said his conscience with him, most humbly craving Martin? No said he, for Christ is only head of first his grace's pardon, for that he should de- his church, and of the faith and religion of the clare unto his highness. Which obtained, he same. The king is head and governor of his declared, that if he accepted the office, then he people, which are the visible church, What must receive it at the pope's hand, which he (quoth Martin) you never durst tell the king neither would, nor could do, for that his high- so. Yes, that I durst, quoth he, and did, in ness was only the supreme governor of this the publication of his stile, wherein he was church of England, as well in causes ecclesias-named supreme head of the church; there was tical as temporal, and that the full right and never other thing meant. A number of other donation of all manner of bishoprics and bene- fond and foolish objections were made, with refices, as well as of any other temporal dignities, petition whereof I thought not to trouble the and promotions, appertained to his grace, and reader. not to any other foreign authority, whatsoever it was, and therefore if he might in that vocation serve God, him, and his country, seeing it was his pleasure so to have it, he would accept it, and receive it of his majesty, and of none other stranger, who had no authority within this realm, neither in any such gift, nor in any other thing. Whereat the king, said he, staying a while and musing, asked me how I was able to prove it. At which time I alledged Wherein all men that have eyes to see may many texts out of the Scriptures, and the Fathers easily perceive the crafty practice of these prealso, approving the supreme and highest au- lates, and the visored face of their justice, as thority of kings in their realms and domi- though the court of Rome would condemn no nions, disclosing therewithal the intolerable man before he answered for himself, as all law usurpation of the pope of Rome.-After- and equity required. But the very same inwards it pleased his highness (quoth the arch- stant time, the holiness of that unholy father, bishop) mony and sundry times to talk with contrary to all reason and justice, sent his letter me of it, and perceiving that I could not be executory unto the king and queen to degrade brought to acknowledge the authority of the and deprive him of his dignity: which thing he bishop of Rome, the king himself called doctor did not only before the 80 days were ended, Oliver, and other civil lawyers, and devised but before there were 20 days spent. Furtherwith them how he might bestow it upon me, more, whereas the said Archbishop was first inforcing me nothing against my conscience. detained in strait prison so that he could not Who thereupon informed him, that I might do appear (as was notorious both in England and it by the way of protestation, and so one to be also in the Romish court) and therefore had a sent to Rome, who might take the oath, and do lawful and most just excuse of his absence by every thing in my name. Which when I un-all laws, both popish and other: yet in the end derstood, I said, he should do it super animam of the said four-core days, was that worthy suum and I indeed bona fide made my pro- martyr decreed Contumax, that is, sturdily, frotestation, that I did not acknowledge his autho-wardly, and wilfully absent, and in pain of the rity any further, than as it agreed with the same his absence condemned and put to death. express word of God, and that it might be lawful for me at all times to speak against him, Dr. Thurlby and Dr. Bonner come with a new Commission to sit upon the Archbishop the and to impugn his errors, when time and occasion should serve me. And this my protesta14th of February, 1556. tion did I cause to be enrolled, and there I think it remaineth. They objected to him also that he was mared, which be confessed. Whereupon Dr. Martin said, that his children were bond-men to he see of Canterbury. At which saying the, archbishop smiled, and asked him if a priest VOL. I. Turs Letter or Sentence definitive of the pope was dated about the 1st day of January and was delivered here in England about the midst of February. Upon the receipt of which letters another session was appointed for the Archbishop to appear the 14th day of Feb.before certain Commissioners directed down by the F 1 Bonner's chaplains, my lord I trust to see you say mass for all this. Do you so, quoth he? that shall you never see, nor will I ever do it.—Then they invested him in all manner of robes of a bishop and archbishop, as he is at his installing, saving that as every thing then is most rich and costly, so every thing in this of canvas and old clouts, with a mitre and a pall of the same suit done upon him in mockery, and then the crosier staff was put in his hand. queen, the chief whereof was the bishop of Ely, Dr. Thurlby. Concerning which Dr. Thuriby by the way here is to be noted, that albeit he was not the said archbishop's houshold chaplain, yet he was so familiarly acquainted with him, so dearly beloved, so inwardly accepted and advanced of him (not like a chaplain, but rather like a natural brother) that there was never any thing in the archbishop's house so dear, were it plate, jewel, horse, maps, books, or any thing else, but if Thurlby did never so little commend it (a subtle kind of begging) the archbishop by and by, either gave it to him, or shortly sent it after him to his house. So greatly was the archbishop enamoured with him, that whosoever would obtain any thing of him, most commonly would make their way before by Dr. Thurlby. Which by matter of the said Dr. Thurlby, I thought here to recite, not so much to upbraid the man with the vice of unthankfulness, as chiefly and only for this, to admonish him of old benefits received, whereby he may the better remember his old benefactor, and so to favour the cause and quarrel of him whom he was so singularly bounden unto. With the said Dr. Thurlby bishop of Ely, was also assigned in the same commission Dr. Bonner bishop of London, which two coming to Oxford upon St. Valentine's day, as the pope's delegates, with a new commission from Rome, by the virtue thereof commanded the archbishop aforesaid to come before them, in the choir of Christ's church, before the high altar, where they sitting (according to their manner) in their pontificalibus, first begun as the fashion is, to read their commission: wherein was contained, how that in the court of Rome all things being indifferently examined, both the articles laid to his charge, with the answers made unto them, and witnesses examined on both parts, and council heard as well on the king and queen's behalf his accusers, as on the behalf of Thomas Cranmer the party guilty, so that he wanted nothing appertaining to his necessary defence, &c. Which foresaid commission, as it was in reading, O Lord, said the archbishop, what lies be these, that I being continually in prison, and never could be suffered to have counsel or advocate at home, should produce witness and appoint my counsel at Rome? God must needs punish this open and shameless lying. They read on the commission which came from the pope, Plenitudine potestatis, supplying all manner of defects in law or process, committed in dealing with the archbishop, and giving them full authority to proceed to deprivation and degradation of them, and so upon excommunication to deliver him up to the secular power, Omni appellatione remotà. This done after the pope's pontifical form and manner, Bonner, who by the space of many years had borne, as it seemeth, no great good will towards him, and now rejoiced to see this day wherein he might triumph over him, and take his pleasure at full, began to stretch out his eloquence, making his oration to the assembly, after this manner of sort. Bishop Bonner's ORATION against the Archbishop Cranmer. "Turs is the man that hath ever despised the pope's holiness, and now is to be judged by him. This is the man who hath pulled down so many churches, and now is come to be judged in a church. This is the man that condemned the blessed sacrament of the altar, and now is come to be condemned before that blessed sacrament hanging over the altar. This is the man that like Lucifer sat in the place of Christ upon an altar to judge other, and now is come before an altar to be judged himself." Whereunto the Archbishop interrupting him said, That in that he belied him, as he did in many other things: for that which he would now seem to charge bim withal, was his own fault, if it was any, and none of his. For the thing you mean, was in Paul's church, said he, where I came to sit in Commission; and there was a scaffold prepared for me and others, by you and your officers, and whether there were any altar under it or not, I could not perceive it, nor once suspected it, wherefore you do wittingly evil to charge me with it.-But Bonner went on still in his rhetorical repetition, lying and railing against the archbishop, beginning every sentence with this is the man, this is the man,' till at length there was never a man but was weary of the unmannerly usage of him in that time and place: insomuch that the bishop of Ely aforesaid divers times pulled him by the sleeve to make an end, and said to him afterward when they went to dinner, that he had broken promise with him: for he had intreated him earnestly to use him with revere ce. After all this done and finished, they began then to bustle towards his degrading, and first to take from him his crosier staff out of his When the Commission was read thus, they hands which he held fast, and refused to deliproceeding thereupon to his degradation, first ver, and withal, imitating the example of Marcloathed and disguised him; putting on him a tin Luther, pulled an appeal out of his left surplus, and then an albe; after that the vesti-sleeve under the wrist, which he there and then ment of a subdeacon, and every other furniture, as a priest ready to masse. When they had apparelled him so far, What, said he, I think I shall say mass: Yea, said Cosins, one of delivered unto them, saying, "I appeal to the next General Council; and herein I have comprehended my cause and form of it, which I desire may be admitted;" and prayed divers of abroad myself, or licence of a notary and wit nesses. But further than I am able to do, I know well is not required of the laws. 1st I say and publish, that James by the mercy of God priest, called Cardinal of the Pit, and of the title of our lady in the way of the church of of our most holy lord the pope, as he affirmed, Rome, judge and commissary specially deputed caused me to be cited to Rome, there to appear fourscore days after the citation served on me, to make answer to certain articles touching the peril of my state and life and whereas I was kept in prison with most straight ward, so that I could in no wise be suffered to go to Rome, nor to come out of prison, and in so grievous causes concerning state and life, no man is bound to send a proctor, and though I would never so fain send my proctor, yet by reason of poverty I am not able, for all that ever I had, wherewith I should bear my proctor's costs and charges, is quite taken from me, nevertheless the most reverend cardinal aforesaid doth sore threaten me, that whether I shall appear or not, he will nevertheless yet proceed in judgment against me. Wherein I feel myself so grieved, that nothing can be imagined more mischievous or further from reason.-2. The reverend father James Brooks, by the mercy of God bishop of Glocester, judge and under-deputy, as he affirmed, of the most reverend cardinal, caused me to be cited at Oxford, where I was then kept in prison, to answer to certain articles, concerning the danger of my state and life. And when I being unlearned and ignorant in the laws, desired council of the learned in the law, that thing was most unrighteously denied me, contrary to the equity of all laws both of God and man. Wherein again I feel me most wrongfully grieved.-3. And when I refused the said bishop of Gloucester to be my judge, for most just causes, which I then declared, he nevertheless went on still, and made process against me, contrary to the rule of the laws of appealing, which say, A judge that is refused ought not to proceed in the cause, but to leave off.' And when he had required of me answers to certain Articles, I refused to make him any answer: I said I would yet gladly make answer to the most renowned king and queen's deputies or attorneys then present, with this condition notwithstanding, that mine answer should be extrajudicial, and that was permitted me. And with this my protestation made and admitted, I made answer; but mine answer was sudden and unprovided for: and therefore I desired to have a copy of mine answers, that I might put to, take away, change and amend them; and this was also permitted me. Nevertheless, contrary to his promise made unto me, no respect had to my protestation, nor licence given to amend mine answer, the said reverend father "In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the holy Ghost.-First, my plain protestation made, that I intend to speak nothing against one holy, catholic and apostolical church, or the authority thereof, the which authority I have in great reverence, and to whom my mind is in all things to obey, and if any thing peradventure, either by slipperiness of tongue, or by indignation of abuses, or else by the provocation of mine adversaries be spoken or done otherwise than well, or not with such reverence as becometh me, I am most ready to amend it.-Although the bishop of Rome, whom they call pope, beareth the room of Christ in earth, and hath authority of God, yet by that power or authority he is not become unsinnable, neither hath he received that power to destroy, but to edify the congregation. Therefore if he shall command any thing that is not right to be done, he ought to take it patiently and in good part, in case he be not therein obeyed. And he must not be obeyed, | if he command any thing against the precepts of God; no rather he may lawfully be resisted, even as Paul withstood Peter. And if he being aided by help of princes deceived perchance by false suggestion, or with evil counsel, cannot be resisted, but the remedies of withstanding him be taken away, there is nevertheless one remedy of appealing, which no prince can take away, uttered by the very law of nature.: forsomuch as it is a certain defence, which is meet for every body by the law of God, of nature, and of man. And whereas the laws do permit a man to appeal, not only from the griefs and injuries done, but also from such as shall be done hereafter, or threatened to be done, in so much that the inferior cannot make laws of not appealing to a superior power; and since it is openly enough confessed, that a holy general council lawfully gathered together in the holy Ghost, and representing the holy Catholic church, is above the pope, especially in matters concerning faith; that he cannot make decrees that men shall not appeal from him to a general council: therefore I Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, or in time past ruler of the metropolitical church of Canterbury, doctor in divinity, do say and publish before you the public notary, and witnesses here present, with mind and intent to challenge and appeal from the persons and griefs underneathbishop of Gloucester, as I hear, commanded written, and to proffer myself in place and time convenient and meet to prove the articles that follow. And I openly confess, that I would lawfully have published them before this day, if I might have had either liberty to come mine answers to be inacted contrary to the equity of the law. In which thing again I feel me much grieved.-4. Furthermore, I could not for many causes admit the bishop of Rome's usurped authority in this realm, nor consent to |